Czariana Cassidy C.

Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4
Normal
Normal Range in To Convert U.S.
Laboratory Test Range in
US Units to SI Units
SI Units
F 0.12-0.50
F 7-30 units/L
ALT (Alanine µkat/L
x 0.01667
aminotransferase) M 0.17-
M 10-55 units/L
0.92 µkat/L
Albumin 3.1 – 4.3 g/dL 31 – 43 g/L x 10
F 0.5-1.67
F 30-100 units/L µkat/L
Alkaline Phosphatase x 0.01667
M 45-115 units/L M 0.75-
1.92 µkat/L
0.88-2.05
Amylase (Serum) 53-123 units/L x 0.01667
nkat/L
F 0.15-0.42
F 9-25 units/L
AST (Aspartate µkat/L
x 0.01667
aminotransferase) M 0.17-
M 10-40 units/L
0.67 µkat/L
0.0-0.03
fraction of
Basophils 0-3% of lymphocytes x 0.01
white blood
cells
Bilirubin – Direct 0.0-0.4 mg/dL 0-7 µmol/L
0-17 x 17.1
Bilirubin – Total 0.0-1.0 mg/dL
µmol/L
Normal: 120/70 to
120/80 millimeters of
mercury (mmHg).
Top number is
systolic pressure,
when heart is
pumping. Bottom No
Blood pressure Blood pressure
number is diastolic conversion
pressure when heart
is at rest. Blood
pressure can be too
low (hypotension) or
too high
(hypertension).
0.5-2.0 0.17-0.66
C peptide x 0.33 C peptide
ng/mL nmol/L
8.5-10.5 2.1-2.6
Calcium, serum x 0.25 Calcium, serum
mg/dL mmol/L
Calcium, urine 0-300 0.0-7.5 x 0.025 Calcium, urine
mg/24hr mmol/24h
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4
r
20-32 20-32 No CO2 (Bicarbonat
CO2 (Bicarbonate)
mmol/L mmol/L conversion e)
95-108 95-108 No
Chloride Chloride
mmol/L mmol/L conversion
<200 <5.17
Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol, Total
mg/dL mmol/L
200-239 5.17-6.18
Marginal Marginal
mg/dL mmol/L
>239 >6.18
High High
mg/dl mmol/L
<100 <2.59
Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, LDL
mg/dL mmol/L
100-159 2.59-4.14
Marginal Marginal
mg/dL mmol/L
4.14 – x 0.02586
160-189
High 4.89 High
mg/dL
mmol/L
>190 >4.91
Very High Very High
mg/dL mmol/L
>60 >1.55
Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, HDL
mg/dL mmol/L
40-60 1.03-1.55
Moderate Moderate
mg/dL mmol/L
<40 <1.03
Low (heart risk) Low (heart risk)
mg/dL mmol/L
0-25
µg/dL
(depend 0-690
Cortisol: serum x 27.59 Cortisol: serum
s on nmol/L
time of
free (urine) free (urine)
day)
20-70 55-193
x 2.759
µg/dL nmol/24hr
F 40- F 0.67-
150 2.50
units/L µkat/L
Creatine kinase x 0.01667 Creatine kinase
M 60- M 1.00-
400 6.67
units/L µkat/L
Creatinine (urine) F 0.6- F 5.3- x 88.4 Creatinine (urine)
1.8 15.9
g/day mmol/day

M 0.8- M 7.1-
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4

2.4 21.2
g/day mmol/day
F 4.5-34.0
nmol/L
F 130-980 ng/dL
DHEA x 0.03467
M 6.24-
M 180-1250 ng/dL
43.3
nmol/L
F Pre-
F Pre-menopause: menopaus
12-535 µg/dL e: 120-
5350 µg/L
F Post-
DHEA Sulfate x 10
F Post-menopause: menopaus
30-260 µg/dL e: 300-
2600 µg/L
M 100-
M 10-619 µg/dL
6190 µg/L
0.0-0.8
0-8% of white blood fraction of
Eosinophils x 0.01
cells white blood
cells
F £ 30
Erythrocyte F £ 30 mm/h mm/h
sedimentation rate (Sed No conversion
Rate) M £ 20 mm/h M £ 20
mm/h
7.0-39.7
Folate 3.1-17.5 ng/mL x 2.266
nmol/L
<0.003
Glucose, urine <0.05 g/dl
mmol/L
x 0.05551
3.9-6.1
Glucose, plasma 70-110 mg/dL
mmol/L
F £ 45 U/L F £ 45 U/L
Gamma glutamyl
No conversion
transferase (GGT)
M £ 65 U/L M £ 65 U/L
F 0.36-0.46
F 36.0-46.0% of red fraction of
blood cells red blood
cells
Hematocrit M 0.37- x 0.01
0.49
M 37.0-49.0% of red
fraction of
blood cells
red blood
cells
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4
F 7.4-9.9
F 12.0-16.0 g/dL mmol/L
Hemoglobin x 0.6206
M 13.0-18.0 g/dL M 8.1-11.2
mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase £ 4.5
£ 270 U/L X 0.016667
(LDH) (total) µkat/L
0.5-2.2
Lactic acid 0.5-2.2 mmol/L No conversion
mmol/L
4.5-11.0 x
Leukocytes (WBC) 4.5-11.0 x 103/mm3 No conversion
109/liter
0.16-0.46
16-46% of white fraction of
Lymphocytes x 0.01
blood cells white blood
cells
Mean corpuscular 25.0-35.0
25.0-35.0 pg/cell No conversion
hemoglobin (MCH) pg/cell
Mean corpuscular
310-370
hemoglobin 31.0-37.0 g/dL x 10
g/L
concentration (MCHC)
F 78-102 µm3 F 78-102 fl
Mean corpuscular
No conversion
volume (MCV)
M 78-100 µm3 M 78-100 fl
0.04-0.11
4-11% of white blood fraction of
Monocytes x 0.01
cells white blood
cells
0.45-0.75
45-75% of white fraction of
Neutrophils x 0.01
blood cells white blood
cells
0.81-1.45
Phosphorus 2.5-4.5 mg/dL X 0.323
mmol/L
Platelets 130-400 x
130-400 x 103/µL No conversion
(Thrombocytes) 109/L
3.4-5.0
Potassium 3.4-5.0 mmol/L No conversion
mmol/liter
F 3.9-5.2 x
1012/L
F 3.9-5.2 x 106/µL
Red Blood Cell Count
No conversion
(RBC) M W 4.4-
M 4.4–5.8 x 106/µL
5.8 x
1012/L
135-145
Sodium 135-145 mmol/liter No conversion
mmol/liter
Testosterone, total F 6-86 ng/dL F 0.21-2.98 x 0.03467
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4
nmol/liter
M 9.36-
(morning sample)
M 270-1070 ng/dL 37.10
nmol/liter
F 20.8-
107.5
F 0.6-3.1 pg/mL pmol/liter
Testosterone,  Age 20-
M 15.0-40.0 pg/mL M 520-
40
1387
pmol/liter
F 13.9-86.7
pmol/liter
Unbound         Age 41- F 0.4-2.5 pg/mL x 34.67
60
M 451-
M 13.0-35.0 pg/mL
1213
pmol/liter
F 6.9-69.3
Age 61-80
F 0.2-2.0 pg/mL pmol/liter

M 12.0-28.0 pg/mL M 416-971

pmol/liter
0.45-1.69
Triglycerides         mmol/liter
Normal 40-150 mg/dL
1.69-2.26
(fasting)           150-200 mg/dL mmol/liter
Borderline x 0.01129
200-500 mg/dL 2.26-5.65
High mmol/liter
>500 mg/dL
Very High >5.65
mmol/liter
2.9-8.9
Urea, plasma (BUN) 8-25 mg/dL x 0.357
mmol/liter
Urinalysis: pH 5.0-9.0 5.0-9.0
1.001- No conversion
1.001-1.035
Specific gravity 1.035
WBC (White blood cells, 4.5-11.0 x
4.5-11.0 x 103/mm3 No conversion
Leukocytes) 109/liter
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4

Medications for type 2 diabetes (antidiabetics) include:

 Metformin: This drug reduces the amount of glucose produced by the body,
and has been used for a long time. It's the best studied diabetes medication,
as well as one of the best tolerated. For this reason, doctors usually
recommend trying metformin first. The possible side effects include diarrhea
and feeling unwell, especially if metformin isn’t taken together with a meal. In
very rare cases (about 1 out of 10,000 per year), people with type 2 diabetes
who take metformin develop acidosis. This is the medical term for too much
acid in the blood, which can lead to breathing problems, nausea or circulatory
shock. Because of this, people with decreased kidney function, decreased
heart function or an alcohol dependence aren’t usually allowed to take
metformin.
 Sulfonylureas: These drugs help the body to produce more insulin. Like
metformin, they have also been in use for quite a while. Episodes of
hypoglycemia are a bit more common when using sulfonylureas than when
using metformin. Some people also gain weight when they start the
treatment. Others may have allergic reactions to sulfonylureas.
 Glitazones: Pioglitazone is the only glitazone that is still on the market.
Compared to sulfonylureas, pioglitazone is less likely to cause hypoglycemia.
Possible side effects include weight gain, bone fractures, water retention and
heart failure. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued a warning
that pioglitazone may slightly increase the risk of bladder cancer. Due to
pioglitazone's potential side effects, it is not the drug of first choice.
 Glinides: Glinides include the drugs nateglinide and repaglinide. They
increase insulin production in the body. Compared to metformin, glinides are
more likely to lead to mild and moderate hypoglycemia. Glinides can cause
weight gain.
 Gliptins (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors): Gliptins also stimulate the
production of insulin. They include the drugs linagliptin, saxagliptin,
vildagliptin and sitagliptin. The possible side effects include headaches and
gastrointestinal (stomach and bowel) problems.
 Gliflozins (SGLT2 inhibitors): Gliflozins include the drugs dapagliflozin,
empagliflozin and canagliflozin. They cause more sugar to be excreted in
urine, lowering blood sugar levels. Gliflozins can cause vaginal thrush and
probably increase the risk of acidosis (too much acid in the blood).
Czariana Cassidy C. Magbanua
BS PHARMACY 4

CLASS MOLECULAR MECHANISM DRUG

TARGET
Biguanides Insulin sensitizer Inhibits heoatic Metformin
unknown target glucose
production
SU receptor/K+ Stimulates beta Glibenclamide
Sulfonylureas ATP Channel cells to secret Glipizide
more insulin Gliclazide
Glimipride
A-glucoside Alpha glucoside Delays absorption Acarbose
inhibitor of carbohydrates
by intestine
DDP-IV enzyme Increases t1/2 of Sitagliptin
DDP-IV inhibitors GLP-1 Saxagliptin
Vildagliptin
Linagliptin
GLP 1 Promote Liraglutide
GLP1 receptor breakdown of Exenatide
agonist glucagon Lixisenatide
Sodium glucose Increases renal Dapaglifozin
SGLT2 inhibitors cotransporter 2 of glucose Empagliflozin
proximal renal elimination Canagliflozin
tubule
Insulin receptor Promote opening Human insulin R
and downstream of glucose Mix 70/30
regulatory proteins transporters NPH
Insulin
through binding to Glulisine
insulin receptor Insulin aspart
Detemir
Glargine
Degludec
Thiazolidinediones PPAR-gamma Enhances the Pioglitazone
transeription factor activity of GLUT4 Rosiglitazone