I TEST CODE 01253020 7

FOR M TP 2020081 MAY/JU NE 2020

CARI BBEA N EXAM INAT IONS COUN CIL

CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE®

EXAMINATION

HUMAN AND SOCIA L BIOLO GY

Paper 02 - General Proficiency

2 hours

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRU CTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This paper consists of SIX questions in TWO sections. Answer ALL questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

3. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the
original page, you must use the extra lined page( s) provided at the back of this
booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original answer.

5. If you use the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in
the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include
the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2019 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.

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SECTION A

Answer ALL c1uestions.

1. (a) Figure I shows a diagram of a diseased artery.

PlatJIIC

Figure 1. Diseased artery

(i) Identify the condition shown in Figure 1.

Atheroscl erosis-thickening orhardening ofthe arteries.It iscaused
by a buil
• • •

dup ofpl aque in the innerl

ining ofan artery.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . ... .

(1 mark}

(ii) Describe how the condition in Figure 1 contributes to hypertension.

Hypertension isthe continuousincrease in bl ood pressure.
Asthe vesselbecomesbl ocked with pl ague due to
atherosclerosisit wil
lresul t in a high pressure buil
ding due to
the smallerpassage.Thisdevel oped high blood pressure
can contribute to hypertension
s
(2 marks)

(iii) Name ONE potentially fatal cardiovascular event that the condition in Figure 1
may lead to.
A stroke-bursting ofa vesselin the brain causing damage due to a l ack of
oxygen.Can resul t in paral ysisand even death
··················································································································· . ·•!1••········
(l mark)

(iv) State TWO risk factors, other than diet, for developing the condition i1,1 Figure 1.
Smoking
·································································································································
Inactivity
·································································································································
(2 marks)

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(b) Individuals with heart disease are advised to follow a special diet to improve their condition
and overall health.

From the menu below, circle the healthiest option for EACH mealtime which would
contribute to improved cardiovascular health.

Breakfast Lunch Dinner Snack

Frosted comflakes and Grilled fish, rice, fresh Slices of pizza Potato chips
milk, and banana green salad, string beans
and a glass of water

Oatmeal with fruit and Cheeseburger with let- Fish soup with Candy bar
herbal tea tuce and tomato, fries, soft vegetables
drink

White bread and butter, Fried chicken, coleslaw, Peanut butter Mango
and hot cocoa macaroni and cheese, and and jelly on
lemonade white bread

(4 marks)

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( c) Figure 2 shows a graph of the leading causes of death during the years 19 oo ao<l 2 000.

1900 2000

Pneumonia 12.7 Heart disease 31.3

Tuberculosis 11.6 Colon cancer

Diarrhoea and
Gastroenteritis Cardiovascular disease

Heart disease Emphysema/CO PD 4.7

Stroke Accidents 4.1

Measles Pneumonia and Influenza 3.7

Smallpox Diabetes mellitus 2.7

0 10 15 0 10 20 30 35
Percentage Percentage

Figure 2. Graph showing the leading causes of death

during 1900 and 2000, by percentage

Non-communicabl e
diseases (i) What percentage of the deaths in the year 2000 were likely caused by non-
are diseasesthat are communicable diseases?
not spread through 31.3+24.4+6.9+4.7+2.7=70.0%
infection orthrough ...................................................................................................................................
otherpeopl e,but are (1 mark)
typically caused by (ii) Outline the MOST significant difference in the types of diseases that resulted in
unheal thy behaviours death in the year 1900 as compared to 2000.

In 1900sthere were more deathsasa resul t ofinfectiousdiseasessuch

·································································································································
asmeasl esand smal lpox.In the 2000sthere isa reduction in infectious
dieasesdue to vaccines,improvement in sanitation,hygiene and
·································································································································
antibiotics
·································································································································
(2 marks)

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(iii) Suggest TWO reasons for the difference in the types of diseases outlined in
(c) (ii).

Asadvancesin medicine occurred in the 2000sthere wasa change in the

type ofdiseasesthat caused death.The discovery ofantibiotics,vaccines
and improvement in sanitation & hygiene.

(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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2. (a) List FOUR characteristics of li ving organisms.
Growth-increase in mass,size and numbers
Res piration····················
···················· -the ener gy rel eas····················
···················· ed during ····················
respiration···················
isneeded to carry ··out
····················
life processes
Ir ritabil ity -
··················· Respons····················
··················· e to changes in inter
···················· nalenvironment
··················· and
···················· the worl
···················· d
····
around them
Movement -organisms
······································· move to
···················· stimul i (····················
···················· sunl ight;pl ants) ···················· ···
···················
Nutrition -al lorganismsneed food which isused asa source ofenergy
Ex cretion -···················
··················· al ll ····················
iving things produce····················
waste that mus···················
···················· t be expel ····················
led(4out the
marks)
···
body
(b) State TWO organelles found in plant cells which are NOT found in animal cells.
Chl oropl ast -containschl oropyl l;pigment used to absorb sunl ight for
······································· ········································ ······································· ·······················
the processofphotosynthesis.
Starch grain -storage site forenergy
················································································································ ·············· ···············

······································· ···················· ·················································································

(2 marks)

(c) Sanjeev carried out an investigation to confirm that oxygen is generated from photosynthesis.
Figure 3 shows his experimental set up.

-----------Lamp

L------T est tube ,___ _ _ _ Test tube

-----1."ili..1 ---_-_-_----- Gas -----1.~==~----- Gas
,-1-------W ater +------W ater
"'--'--1---- -Funnel ,.__-1--- -- Funnel

~:::::l::=::::::J Green water plant ~=====~ Green water plant

Experiment A Experiment B
..
Figure 3. Photosynthesis investigation

He followed the procedure below.

1. Count the number of bubbles generated in Experiment A and count the number of bubbles
generated in Experiment B.

2. Remove the test tube in Experiment A by placing your finger over its mouth, taking it out
of the water and turning it over.

3. Move your finger and place a glowing splint into the tube and observe what occurs.

4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for Experiment B.

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(i) State which experiment, A or B, would have gene
rated MOR E bubbles.
Experiment A -lamp light wil
lincrease the rate ofphotosynthesisand
therefore more bubbl
eswil lbe produced
Burning spl
intsorgl
owing spl
intscan be used to identify (1 mark)
whethera gasisfl
ammabl
e.eg.Oxygen
(ii) State what Sanjcev would have observed happening
to the glowing splints in Experiment
A and Experiment B.
The gl
owing spl
int wil
lre-ignite due to the production ofoxygen asa
Ares ul
········
t···of pho
········ tos······
········ ynth·······
es········
is ······.. ········ ··· ························ ····.. ················· ................... ..
··············································································· ················ ········
········ ·················· . ...........
The gl
owin g spl int in experiment B wil
B ····· ························ ····················· .. ················lre-ignite but at a sl owerrate
than experimen········ tA ·········· ........ ................ ......................... .

(2 marks)
(iii) Ident ify the gas that would have produced the
bubbles in Expe rime nt B and state the
process whic h would have produced this gas.

The gasisoxygen produced asa resul

t ofphotosynthesis

(2 marks)
(iv) Explain why Sanjeev can conclude that oxygen
is a by-product of photosynthesis.

The glowing spl int test identified that the gasproduced isflammable
Also using the formul a forphotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
showsthe gasbeing produced in the presence ofsunl ight isoxygen

W hen conducting an experiment,a controlisan el

ement that remains unchanged orunaffected by(2 marks)
othervariabl
es.It'
sused asa benchmark ora point ofcomparison agains
t which othertest resul
ts
(v) State which experiment served as the control and
give ONE reason for your response.
Experiment B isthe controlasthere isno additionalvariabl e changing the effect
ofthe experiment and it is used to compare experiment A in
which a l
amp is
added asa········
················ sour ce of light.
········ ········ ························································ ········································
······
········ ································ ················ ········································
········································ ······
(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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3. Figure 4 illustrates the position of endocrine glands throughout the body.

---++---B

Figure 4. Endocrine glands

(a) (i) Identify the glands labelled A and B.

Pituitary gl
and -stimul
atesgrowth ofthe entire body
A ............................................................................ ...... ....................................... .
Adrenalgl
and -secretesadrenal
in
B ···················································· ································· ······································
(2 marks)

(ii) Complete the following table by inserting the missing hormone or hormone function.

Hormone Function

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

FSH (fol
licl
e stimul
ating Promotes growth of follicles and production of
:::1
estrogen in the ovaries :.1
-:·J
~ :-:J

Adrenalin convertsgl
ycogen to gl
ucose

(2 marks)

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(iii) Outline ONE difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system.
-Msgsin the nervoussys(NS)travel sasel ectricalimpul seswhil st in the endocrine sys(ES)
messages travel as chemical s in the blood.
·································································································································
-Msgsin the NS travelrapidl y and msgsin the ES travelsl owl y.
-Msgsare car r ied to s pecif ic regions of the body on the NS whil st in ES msgsare transported
··············· .. ··········· .. ············ .. ················ .............................................
to al lpartsofthe body. ................................. .
-Msgshave an immediate effect on the body in the NS and msgshave a sl owereffect in ES.
-In the NS··············
effects··············
are short··············
l
asting and ··············
it isl ··············
ong lasting ··············
in ES............................................... .
(2 marks)

(b) Rhonda is a 53-year-old housewife who is experiencing challeng es with her weight and
is feeling unwell. The doctor suspects she may have a thyroid problem. The table below
shows the results of Rhonda' s blood tests.

Test Normal Hormone Rhonda's Hormone

Levels Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Levels
Thyroxine (µg/dl) 4.6-12 1.8 >12 <4.6
Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH) 0.5-0.6 0.55 <0.5 >0.6

(i) Using the lab data in the table above, suggest the endocrin e conditio n that Rhonda
may have.
Myxoedema -which causesa reduction in thyroxin

(1 mark)
(ii) Identify the lab data from the table that supports the diagnosi s of the endocrin e
condition in (b) (i) .
The l
owerthan normall
evel
softhyroxin

.......................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(iii) Suggest THREE symptom s that Rhonda would experien ce as a result of the
condition in (b) (i).

··············
Rhonda ··············
wil l·············
experience ···························
weight ··············
gain, mental ···············································
dul lnessand sensitivity to col d temperatures
·············· ···················································································································

·································································································································

·································································································································
(3 marks)

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(iv) State whether Rhonda's condition is caused by a malfunctioning pituitary gland.
Give ONE reason for your response .
Thyroxin production isstimul ated by thyroid stimul ating hormone secreted
by the pituitar
·············· y gl ·····························
and.Ifthe pituitary gl
··············· ···························· ··············
and doesnot produce ···············
··············enough
thyroxin the negative feedback mechanism wil lstimul ate the pituitary gl and
··············· ····························· ·············· ··············· ························································
to produce TSH that wil lincrease the production ofthyroxin.Therefore as
the thyroxin production isl ow the pituitar·············· y gl and··············
isindeed faul
·············· ty.
··············
············································ ····························· (2 marks)

(v) The doctor has prescribed a hormonal replacement drug and as a result Rhonda
has lost five pounds. However, she is unable to lose any more weight. Suggest
whether the doctor should increase her dosage and state ONE reason for your
response.
Yesherdosage shoul d increase.The negative feedback
·································································································································
mechanism wil lensure that any excesshormone ingested wil l
res ul t in r egul ation thr ough TSH
························································· ········································································
i.-.::
................................................................................................................................. ~:::

·································· ···········································································
(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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4. Cell division promotes growth and reproduction in organisms. These processes occur by mitosis.

(a) ldentify ONE cell in the body in which mitosis takes place and ONE cell in which mitosis
does NOT take place.

Mitosistakespl
ace in a body cel
lsand doesnot take pl
ace in
sexcel l
s

(2 marks)

(b) Figure 5 shows the process of meiosis.

Figure 5. Process of meiosis

Match EACH labelled state of the cells above with the descriptions below by placing the
correct letter, A, B or C, on the line next to the description.

(i) Haploid condition .........................C........................................................................ .

(ii) B
Diploid condition ....... ......................... ............................ ......................................

(iii) DNA duplication .... ....... ......A.... .. ............................... ... ............... .......................... .
(3 marks)

(c) State ONE factor that would account for the variation in daughter cells at the end of meiosis.

-Crossing overbetween homol ogouspairsduring prophase 1.

········································································ ······································································
-Random Assortment -random al ignment ofchromosomesduring
Metaphas
························ e1
·································································································· ··········
(1 mark)

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(d) Figure 6 and Figure 7 illustrate a straight thumb and a hitchhiker's thumb.

Figure 6. Straight thumb Figure 7. Hitchhiker's thumb

(i) The allele for hitchhiker's thumb is recessive (h) and the allele for a straight thumb
is dominant (H). Barry and his father both have hitchhiker's thumb.

Identify the genotypes of Barry and his parents.

hh
Barry ................................................................................................................... .
hh
Mother ................................................................................................................... .
Hh
Father .................................................................................................................... .
(3 marks)

(ii) Barry's mother is now pregnant. Complete the Punnett square below and determine
the likelihood that her unborn child will have hitchhiker's thumb.
H h

h Hh hh

h hh
Hh

Probabil ity is2Hh :2hh = 1:1

50% chance ofthe offspring having hitchhiker' sthumb
································································································································
(3 marks)

Insert text here

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(iii) Figure 8 illustrates data obtained on the angle at which person
s with hitchh iker's
thumb can bend their thumb .

50.-----------------------
-.
45
40
atll

35
.S....
30
'cl 25
"" 20
~
ie 15
10
5
0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Thumb angle (0 )

Figure 8. Data for hitchhiker's thumb

Identify the type of variation that characterizes the data. Give

ONE reason for
your answe r.

Continuousvariation -asthere are very smal

ldifferences
between individual
s ofthe hitchhiker'
sthumb trait

(2 marks)
(iv) Based on the type of variation identified in (c) (iii), state wheth
er genetics, or the
enviro nment or both determine(s) the phenotype of hitchh iker's
thumb .

········································ ···················· ·········· ······························ ·····························

······························ ········································ ···························································
(1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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SECTI ON B

Answer ALL questions.

5. (a) Excretion allows for the removal of unwanted metabolic waste from the body.

(i) Define the tenn 'homeostasis' .

stant conditionsin the body ············ are
Ho me os tasis isthe way con
····································
pite
························
of cha ng es in the············
············ environ ment.It isused ·········
························
ma inta ine d in s
a constant inte
which············
by ············ rnal
to de s cr ibe al l me cha
············ nisms
············ ············ ············ ························ ·········
························
environment ismainta ine d
················································ ········································································ ·········
(2 marks)

(ii) Name TWO major excretory organs in the body.

Kidney
···························································· ·····································································
Skin
(2 marks)

(iii) Identify TWO excretory products produced by the body.

Urine

Carbon dioxide
(2 marks)

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(b) Reggie is always thirsty. During a visit to the doctor, he learns that he has high levels of
sugar in his urine.

(i) Identify the disease Reggie is likely suffering from and explain how the disease
contributes to his excessive thirst.
Diabetes-resul tsin excessgl ucose dissol ved in waterbeing present in
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the urine asthe kidney tubul
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esfailto reabs ·······················
orb al lthe························
gl ucose.Ex ·············
tra water
isrequired to excrete thissugarso urine vol ume increasesand the patient
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becom esdehyd ·······················
rated and ·······················
thirsty.W hen······················· ·····································
excreted the waterl ost resul tsin
dehydration
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f:
f: ····································································· ························ ······················· ·············

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r:-
c-:
L·.
L".·
E-:
r:
t: ................................................................................................................ (5·~~;~)

(ii) Explain how Reggie's body detects and responds to his need for water.

Reggie'sbody wil lreabsorb waterby osmosisinto the capil

laries
surrounding the uriniferoustubul
e.At the Loop ofHenle some
watercan be reabsorbed back into the blood

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01253020/MJ /CSEC 2020

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6. (a) (i) Define the tcm1 ' pollutan t'.
lutant isa substance that pol lutes/harm the
A pol ·· ··· ········ ········· ·········· ····················· ·· ·············· ············· ·
······ ·· ························· ·· ···· ·······
environment
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(ii) State TWO example s of air pollutan ts, other than carbon dioxide.
smoke from factories
carbon
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ide······································ ····· ·· ·· ·· ························ ·····················
hydrocarbons ···· ····
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(2 marks)

(iii) Identify TWO sources of air pollutants.

factoriesand vehicl
es
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(2 marks)

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(b) Fi~u~e. 9 depic~s the ~ercentag e of carbon dioxide produced by yearly transportation
act1v1ttes of residents 111 a town.

Vacation
travelling
49%
Daily
,-.
f :" commute
32%

Figure 9. Percentag e of carbon dioxide produced

Most residents go on vacation once a year but commute to work or school approxim ately
t=· five days a week. Explain why vacation travelling produces significantly more carbon
!C·:
1.-.
t.·.
E··
dioxide than the daily commute and suggest TWO ways in which the amount of carbon
dioxide produced from the daily commute may be reduced.

Vacation travel ling requiresl argervessel sexampl e trainsorairpl anes

that require more fueland therefore produce higherl evel sofair
pol lutantsl ike carbon monoxide and otherhydrocarbons.
The amount ofcarbon dioxide produced from the dail y commute by
carpool ing and use ofel ectric vehicl eswhich do not use fossilfuel s
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(c) Many Caribbean countries have banned 'single use' plastic items such as straws and plastic
bags. Outline TWO reasons why this is a good decision for marine ecosystems and the
wider community.

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Pl asticson l and enterthe ·················································
seasand thusfl oat al ············································
ongs ide fish food suppl y
and are often ingested by marine organisms.Thisplastic in
non-biodegradabl e and can cl
og the l
ungsand digestive system ofmarine
organism.

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(4 marks)

Total 15 marks

END OFTEST

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