SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

AND GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

SOCSCI032: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGIME
1. UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972
❑ The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held
in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5–16 in 1972.
❑ A conference which focused on human interactions with the environment
and "stimulating and providing guidelines for action by national
government and international organizations" facing environmental issues.
❑ There were plenty of issues tackled in this conference including human
rights, economic and environmental challenges, threats of weapons of
mass destruction and among others.
2. World Commission on Environment and Development
❑ However, despite the widely recognized fact that sustainable
development have its origins in the 1972 UN Conference on Human
Environment, the concept of sustainable development already began on
the World Commission on Environment and Development, which is now
known as the Bruntland Commission headed by the appointed
chairperson of the Commission, Prime Minister Gro Harlem Bruntland of
Norway.
❑ The Bruntland Commission officially dissolved in December 1987 after
releasing Our Common Future in October 1987, which is also known as
Bruntland Report, now popularized under the term sustainable
development.
3. UN Conference on Environment and Development
1992
❑ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), byname Earth Summit, conference held at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil (June 3–14, 1992).
❑ The main outcomes of Earth Summit were:
❑ The Rio Declaration, which recognized the right of states to economic and
social development and contained 27 principles of sustainable
development
❑ Endorsement of the Forest Principles, which recognized the importance of
forests for economic and social development, indigenous communities,
biodiversity and maintaining ecological processes.
The main outcomes of Earth Summit were: (continuation)

❑ The signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the

Framework Convention on Climate Change
❑ Agenda 21, which was a voluntary sustainable development
plan of action, for implementation by national, regional, and
local governments. This contained a wide range of program
areas focused on social and economic development,
environmental protection and enhancement and
encouraging participation from communities, NGOs and
groups identified by UN as under-represented in
decision-making including women, children, and indigenous
communities.
4. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
❑ An international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and
opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14
June 1992, with its objective is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system”.
❑ Kyoto Protocol
❑ an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part
one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that
human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol
was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16
February 2005. 
4. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (continuation)

❑ Montreal Protocol
❑ The Montreal Protocol is the first worldwide agreement designed to protect
human health and the environment against the adverse effects of the depletion
of the stratospheric ozone layer. The protocol is administered by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which maintains the list of ozone-
depleting substances that are targeted for control practices, reductions, or total
phase- outs.
❑ Paris Climate Agreement
❑ The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average
temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to limit the
increase to 1.5 °C, since this would substantially reduce the risks and effects of
climate change.
❑ Under the Paris Agreement, each country shall determine, plan, and regularly
report on the contribution that it undertakes to make in order to mitigate global
warming.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
❑ Sustainable Development has been defined in many
ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is
from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland
Report:
❑ "Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
❑ The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals for
Sustainable Development are a collection of 17 global goals set
by the United Nations Development Programme.
❑ The formal name for the SDGs is “Transforming our World: the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development” which has been
shortened to 2030 Agenda.
❑ The SDGs cover social and economic development issues
including poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming,
gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, urbanization,
environment and social justice.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
3 MAIN PILLARS (PLUS 1 NEW):
1. Economic growth
2. Environmental protection
3. Social equality
4. Good governance (new under SDGs)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1. NO POVERTY
❑ End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2. ZERO HUNGER
❑ End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
❑ Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
4. QUALITY EDUCATION
❑ Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
5. GENDER EQUALITY
❑ Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
❑ Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
❑ Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
❑ Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
❑ Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation.
10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES
❑ Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
❑ Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
❑ Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13. CLIMATE ACTION
❑ Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
14. LIFE BELOW WATER
❑ Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
15. LIFE ON LAND
❑ Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
❑ Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17. PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS
❑ Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
SOCSCI032: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
QUICK FACTS AND STATISTICS ABOUT FOOD SECURITY
❑ Food insecurity is measured in the United States by questions in the
Census Bureau's Current Population Survey.
❑ Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on
food availability especially if there are no contingency plans in place.
❑ The approach known as food sovereignty views the business practices
of multinational corporations as a form of neocolonialism.
❑ FAO reported that almost 870 million people were chronically
undernourished in the years 2010-2012.
❑ The United States Department of Agriculture defines food insecurity as
"limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods
or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially
acceptable ways."
❑ The 1996 World Summit on Food Security declared that "food should not
be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure".
❑ 842 million people in the world do not have enough to eat. This number has
fallen by 17 percent since 1990.
❑ One out of six children - roughly 100 million - in developing countries is
underweight.
❑ Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million
children each year.
❑ The vast majority of hungry people (827 million) live in developing countries,
where 14.3 percent of the population is undernourished.
❑ If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of
hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
❑ Asia has the largest number of hungry people (over 500 million) but Sub-Saharan
Africa has the highest prevalence (24.8 percent of population).
❑ 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the
developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone.
❑ One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the
proportion can rise to one in three.
❑ 80 percent of the world's stunted children live in just 20 countries.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

FACTS TO PONDER UPON

❑ Every year 1.3 billion tons of food for human consumption, or nearly 1/3 of
food produced in the world, gets wasted or lost. This quantity amounts to
USD 680 billion in developed countries and USD 310 billion in developing
countries;
❑ Developed and developing countries relatively dissipate the same
quantities of food-670 million tons and 630 million tons respectively;
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

FACTS TO PONDER UPON

❑ Consumers in rich countries waste about 222 million tons of food each
year, which is almost as much as the net food production of the entire
sub-Sahara Africa; i.e., 230 million tons; and
❑ In Europe and North America, around 95-115 kg of food is wasted per
capita per year; whereas in sub-Sahara Africa, South and Southeast Asia,
food waste equals 6-11 kg. per year. (FAO)
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
FOOD SECURITY
❑ Defined as the availability of food and one's access to it.
❑ “Availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic
foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to
offset fluctuations in production and prices.” -1974 World Food Summit
❑ “Ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic
access to the basic food that they need.” –UN Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), 1983
❑ “Access of all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy
life.” –World Bank report “Poverty and Hunger”, 1986
 GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
❑ “Food security, at the individual, household, national, regional and
global levels [is achieved] when all people, at all times, have physical
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life.” -1996 World Food Summit
❑ “Food security [is] a situation that exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social, economic access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy life.” –The State of Food Insecurity, 2001
❑ The concept of food security is defined as including both physical and
economic access to food that meets people's dietary needs as well as
their food preferences.
❑ Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have
access to enough food for an active, healthy life. A household is
considered food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear
of starvation.
❑ Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or
unavailability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including
droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and
wars.
❑ Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Household food security is the application of this concept to the family
level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.
❑ Stages of food insecurity range from food secure situations to full-scale
famine.
❑ Food security as a concept originated only in the mid-1970s, in the discussions of
international food problems at a time of global food crisis. The initial focus of
attention was primarily on food supply problems - of assuring the availability and to
some degree the price stability of basic foodstuffs at the international and national
level. That supply-side, international and institutional set of concerns reflected the
changing organization of the global food economy that had precipitated the crisis.
A process of international negotiation followed, leading to the World Food
Conference of 1974, and a new set of institutional arrangements covering
information, resources for promoting food security and forums for dialogue on policy
issues.
❑ The issues of famine, hunger and food crisis were also being extensively examined,
following the events of the mid 1970s. The outcome was a redefinition of food
security, which recognized that the behavior of potentially vulnerable and affected
people was a critical aspect.
❑ A third, perhaps crucially important, factor in modifying views of food security was
the evidence that the technical successes of the Green Revolution did not
automatically and rapidly lead to dramatic reductions in poverty and levels of
malnutrition. These problems were recognized as the result of lack of effective
demand.
MEASUREMENT
❑ Food security can be measured by calorie intake per person per day, available on a
household budget. In general the objective of food security indicators and measures is to
capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability,
access and utilization or adequacy.
❑ Several measures have been developed that aim to capture the access component of
food security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and
Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project, collaborating with Cornell and Tufts
University and Africare and World Vision. These include:
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) – continuous measure of the degree of food
insecurity (access) in the household in the previous month
Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) – measures the number of different food groups
consumed over a specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days).
 ..continuation

Household Hunger Scale (HHS)- measures the experience of household food

deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions, captured through a survey and
summarized in a scale.
Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assesses household behaviors and rates them based
on a set of varied established behaviors on how households cope with food
shortages.

❑ The FAO, World Food Programme (WFP), and International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD) collaborate to produce The State of Food Insecurity in the World.
❑ The 2012 edition described improvements made by the FAO to the prevalence of
undernourishment (PoU) indicator that is used to measure rates of food insecurity.
❑ New features include revised minimum dietary energy requirements for individual countries,
updates to the world population data, and estimates of food losses in retail distribution for
each country.
❑ Measurements that factor into the indicator include dietary energy supply, food
production, food prices, food expenditures, and volatility of the food system.
RATES
❑ With its prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) indicator, the FAO
reported that almost 870 million people were chronically
undernourished in the years 2010–2012. This represents 12.5% of the
global population, or 1 in 8 people.
❑ Higher rates occur in developing countries, where 852 million
people (about 15% of the population) are chronically
undernourished. The report noted that Asia and Latin America have
achieved reductions in rates of undernourishment that put these
regions on track for achieving the Millennium Development Goal of
halving the prevalence of undernourishment by 2015. 
❑ The UN noted that about 2 billion people do not consume a sufficient amount of vitamins and
minerals. 
❑ In India, the second-most populous country in the world, 30 million people have been added to the
ranks of the hungry since the mid-1990s and 46% of children are underweight.
EXAMPLES OF FOOD INSECURITY
❑ Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical, social or economic access to
food as defined above.
❑ Famines have been frequent in world history. Some have killed millions and substantially diminished
the population of a large area. The most common causes have been drought and war, but the
greatest famines in history were caused by economic policy.
WORLD SUMMIT ON FOOD SECURITY
❑ The World Summit on Food Security, held in Rome in 1996, aimed to renew a global
commitment to the fight against hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) called the summit in response to widespread under-nutrition and
growing concern about the capacity of agriculture to meet future food needs. The
conference produced two key documents, the Rome Declaration on World Food Security
and the World Food Summit Plan of Action.
❑ The Rome Declaration called for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the
number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015. The Plan of
Action set a number of targets for government and non-governmental organizations for
achieving food security, at the individual, household, national, regional and global levels.
❑ Another World Summit on Food Security took place at the FAO's headquarters in Rome
between November 16 and 18, 2009. The decision to convene the summit was taken by the
Council of FAO in June 2009, at the proposal of FAO Director-General Dr Jacques Diouf.
Heads of state and government attended this summit.
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
(AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)

1. AVAILABILITY
❑ Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange.
❑ Food production is determined by a variety of factors including land ownership and use; soil
management; crop selection, breeding, and management; livestock breeding and
management; and harvesting. 
❑ Crop production can be affected by changes in rainfall and temperatures. The use of land,
water, and energy to grow food often competes with other uses, which can affect food
production.
❑ Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to desertification, salinization, and
soil erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices.
❑ Crop production is not required for a country to achieve food security. Because food consumers
outnumber producers in every country, food must be distributed to different regions or nations. 
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
(AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)
…continuation

❑ Food distribution involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and

marketing of food.
❑ Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also affect
the amount of food wasted in the distribution process. Poor transport
infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well
as the price of moving food to national and global markets. 
❑ Around the world, few individuals or households are continuously self-reliant
for food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy
to acquire food. 
❑ The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market
institutions, which can affect food security. 
❑ Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food
security to all, and thus food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving
food security.
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
(AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)

2. ACCESS
❑ Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the
preferences of individuals and households.
❑ The UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights noted that the
causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an
inability to access available food, usually due to poverty. 
❑ Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an
individual or household is to food price spikes. 
❑ Access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase
food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its
own food. 
❑ Households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local
food shortages and maintain their access to food.
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
(AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)
…continuation

❑ There are two distinct types of access to food:

❑ Direct Access - in which a household produces food using human and material
resources
❑ Economic Access - in which a household purchases food produced elsewhere.
❑ Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on. The
assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts
can determine a household's access to food. However, the ability to access sufficient
food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. 
❑ Demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender
of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the
type of food that are purchased.
❑ A household's access to enough and nutritious food may not assure adequate food
intake of all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently
meet the requirements of each member of the household. 
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
3. UTILIZATION (AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)

❑ The next pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by
individuals. Once food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity
and quality of food that reaches members of the household.
❑ In order to achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to
meet the physiological requirements of each individual. Food safety affects food
utilization, and can be affected by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the
community and household.
❑ Nutritional values of the household determine food choice, and whether food meets
cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and
social well-being.
❑ Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization, since the health of
individuals controls how the food is metabolized. For example, intestinal parasites can take
nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. 
❑ Sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food
utilization.
❑ Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve
this pillar of food security.
 FOUR PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY
(AVAILABILITY, ACCESS, UTILIZATION, STABILITY)

4. STABILITY
❑ Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food insecurity can be
transitory, seasonal, or chronic. In transitory food insecurity, food may be
unavailable during certain periods of time. At the food production level, natural
disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil
conflicts can also decrease access to food. Instability in markets resulting in
food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can
temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which
can be caused by illness. Seasonal food insecurity can result from the regular
pattern of growing seasons in food production.
❑ Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack
of adequate food. In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable
to acquire food to meet the needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food
insecurity are linked, since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make
households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity.
EFFECTS OF FOOD SECURITY
❑ Famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity translates
into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger.
❑ Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies due to chronic hunger and malnutrition.
CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY
❑ GLOBAL WATER CRISIS
❑ LAND DEGREDATION
❑ CLIMATE CHANGE
❑ AGRICULTURAL DISEASES
❑ FOOD VERSUS FUEL
❑ POLITICS
❑ FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
RISKS TO FOOD SECURITY
❑ POPULATION GROWTH
❑ FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE
❑ HOMOGENITY IN GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLY
❑ PRICE SETTING
❑ LAND USE CHANGE
❑ GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS
FUNDS, PROGRAMMES AND SPECIALIZED
AGENCIES ADDRESSING FOOD ISSUES
❑ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) - the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) was
established as a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1945. One of FAO's strategic
objectives is to help eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition.
❑ World Food Programme (WFP) - founded in 1963, WFP is the lead UN agency that responds to
food emergencies and has programmes to combat hunger worldwide.
❑ International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - founded in 1977, IFAD focuses on rural
poverty reduction, working with poor rural populations in developing countries to eliminate
poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.
❑ World Bank - founded in 1944, the World Bank is actively involved in funding food projects and
programmes.
❑ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) was established in 1972 as the international arm providing guidance and governance
to environmental issues. One of the topics that UNEP addresses currently is food security.
APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY
❑ BY THE UNITED NATIONS
❑ The UN Millennium Development Goals are one of the initiatives aimed at achieving food security in
the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme hunger
and poverty" by 2015
❑ BY THE FAO
❑ The FAO has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable
development and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets
and rural infrastructure. In general, the FAO proposes the use of public policies and programs that
promote long-term economic growth that will benefit the poor.
❑ BY THE WFP
❑ The World Food Programme (WFP) is an agency of the United Nations that uses food aid to promote
food security and eradicate hunger and poverty. In particular, the WFP provides food aid to refugees
and to others experiencing food emergencies. It also seeks to improve nutrition and quality of life to
the most vulnerable populations and promote self-reliance.
 APPROACHES TO FOOD SECURITY
❑ BY THE USAID
❑ The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
proposes several key steps to increasing agricultural productivity which is
in turn key to increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity. They
include:
❑ Boosting agricultural science and technology. Current agricultural yields are
insufficient to feed the growing populations. Eventually, the rising agricultural
productivity drives economic growth.
❑ Securing property rights and access to finance
❑ Enhancing human capital through education and improved health
❑ Conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms and democracy and governance
based on principles of accountability and transparency in public institutions and the
rule of law are basic to reducing vulnerable members of society.
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE
FOOD SECURITY AND END HUNGER

❑ In April 2012, the Food Assistance Convention was signed, the world's first

legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May
2012 Copenhagen Consensus recommended that efforts to combat hunger
and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector
philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. 
In 2013 Caritas International started a Caritas-wide initiative aimed at ending
systemic hunger by 2025. The One human family, food for all campaign
focuses on awareness raising, improving the effect of Caritas programs and
advocating the implementation of the Right to Food.
 GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND END HUNGER
❑ The partnership Compact2025, led by IFPRI with the involvement of UN organizations,
NGOs and private foundations develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to
politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the
coming 10 years, by 2025. It bases its claim that hunger can be ended by 2025 on a
report by Shenggen Fan and Paul Polman that analyzed the experiences from China,
Vietnam, Brazil and Thailand and concludes that eliminating hunger and undernutrition
was possible by 2025.
❑ In June 2015, the European Union and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have
launched a partnership to combat undernutrition especially in children. The program
will initially be implemented in Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Laos and Niger
and will help these countries to improve information and analysis about nutrition so they
can develop effective national nutrition policies.
❑ The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has created a partnership that will act
through the African Union's CAADP framework aiming to end hunger in Africa by 2025. It
includes different interventions including support for improved food production, a
strengthening of social protection and integration of the Right to Food into national
legislation.
RESOURCES

❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security
❑ https://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/
❑ http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm
❑ https://research.un.org/en/foodsecurity/key-un-bodies
❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization
❑ https://foodtank.com/news/2017/09/17-organizations-fighting-hunger/
❑ http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/
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❑ https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-food-security/
❑ http://www.futureearth.org/themes/global-sustainable-development
❑ http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/what-is-sustainable-development.html
❑ https://www.iisd.org/topic/sustainable-development
❑ http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/history_sd.html
❑ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-why-it-matters/
❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission
❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21
❑ https://www.britannica.com/event/United-Nations-Conference-on-Environment-and-Development
❑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
❑ https://www.slideshare.net/rushellrousseau/unfccc-kyoto-protocol-montreal-protocol-pollution-glob
al
❑ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
❑ https://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/nutrition/foodsecurity/
❑ http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm