Culture

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Exercise 1
Ellesmere Island Greenland

Exercise 2
Great Slave Lake
Exercise 3 2.23
Audioscript
Vancouver Montreal
Mark In the summer holidays
we went to visit my auntie Toronto
Catherine, who lives in
Canada.
Bella Canada! It’s really far away, USA Ottawa
isn’t it?
Mark Well, yes, it’s just to the
north of the USA.
Bella So you flew?
Mark Yes, we crossed the Atlantic.
It took about eight hours.
Bella Well, was it worth it?
Mark Oh, I have always wanted to 35 million
see the Niagara Falls – it’s an English and French
amazing sight! Great Bear, Great Slave
Bella Did you walk across the the Rockies, the Saint Elias
St. Lawrence, the Mackenzie
Falls?
animals and plants
Mark Ha, ha! Very funny. Some beaver, maple leaf
people try to cross, but
it’s forbidden and it’s very
dangerous. The first person
to cross the Niagara Falls did
8 hours
it in 1859…
Bella How high are the Falls? 1859
50 metres
Mark I think they’re about 50
metres. And we also visited 5,000
Toronto Zoo; it’s wonderful; a stadium

it’s got 5,000 animals. CN tower

Bella Yes, but we shouldn’t keep
animals in cages.
Mark Oh, I agree but at Toronto
Zoo they’re not in cages;
they’re free; they have a
natural habitat; visitors can
only walk along certain
paths. My favourite were the
Glossary
pandas!
Bella Wow! I love pandas. I’d love beaver = ตัวบีเวอร
to see a real one. maple leaf = ใบเมเปล
Mark And we watched a baseball
match in the SkyDome – it’s
a huge stadium next to the
CN Tower, one of the tallest
buildings in the world!

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Botswana
Exercise 2

Exercise 3 2.24 Johannesburg

Audioscript
Joe Where did you go, Ariel?
Bloemfontein
Ariel We spent most of the
summer in Cape Town with
Lesotho
my uncle Louis.
Cape Town
Joe Cape Town? Where’s that?
Ariel South Africa, of course!
Joe Was it exciting? Dangerous?
Ariel Not all dangerous. It was
very exciting. I had lots of
fun. Cape Town has got
great beaches.
Joe It’s on the coast, isn’t it?
Ariel Yes, and we went surfing
once: awesome; have you
done any surfing?
52 million
Joe No, not yet… but what is
11, e.g. Zulu, Afrikaans, English
there to see in South Africa? Orange
Ariel Lots of things! There’s also a Lesotho
Sibaya
mountain just outside Cape elephant, rhino, lion, leopard, buffalo

Town, called Table Mountain. springbok

We went up there by cable

car and did lots of walking.
Joe Walking? I bet you lost a bit
of weight!
Ariel Sure. Anyway, we also went
on a safari in South Africa.
Joe A safari? Which wild animals
did you see?
Ariel We saw lions, giraffes and
monkeys and we rode on an
elephant. And we did more
walking in the parks; they’ve
got some fantastic national
parks. I’d love to go back in
a few years time.

CULTURE VIDEO: Nelson

Mandela’s presidential speech
The time for the healing of the
wounds has come. The moment to
bridge the chasms that divide us
has come. The time to build is upon
us. We have at last achieved our
political emancipation. We pledge
ourselves to liberate all our people
106
from the continuing bondage of poverty,
deprivation, suffering, gender and other
discrimination. We commit ourselves to
the construction of a complete, just and
lasting peace. We understand it still that
there is no easy road to freedom. We
know it well that none of us acting alone
can achieve success. We must therefore
act together as a united people, for
national reconciliation. For nation building,
for the birth of a new world. Let there be
justice for all; let there be peace for all. The
sun shall never set on so glorious a human
achievement. Let freedom reign!
Glossary
freshwater = นํ้าสะอาด นํ้าจืด
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Exercise 1 2.25
Audioscript
Australia is located in the Southern Queensland
Hemisphere. It has six states. The
Western Australia
largest state of Australia is Western
Australia, which is located in the South Australia
west of the country. To the east of New South Wales
the Northern Territory is the state
of Queensland. Below the Northern
Territory is South Australia. In the
Victoria
south east of the country is the
small state of Victoria. To the north Tasmania
of Victoria is New South Wales. The
island of Tasmania, located 200 km
south of Victoria, is also a state of
Australia.
English
Australian
Exercise 2 7,617,930 km2
desert
23,340,000
Australian dollar
Exercise 3 2.26
left Grassland
Audioscript woodland
Australia is a country in the cliffs
Southern Hemisphere with a diverse
range of landscape. There are snakes
34,218 km of coastline. The Great
Barrier Reef, the world’s largest
coral reef, lies off the north-east
coast. Australia is the flattest
continent. The desert is known as
the Outback. It makes up the
largest portion of the country.
Here, the population density is
among the lowest in the world.
Grassland areas can be found on
the western plains of New South
Wales and Queensland. In the
northern part of the country
there are woodland, desert and
grassland areas, whilst in the north
west corner of the continent there
are cliffs and gorges.
In Australia, there are famous and
unique animals: kangaroos, koala
bears and the most dangerous
snakes in the world!

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Exercise 1-2

Background information
The Sydney Opera House is a
multi-venue performing arts centre.
Designed by Danish architect Jørn
Utzon, the facility formally opened
in 1973.
Though its name suggests a single
venue, the project comprises
multiple performance venues
which together are among the
busiest performing arts centres in
the world — hosting over 1,500
performances each year attended C D
by some 1.2 million people. As B A
one of the most popular visitor
attractions in Australia, more than
seven million people visit the site
each year. The Sydney Opera House
became a UNESCO World Heritage
Site in 2007.

The Sydney Harbour Bridge is a

steel arch bridge across Sydney
Harbour that carries rail, vehicle
bicycle and pedestrian traffic
between the Sydney Central
Business District (CBD) and the
North Shore.
The bridge was designed and
built by British firm Dorman Long
and Co. Ltd of Middlesbrough
and opened in 1932. The bridge’s
design was influenced by the Hell
Gate Bridge in New York City. It is
also the sixth longest spanning-arch
bridge in the world, and it is the
tallest steel arch bridge, measuring
134 m from top to water level. Exercise 3 Glossary
1 There are 5 million inhabitants
2 It is on the south-east coast. coat hunger = ที่แขวนเสื้อคลุม
3 It was founded in 1788. suburbs = ชานเมือง
4 The Sydney Opera House and
the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
5 In 2000.
6 Sydneysider.

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Exercise 1 2.27
Audioscript
Delhi
India is in South Asia. It is the
second most populous country
after China. On the west coast of
India is the city of Mumbai, the
most populous city in India. In
Mumbai
the south of the country is the
city of Bangalore. It is a major
economic and cultural centre. Kolkata
On the east coast, in the southern Bangalore
part of India, is Chennai, an Chennai
important centre for music, art and
culture in India. Kolkata is in the
north east of the country. It is the
commercial capital of India. Delhi
Hindi and English
is in the north of India. It is located Indian
above the capital city of New Delhi. 3,287,263 km2
1,220,800,000
Indian rupee
Exercise 2 left

Exercise 3
1 There are 1.2 billion people.
2 Pakistan, China, Nepal.
3 In North India.
4 1,560 miles.
5 Tigers, pandas, elephants,
peacocks, monkeys, leopards.

CULTURE VIDEO:
Monkeys thieves
Macaques love to monkey
around… here in southern India
when a peddler leaves a fruit
cart unattended for just a single
moment, these bonnet macaques
Now, it’s on to the next meal. a far away forest. But these very
pounce on it like hungry ants at a
The bull macaques with their social monkeys seem to take it in
company picnic. Those of you with
distinctively long tails aren’t afraid stride and just turn this swimming
very young children will recognise
to raid homes in search of food. pool into an impromptu water park.
this kind of eating behaviour:
And just in all-around good time.
so many peanuts, so little time…
Now grapes are always good full
Then bananas, well, naturally!
of fruit sugar for the energy they’ll
Oranges, basically, whatever isn’t
need to wreak havoc like a bunch of
nailed down and if they can pry
seven year olds at an out of control
it up, it’s not nailed down. What a
birthday party.
macaque doesn’t eat on the spot,
Just when you think it can’t get any
it puts in doggy bags called its
worse, it gets worse! They’ve been
cheek pouches, which it uses while
so destructive that the forest service
foraging for more food.
re-locates them from the city… to
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Background information
The Hanging Gardens, also known
as Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, are
terraced gardens perched at the
top of Malabar Hill. They feature
numerous hedges carved into the
shapes of animals. The park was laid
B D
out in 1881 by Ulhas Ghapokar over A C
Bombay’s main reservoir. When seen
from the air, the walkway inside the
park (Hanging Gardens Path), spell
out the letters PMG (Pherozeshah
Mehta Gardens) in cursive.
Bollywood is one of the largest film
producers in India and one of the
largest centres of film production
in the world. It is more formally
referred to as Hindi cinema.
Nehru Science Center
is India’s largest interactive
science centre. The centre is
named after India’s first Prime
Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1977,
the centre started with the ‘Light
and Sight’ exhibition, and then in
1979 a Science Park was built. In
1985 it was opened to the public.
EsselWorld is a theme park
situated in Gorai and established
in 1986. EsselWorld along with its
counterparts, Water Kingdom, are
stretched over 64 acres of land.
Together, they are recognised as
India’s largest amusement and
water park as well as Asia’s largest
theme water park.

Exercise 1

Exercise 2
1 C
2 C
3 C
4 B
5 A
6 C

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Background information
The adjective indigenous is derived
from the Latin etymology meaning
‘native’ or ‘born within’. Other
terms used to refer to indigenous
populations are aboriginal, native,
original, or first (as in Canada’s First
Nations).
In the description of Indigenous
Peoples given by the World
Bank, ‘Indigenous Peoples
can be identified in particular
geographical areas by the presence
in varying degrees of the following
characteristics: close attachment
to ancestral territories and to the
natural resources in these areas;
self-identification and identification
by others as members of a distinct
cultural group; an indigenous
language, often different from
the national language; presence
of customary social and political
institutions; primarily subsistence-
oriented production’.
Many indigenous populations
have undergone a dramatic
decline and even extinction, and
remain threatened in many parts
of the world. Some have also been
assimilated by other populations
or have undergone many other
changes. In other cases, indigenous
populations are undergoing a
recovery or expansion in numbers.
Certain indigenous societies
survive even though they may no
longer inhabit their ‘traditional’
lands, owing to migration,
relocation, forced resettlement or
having been supplanted by other
cultural groups. In many other
Glossary
respects, the transformation of
culture of indigenous groups is beliefs = ความเชื่อ
ongoing, and includes permanent culture heritege = มรดกทางวัฒนธรรม
loss of language, loss of lands, weapons = อาวุธ
encroachment on traditional ancestors = บรรพบุรุษ
territories, and disruption in
traditional life ways due to
contamination and pollution of
waters and lands.
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Exercise 1

Exercise 2
1 …to fight for their land today.
2 …it educates children about
life.
3 …an advanced stone age
culture.
4 …there were about 40,000
Mãori.
5 …they settled in different
areas of North America with
a different landscape and
climate.
6 …diseases, epidemics and
violence.

storytelling didgeridoo
CULTURE VIDEO:
An Aboriginal Homecoming
This type of ceremony hasn’t been 600 groups
practised for 30 years, 40 years. And this
is part of my job and others to actually N.Z. and the Cook Islands
pass it on to the next generation so the
line can continue on; for this type of
ceremony to happen again, it means
that we are bringing their soul back to canoes
the homeland, where they can roam
free, once again, with their clan groups. farmers
Our knowledge, our dreaming, our
social life, laws that we have – it’s all in
here. But this legacy, it’s not forgotten.
Finally, all things will come to an end hunters
and it will be a happy ending for all
concerned.

Glossary
hunters = นายพราน ผูลา

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Background information
A parliamentary system is a system
of democratic governance of a
state in which the executive branch
derives its democratic legitimacy
from, and is held accountable to,
the legislature (parliament); the
executive and legislative branches
are thus interconnected.
In a parliamentary system, the
head of state is normally a
different person from the head of
government. This is in contrast to a
presidential system in a democracy,
where the head of state often is also
the head of government, and most
importantly: the executive branch
does not derive its democratic
legitimacy from the legislature.
Countries with parliamentary
systems may be constitutional
monarchies, where a monarch is
the ceremonial head of state while
the head of government is often
a member of the legislature (such
as United Kingdom, Sweden and
Japan), or parliamentary republics,
where a mostly ceremonial
president is the head of state while
the head of government is regularly
from the legislature (such as Ireland,
Germany, Pakistan, India and Italy).
In a few parliamentary republics,
such as Botswana, South Africa and
Suriname, the head of government
is also head of state.

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Exercise 1
Elections: every five years, over 18,
candidates, most votes
Government: 100 people, Prime
Minister, ministries, Secretaries of
State
House of Commons: Speaker, bills,
chamber, opposition
House of Lords: not elected,
recommended by Prime Minister,
special commissions

Exercise 2
1 ...the Queen, the House of
Commons and the House of
Lords.
2 Cardiff
3 ...defence and foreign affairs.
4 ...become MPs.
5 ...on a raised chair at one end of
the chamber.
6 ...not elected; they are
recommended by the Prime
Minister.

Glossary Exercise 3
Personal answers :
made up = ประกอบดวย 1 The President of the Italian
constituency = ผูมีสิทธิเลือกตั้ง Republic is…
seat = ที่นั่ง 2 Italy has been a republic
bill = รางกฎหมาย since June 2, 1946, when the
raised = ยกขึ้นมา monarchy was abolished by
popular referendum.
benches = ที่นั่งยาว 3 Officially every 5 years (but
appointed = ไดรับแตงตั้ง they tend to be far more
frequent).
4 18.
5 Palazzo Montecitorio.
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Background information
The United States have a
presidential system, that is a
republican system of government
where a head of government is
also head of state and leads an
executive branch that is separate
from the legislative branch. The
executive is elected and often titled English, Spanish, Chinese
‘president’ and is not responsible dollar
to the legislature and cannot, in Stars and Stripes
normal circumstances, dismiss 50
Washington D.C.
it. The legislature may have the
right, in extreme cases, to dismiss
the executive, often through
impeachment. However, such
dismissals are seen as rare.

Exercise 1 2.28
Audioscript
The United States has the third
largest population in the world:
317,500,000 people. English is the
main language in the United States
but many languages are spoken
at home: the most important
is Spanish followed by Chinese.
As nearly everyone knows, the
American currency is the dollar.
The United States flag is called
the Stars and Stripes: it consists
of thirteen red and white stripes
with a blue rectangle showing fifty
white stars, one for each of the fifty
states. The capital city of the USA is
Washington D.C.

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Exercise 2

laws chosen by President

CULTURE VIDEO: war

The White House check laws
The White House is the building
where the American President lives city and state
and works. It was opened in 1800,
so it was the second president,
two terms can veto laws
John Adams, who first lived there.
It has six floors, 132 rooms and 35 police
bathrooms!
To relax the White House has a
tennis court, a jogging track, a
swimming pool, a cinema, a billiard
room, and a bowling alley.
Today, the White House has 6,000
visitors a day.

Glossary Exercise 3
laws = กฎหมาย
veto (v) = หาม ยับยั้ง ปฏิเสธ
peanut = ถั่วลิสง
carved = แกะสลัก
wigs = ผมปลอม

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 Festivals
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Exercise 1-2

CULTURE VIDEO:
Diwali, Festival of Lights
At any time of the year a visitor to
India could be overwhelmed by
its beauty and colour but a visitor
in late fall is especially fortunate:
the temperature will have cooled
down, the monsoons will have
not yet begun and Diwali, the
festival of lights, is at hand; Diwali
is to many Indians what Christmas
is to Christians; in essence, it
commemorates the victory of the
forces of light over the forces of
darkness. To experience it fully, get
up before dawn and head for the
flower markets; here, flower vendors
work feverishly to create garlands
of fragrant jasmine that Indians will
use to adorn their homes; by dawn,
B
they’ll be sold out. A
Next, head for one of the temples, D
C
but go early; later on in the day,
they’ll be packed; on your way
over, you may see a curious sight:
people hunched in front of their
doorways pouring coloured sand
on the ground; the sand takes the
shape of a lotus blossom, a symbol
of welcome and, today, millions of
symbols of welcome will grace the
nation’s doorways.
Indeed, Diwali is all about sharing.
If you’re staying in a private home,
don’t be surprised if the neighbours
show up with plates of delicious
holiday treats. Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Glossary
‘Happy Diwali.’ row of lamps = แถวของโคมไฟ
Some cities also put on spectacular wealth = ความมั่งคั่ง
public displays of fireworks, like this fireworks = ดอกไมไฟ
one in Delhi. But no matter where treats = การเลี้ยงอาหาร
you are there are smaller more
intimate fireworks displays. A long
day of celebrations is coming to
an end – and it’s going out ‘with a
bang’!

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Exercise 1-2

Exercise 3

Background information
The Chinese zodiac is a
mathematical cycle of 12 animals.
Each animal represents one year.
People are associated with the
animal for the year that they are
born. Although it is called the Buddha Chinatown fireworks decorations Chinese
Chinese zodiac, this system is also zodiac
used in several other countries
in Asia such as Korea, Japan, and
Vietnam.
Dragon (2000): strong, proud, direct,
eccentric, show off; arrogant, violent,
brash, controlling.
Snake (2001): wise, graceful,
calm, mystic, shrewd; a loner,
bad communicator, possessive,
distrustful.
Horse (2002): cheerful, popular,
talkative, witty, earthly; fickle, rude,
gullible, stubborn.
Goat (2003): righteous, honest,
shy, artistic, understanding; moody,
worriers, complainers, and / or too
soft.
Monkey (2004): witty, curious,
flexible, sociable, smart; vain, clumsy,
trickster, snobbish.
Rooster (2005): neat, organised,
alert, scientific, responsible; critical,
egotistical, rough, opinionated.
Dog (2006): honest, smart, loyal,
sense of justice, affectionate; lazy,
cold, stubborn, quarrelsome.
Pig (2007): simple, hard-working,
strong, peace-loving, trusting; can Tiger (2010): aggressive, rebellious, Glossary
be naive, gullible, materialistic, strong, daring, generous; restless, ancestor = บรรพบุรุษ
clingy. clumsy, hot-temper, impatient. gather = รวมกัน
Rat (2008): honest, free, hard- Rabbit (2011): kind, sensitive, sweep away = กวาดออกไป
working, charming; selfish, ruthless, elegant, artistic, cautious; moody,
controlling, scheming. shy, lazy, opportunistic.
Ox (2009): smart, calm, patient,
inspiring, modest; stubborn, narrow-
minded, demanding, rigid.

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Exercise 1-2
It is celebrated on May 1st; on this
day it is usually celebrated the
International Labour Day.

Exercise 3

Glossary
bonfires = กองไฟ
keep evil away = ปดเปาสิ่งไมดี
strike = หยุดงานประทวง
demand (v) = ตองการ
unions = สหภาพแรงงาน

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