LA Module 1b

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
VI SEMESTER
18ARC66
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H
© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
SYLLABUS - MODULE - 1
Introduction to the discipline of Landscape Architecture
a. Landscape as a broad terminology

Natural and Man-modified landscapes
b. Brief history and growth of landscape architecture as a design

and planning profession from gardens to regional landscapes.
c. Scope and nature of professional work in contemporary landscape architecture

Changing priorities of disciplinary approach :
Ecology, Biodiversity and Sustainability .
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 25.04.2022
a. LANDSCAPE AS A BROAD TERMINOLOGY
Landscape is more
than just scenery.
“ LAND ” means
both a place and the
people living there.
“ SCAPE ” means
“ to shape ”, and
also means
association ,
partnership.
a. LANDSCAPE AS A BROAD TERMINOLOGY
a. LANDSCAPE TYPES
1. NATURAL : Undisturbed
a. LANDSCAPE TYPES
2. MAN – MADE : Modified
Recreation Beautification
a. LANDSCAPE TYPES
2. MAN – MADE : Modified
Environmental – Flood control Socio Economic
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - DEFINITION
According to ASLA – American Society of

Landscape Architects
Landscape architecture involves the

planning, design, management, and
nurturing of the built and natural
environments.
With their unique skill set, landscape
architects work to improve human and
environmental health in all communities.
9/11 Memorial, New York

According to ISOLA – Indian Society of

Landscape Architects
Landscape Architecture aims to achieve

the well-being of humans as well as other
species along with their associated
communities, structures, and functions.
It involves settings ranging from the
urbanised to the natural across all scales
within the human range, from the
microscale to the macroscale.
Taj Mahal – Mughal gardens

Landscape architecture is the design of

outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures
to achieve environmental, social-
behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes.
It involves the systematic design and
general engineering of various structures
for construction and human use,
investigation of existing social, ecological,
and soil conditions and processes in the
landscape, and the design of other
interventions that will produce desired
outcomes.
Rashtrapati Bhavan – Mughal gardens
Landscape architecture is a
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FIELD,
incorporating aspects of
Urban design , Architecture
Geography, Ecology
Civil engineering The Eiffel Tower in
Paris is a historical
Structural engineering achievement of
Horticulture, structural
Environmental psychology engineering.
Industrial design
Soil sciences, Botany, Fine arts, etc..
A landscape architect should have
thorough knowledge on
these aspects.
b. INTRODUCTION TO GARDENS
A garden is a planned space, usually

outdoors, set aside for the cultivation,
display, and enjoyment of plants and other
forms of nature.
The garden can incorporate both natural
and artificial materials.
Japanese zen gardens
A garden can be PRIVATE

SEMI-PRIVATE
Hanging Gardens of Babylon PUBLIC
b. INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL LANDSCAPE
Regional landscapes reflect the cultural

characteristics of their inhabitants.
This can be seen in the architectural
structures used in a region, and in the
statues and monuments of local, national,
or global significance.
In landscape architecture, regional
designing is a form of large scale spatial
design that develops visions and long-
term perspectives for regions.
Green city - Chandigarh

b. HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECURE
For the period before 1800, the history of

landscape gardening (later called
landscape architecture) is largely that of
master planning and garden
design for manor houses, palaces and
royal properties, religious complexes, and
centers of government.
An example is the extensive work

by André Le Nôtre ( French landscape
architect) for King Louis XIV of France at
the Palace of Versailles.
Orangery at the Palace of Versailles, Paris
INVENTOR OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
The term landscape architecture was

invented by GILBERT LAING MEASON in
1828.
JOHN CLAUDIUS LOUDON (1783–1843)
was instrumental in the adoption of the
term landscape architecture by the
modern profession. He took up the term
from Meason and gave it publicity in his
Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on
the Landscape Gardening and Landscape
Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton.
Gilbert Laing Meason

FATHER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE.
The term "landscape architect" was used

as a professional title by Frederick Law
Olmsted in the United States in 1863
Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 –
August 28, 1903) was an
American landscape architect,
journalist, social critic, and public
administrator. He is considered to be the
FATHER OF LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE.
Frederick Law Olmsted

b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Way Back in history of civilization (2,000

BCE) we have come across the
Mesopotamians, The Egyptians, The
Persians fascinations for having private
gardens. Later in Pre-classical
architecture landscaping had lot of
prominence which was emphasized in the
East and West. The Greek, The Romans,
The Renaissances, The French , The
Dutch, The English, The Mughal etc., they
have established and set milestone in their
unique style of garden designing. These
civilizations are renowned for there
Private, Semi private and Public gardens.
Ancient Egyptian Gardens – Private gardens
GARDEN - EXAMPLES
The Persian garden The Roman garden
Roman gardens Chinese garden
GARDEN - EXAMPLES
The English garden The Chinese garden
Through the 19th century, URBAN

PLANNING became a focal point and
central issue in cities.
The combination of the tradition of
landscape gardening and the emerging
field of urban planning offered landscape
architecture an opportunity to serve these
needs.
Landscape Architecture profession came
into use from zonal to regional and urban
scale during 18-19th century when the
Industrial revolution began and
Urbanization started in Paris.
Urban landscapes of Paris City
The CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT was

a reform philosophy of North
American architecture and urban
planning that flourished during the 1890s
and 1900s with the intent of
introducing beautification and monumental
grandeur in cities. City Beautiful Movementity
The movement began in the United States
in response to crowding
in tenement districts, a consequence of
high birth rates, increased immigration and
internal migration of rural populations into
cities.
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT was a 20th

century urban planning movement in
England, promoting satellite communities
surrounding the central city and separated
with greenbelts. These Garden Cities
would contain proportionate areas of
residences, industry, and agriculture.
City Beautiful Movementity
There was cross-influence between the
two aesthetics, one based in formal
garden plans and urbanization schemes
and the other, with its "semi-
detached villas" evoking a more rural
atmosphere.
Letchworth in England – World’s first garden city
GARDEN CITY CONCEPT BY EBENEZER HOWARD
Ebenezer Howard‘s idealised garden city

would house 32,000 people on a site of
9,000 acres (3,600 ha).
Planned on concentric pattern with open
spaces, public parks and six
radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide,
extending from the centre. The garden city Movementity
City Beautiful
would be self-sufficient and when it
reached full population, another would be
developed nearby. Howard envisaged a
cluster of several garden cities
as satellites of a central city of 58,000
people, linked by road and rail.
1902 Garden city concept - OFFSHOOTS
ACTIVITIES :
ACTIVITY 1 : Date : 25.04.2022 ACTIVITY 2 : Date : 02.05.2022
Search 2 examples each for

Sketch / Paint / Draw
from your memory or by seeing
1. Private garden
Using any medium of your choice
2. Semi- Private garden
Landscape types
3. Public garden
Natural - one
Man-made - one
Collect images / pictures
Give reason - why you like that
landscape .
C. SCOPE OF WORK OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
The Landscape architect provides the following services :
01. Site appraisal and suitability 09. Garden furniture design

02. Site planning 10. Illumination design
03. Landform and grading 11. Graphic design and signage
04. Surface drainage design and water 12. Co-ordination of external services
management 13. Periodic inspection and evaluation of
05. Irrigation design works at site
06. Open space design – hardscape and 14. Estimation
soft scape 15. Tender documents
07. Planting design 16. Bill checking
08. Landscape structures and features
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 02.05.2022
C. NATURE OF WORK OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
The Landscape architect deals with

1. Analysis
2. Planning
3. Design
4. Management
5. Preservation
6. Rehabilitation of land
7. Determines the environmental impact
The Landscape architect professional

expertise ranges from landscape planning
at regional and city scale to small and
medium scale public and private
landscapes. Ian McHarg’s method multidisciplinary analysis of
the ‘Layer cake model’ for the site- overlaying maps.
c. NATURE OF WORK OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
It involves dealing with sites like

Residences / Bungalows
Housing developments
Offices
Plazas / Public squares
City parks / National parks
Institutional campuses
Zoological Parks
Botanical parks
Highways Shakti Sthala at Delhi by Ravindra Bhan.
Commemorative landscapes Example for Commemorative landscape.
The ‘Sentinel rock’ symbolizing the strength and
Waterfront developments power of Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s personality. It is 10
Biodiversity parks meter tall, 50 tones, hand–shaped rock – banded
Industrial landscapes., etc hematite Jasper – forms an effective backdrop to
the Samadhi, represented by a flower bed.
c. Changing priorities of disciplinary approach
1. Ecology : is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the relationships
between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to
understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.
The Basics of Ecological Landscaping

 Ecological Landscaping is a method of designing, building, and maintaining
landscapes that considers the ecology of a site and creates gardens that enhance the
surrounding environment for the benefit of humans and all other life in the ecosystem.
 When the earth is disturbed during the construction of buildings, homes,
driveways, and roadways, the land is forever altered. Although the natural landscape
can never be restored completely, with thoughtful attention to the site, ecological
landscapers can create outdoor spaces that are practical, healthy, and aesthetically
pleasing.
 Ecological landscaping strives to balance the building site with the natural
environment. It draws upon the wisdom of natural systems.
 By studying the inter-relationships between living things, non-living things, and the
environment, ecological landscapers can create a landscaped community that will
conserve natural resources, preserve biodiversity, and protect the environment.
 With proper design and implementation, a healthy pattern begins to form with each
component in the landscape; people, animals, plants, water, soil, insects, and wildlife,
all interacting in a sustainable way.
 Conservation is an important part of ecological landscaping. The objectives of an
ecological landscaper are to reduce water consumption, preserve water quality, prevent
soil erosion, protect biodiversity, diminish the use of toxic pesticides, and minimize the
use of non-renewable resources.
 By striving toward these goals, the ecological landscaper can create gardens that are
both environmentally responsible and enjoyable to experience.
2. Biodiversity : The variety of plant and

animal life in the world or in a particular
habitat.
Landscaping for Biodiversity :

Is enhancing the abundance and diversity
Visitors
of organisms, while also trying to enhance
the appearance and use of your yard or
garden.
Landscape is not only attractive, but also
promotes pollinator activity and
enhances natural pest control in your Visitors to Glenstone are invited to view this
landscape. native wetland from inside the museum.
Location: Potomac, Maryland, United States
Native Landscaping for Biodiversity

The use of native and non-native species
in landscapes has garnered a lot of
attention in recent years. This is because
several song bird species and native
insects have declined globally, largely due
to habitat loss.
he High Line on the west side of Manhattan is a mile-and-a-half section of elevated rail spur that was
Research evidence suggests that one of
converted into a linear park with native plantings. The collaborative design was by James Corner Field.
the best ways to attract birds, bees,
butterflies, and other beneficial insects into
your landscape is by planting native
species. Native plants tend to support The High Line on the west side of Manhattan is
more abundant and diverse insects than a mile-and-a-half section of elevated rail spur
many non-native plants, thereby providing that was converted into a linear park with native
plantings. Here we see butterfly weed amid a
more food for birds to consume. wide assortment of native grasses and forbs.

Removal of invasive plants and support of native plantings are critically important for
maintaining healthy ecosystems.
he High Line on the west side of Manhattan is a mile-and-a-half section of elevated rail spur that was
converted into a linear park with native plantings. The collaborative design was by James Corner Field
Operations, grasses and forbs.
Gardening staff work hard to keep invasive In addition to native plantings, bird houses and other
plants out of the High Line plantings. types of nesting boxes can help attract native fauna.
 Just because butterflies or bees are flying around your yard, doesn’t mean they are
reproducing there. If you are also interested in supporting butterfly reproduction in your
yard, include host plants for butterfly species in combination with the flowering plants.
 In addition to food, animals need to water to survive. Interestingly, research has shown
that water can be regulatory resource in urban areas, which affects bees. So, adding a
pond or a bird bathDecaying
to your logs
yardcan
is aprovide
sure way to attract
habitat animals
for several and provide ecological
animals
value. Landscape design features like, ponds, water gardens, rain gardens,
butterfly watering stations, and bird baths can provide creative and attractive
options for this.
 For creating wildlife habitat in your landscape is the addition of rocks, logs, or other
structural habitats. Insects and small creatures like snakes, lizards, and toads need
hiding places, where they are protected from predators and can stay cool and moist.
Cavity-nesting birds like woodpeckers, the

Carolina chickadee, and the brown-
headed nuthatch create their nests in
decaying wood, which can often be hard
to come by in residential areas. If any
large branches or treesDecaying logs can
fall in your provide habitat for several animals
yard,
by keeping them, it provides habitat for
these beautiful creatures. Similarly, leave
behind tree stumps or snags, as they can
also provide valuable habitat.
Decaying logs can provide habitat for several
animals
3. SUSTAINABILITY : Means meeting

our own needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. Avoidance of the depletion of
natural resources in order to maintain an
ecological balance
Sustainable landscaping is a modern

type of gardening or landscaping that
takes the environmental
issue of sustainability into account.
Sustainable landscape architecture is a
category of sustainable design concerned
with the planning and design of the built
and natural environments.
The design of a sustainable landscape
encompasses the four pillars of
sustainable development: economic well-
being, social equity ,environmental
protections and cultural preservation to
create successful sustainable landscape
designs. Creating a sustainable landscape
requires consideration of ecology, history,
cultural associations, sociopolitical
dynamics, geology, topography, soils, land
use, and architecture. The multidisciplinary factors which
contribute to a sustainable landscape.
Methods used to create sustainable

landscapes include recycling,
restoration, species reintroduction, and
many more. Goals of sustainable
landscape architecture include a
reduction of pollution, heightened
water management and thoughtful
Roadside
vegetation bioswale designed to filter storm water runoff from street surfaces
choices.
An example of sustainable landscape

architecture is the design of a sustainable
urban drainage system, which can protect
Retention ponds such as this one in
wildlife habitats, improve recreational Dunfermline, Scotland are considered
facilities and save money through flood components of a sustainable drainage system.
control.
Another example is the design of a green

roof or a roof garden that also contributes
to the sustainability of a landscape
architecture project. The roof will help
manage surface water, decrease
environmental impacts and provide space
for recreation.
The City of Copenhagen, Denmark’s
capital, has mandated green roofs in
most new local plans since 2010. Green
roofs are an important part of the city's
strategy to meet the challenges of climate
change, to enhance biodiversity and to
create a greener city.
Principles of a Sustainable Landscape Design :

Here are the top trends in landscape
design, according to the American Society
of Landscape Architects (ASLA):
Rainwater/graywater harvesting
Native plants
Native/adapted drought tolerant plants
Low maintenance landscapes
Permeable paving
Food/vegetable gardens (including
orchard, vineyards, etc.)
Rain gardens
Drip irrigation
Reduced lawn area
c. Principles of a Sustainable Landscape Design
Principle #1
Treat Water as a Valuable Resource
A sustainable design focuses on proper

plant selection (i.e. native plants), drip
irrigation if necessary and rain gardens or
collection points to capture storm
water. This new approach to design
keeps water in the proper perspective.
Lavandula (Lavender) is a native,

drought tolerant perennial
Principle #2 - Value Your Soil
Like water, soil is a finite resource. There

are choices we can make to improve our
soil and to reduce or eliminate runoff and
soil erosion in our landscape.
A sustainable design uses deep rooted
perennials and grasses to hold the
soil. These plants can be combined in
appealing combinations. Beautiful
blooms, textures and forms serve
functional purposes in the design.
Vetiver Grass
Principle #3 – Choose Native Plants
A sustainable design matches appropriate

plants to the site. Right plant, right place.
They are also self-sustaining, and they
support wildlife including beneficial
Traditional Landscapes
insects, pollinators, and native birds.
Example : Convert upland gardens and

shorelands to wildlife havens by planting
native species and practicing sustainable
management
Sustainable Landscape
Principle #4 – Don’t Be Wasteful

Lawns are an important functional element
in the landscape.They can also generate
large quantities of yard waste, especially if
you collect grass clippings. Do we need a
huge lawn or can it be reduced in size and
replaced with beautiful wildflowers,
grasses and ornamental trees and
shrubs?
A sustainable design evaluates every
aspect of the landscape with the goal
to reduce your negative environmental
impact, while including features that
are beneficial to the natural world and These homeowners chose to reduce lawn by
beautiful at the same time. replacing with wildflowers and shrubs.
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The Basics of Ecological Landscaping
https://www.ecolandscaping.org/10/developing-healthy-landscapes/ecological-landscaping-101/the-
basics-of-ecological-landscaping/
Sustainable Landscapes and Management:

http://cues.cfans.umn.edu/old/extpubs/7447native/DG7447a.html#:~:text=Native%20plants%20used%
20as%20buffer,%2C%20pollinators%2C%20and%20native%20birds.
Principles of a Sustainable Landscape Design

https://dyckarboretum.org/principles-sustainable-landscape-design/

https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/native-landscaping-biodiversity
Landscaping for Biodiversity

https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/entnemdept/2020/06/17/landscaping-for-biodiversity/
P B No. 6404, Govindapura, Gollahalli
Off International Airport Road NH-7, Yelahanka
Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India.
T : +91 80 2216 7900 / 903 / 904

F : +91 80 2216 7902
M : +91 99722 41144
E : nittesoa@nitte.edu.in
director_nittesoa@nitte.edu.in
W : www.nittesoa.ac.in

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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

Introduction to the discipline of Landscape Architecture

a. Landscape as a broad terminology

b. Brief history and growth of landscape architecture as a design

c. Scope and nature of professional work in contemporary landscape architecture

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 25.04.2022

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

2. MAN – MADE : Modified

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

2. MAN – MADE : Modified

Environmental – Flood control Socio Economic

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

According to ASLA – American Society of

Landscape architecture involves the

9/11 Memorial, New York

According to ISOLA – Indian Society of

Landscape Architecture aims to achieve

Taj Mahal – Mughal gardens

Landscape architecture is the design of

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

A garden is a planned space, usually

Japanese zen gardens

A garden can be PRIVATE

Regional landscapes reflect the cultural

Green city - Chandigarh

For the period before 1800, the history of

An example is the extensive work

The term landscape architecture was

Gilbert Laing Meason

The term "landscape architect" was used

Frederick Law Olmsted

Way Back in history of civilization (2,000

The Persian garden The Roman garden

Roman gardens Chinese garden

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

The English garden The Chinese garden

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

Through the 19th century, URBAN

The CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT was

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT was a 20th

Ebenezer Howard‘s idealised garden city

ACTIVITY 1 : Date : 25.04.2022 ACTIVITY 2 : Date : 02.05.2022

Search 2 examples each for

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

The Landscape architect provides the following services :

01. Site appraisal and suitability 09. Garden furniture design

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 02.05.2022

The Landscape architect deals with

The Landscape architect professional

It involves dealing with sites like

The Basics of Ecological Landscaping

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

2. Biodiversity : The variety of plant and

Landscaping for Biodiversity :