Law of Chemical Combination

Law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
           e.g.,A+B-C+D
 Reactants R Products
 Mass of reactants = Mass of products

Law of constant proportion: In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass.
           E.g., in water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1 : 8
respectively.
           These laws lacked explanation. Hence, John Dalton gave his theory about the matter. He
said that the smallest particle of matter is called ‘atom’.

Atom
      Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which can take reaction.

 Ions
      The charged particles (atoms) are called ions,
      Negatively charged ion is called anion (C1�).
      Positively charge ion is called cation (Na+).

•  Valency
      The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency: Valency is used to find out
how atom of an element will combine with the atom of another element to form a chemical
compound

•  Molecular Mass
      It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. It is
expressed in atomic mass unit (u).

 Sub-atomic particles of atom includes

(a) Electrons – negatively charged with charge of –1 and negligible mass.
(b) Protons – Positively charged with charge of +1 and mass is 1 u.
(c) Neutrons – Particles are with no charge and mass of 1 u.

Isotopes
•   Isotopes are the atoms of the same element, having the some atomic number but different
mass number.
•   Isotopes are useful as nuclear fuel, in medical field, in carbon dating, etc

Atomic number and mass number

•   Atomic number (z) is number of protons in one atom of an element.
•   Mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons present in the atom of the elemen
Chemical reactions- The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical substance
by making and breaking of bonds between different atoms is known as Chemical Reaction.

 Signs of a chemical reaction- These factors denote that a chemical reaction has taken place-
change of state of substance, change of color of substance, evolution of heat, absorption of
heat, evolution of gas and evolution of light.

Chemical Equation: The representation of chemical reaction by means of symbols of substances

in the form of formulae is called chemical equation. E.g. - H2 + O2 ⇒ H2O

 Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has number atoms of each element
equal on both left and right sides of the reaction.
      *Note- According to Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present in reactants must be
equal to the total mass of elements present in products.

Types of Chemical Reactions Explanation General Reaction

Two or more compounds

Combination reaction combine to form one A + B → AB
compound.

The opposite of a
combination reaction – a
Decomposition reaction AB → A + B
complex molecule breaks
down to make simpler ones.

Two solutions of soluble salts

are mixed resulting in an A + Soluble salt B  →
Precipitation reaction
insoluble solid (precipitate) Precipitate + soluble salt C
forming.

Neutralization reaction An acid and a base react with Acid + Base → Salt + Water
each other. Generally, the
product of this reaction is salt
 and water.

Oxygen combines with a

compound to form carbon
Combustion reaction dioxide and water. These A + O2 → H2O + CO2
reactions are exothermic,
meaning they give off heat.

One element takes place with

Displacement reaction another element in the A + BC → AC + B
compound.

Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. It

requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration. But carbon cannot
form an ionic bond

Electron Dot Structure: The electron dot structures provides a picture of bonding in

molecules in terms of the shared pairs of electrons and octet rule.

Allotropy: The phenomenon in which the element exists in two or more different physical
states with similar chemical properties are called Allotropy

Versatile Nature of Carbon: The existence of such a large number of organic

compounds is due to the following nature of carbon,

 Catenation
 Tetravalent nature.

(i) Catenation: The self linking property of an element mainly carbon atom through
covalent bonds to form long straight, branched and rings of different sizes are called
Catenation.
This property is due to

 The small size of the carbon atom.

 The great strength of the carbon-carbon bond.

(ii) Tetravalent Nature: Carbon has valency of four. It is capable of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or some other heteroatoms with single covalent bond as well as double or
triple bond.
Homologous Series: Series of organic compounds having the same functional group and
chemical properties and successive members differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units are
known as Homologous series.
Chemical Formula list for Class 9

Chemical Formula list for

Class 10
Name of chemical compound Chemical formula
formula of sulphuric acid H2SO4
zinc sulphate formula ZnSO4
formula of magnesium oxide MgO
formula of calcium oxide CaO
carbon dioxide formula CO2
formula of ferrous sulphate FeSO4
formula of sulphur dioxide SO2
sulphur tri-oxide formula SO3
formula of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2
formula of lead oxide PbO
formula of nitrogen dioxide NO2
formula of silver chloride AgCl
Silver bromide formula AgBr
formula of copper(II) sulphate CuSO4
formula of copper chloride CuCl2
Formula of Sodium Chloride NaCl
Formula of potassium iodide KI
Formula of potassium chloride KCl
formula of hydrochloric acid HCl
formula of potassium hydroxide KOH
Nitric acid formula HNO3
formula of sodium hydroxide NaOH
silver nitrate formula AgNO3
calcium carbonate formula CaCO3
zinc carbonate formula ZnCO3
zinc oxide formula ZnO
formula of magnesium chloride MgCl2
formula of carbon monoxide CO
formula of hydrochloric acid HCl
formula of acetic acid CH3COOH
formula of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
formula of Sodium Zincate Na2ZnO2
formula of sodium carbonate Na2CO3
formula of Sodium Hydrogen NaHCO3
Carbonate
formula of bleaching powder CaOCl2
gypsum formula CaSO4.2H2O
formula of Plaster of Paris CaSO2.1/2H2O
formula of potassium oxide K2O
formula of potassium hydroxide KOH
formula of mercuric oxide HgO
formula of cuprous sulphide Cu2S
formula of Sodium Bromide NaBr
formula of methane CH4
Ethane formula C2H6
Benzene formula C6H6
formula of methanol CH3OH
 formula of carbon tetra chloride CCl4
formula of Sodium Hydride NaH
formula of sodium sulphide Na2S
formula of potassium sulphide K2S
formula of calcium sulphide CaS
formula of Sodium Phosphate Na3PO4