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PERFORMANCE OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE IN THE ANTI-DRUG

CAMPAIGN

Performance of the Philippine National Police in the Anti-Drug Campaign in Cabanatuan City

Benjamin U. Dirangarun

Manuel V. Gallego Foundation Colleges Inc.

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Chapter I

The problem and its background

I. Introduction

Before the declining number of drug related crimes in the Philippines, in 2015 before the hard-

fought campaign of the former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, the Philippine Dangerous Drug

Board estimated a total of 1.8 million drug users which is 859,150 of this total number are user

of methamphetamine also known as “Shabu”.

Based on the study of National institute of Drug Abuse by Leonardo Estacio Jr. “Findings

showed that 16 percent of the youth, mostly male, used methamphetamine for personal and

family problems (33%), peer influence (14%), curiosity (13%), and relaxation (5%) and because

of idleness (3%). First drug use was at age 14 with inhalants, at age 15 with cough preparations,

at age 16 with tobacco and cigarettes, and at age 17 with methamphetamine and marijuana,

respectively. All respondents were initiated to methamphetamine and other drugs by their peers.

Drug use continued for reasons of enjoyment (25%), because of a friend’s continuous use (15%),

for lack of parental guidance (6%), and to forget problems (5%). Initiation and use of

methamphetamine was characterized by its availability through street-level pushing, peer use,

and lack of law enforcement.

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The former president Rodrigo Roa Duterte war on drugs campaign is seen successful based on

the quarterly poll of 1,200 Filipinos by Social Weather Stations returned a rating of “excellent”

for Duterte’s three-year campaign, with 82% satisfied due to a perception of less drugs and crime

in the country. That compared to 12% dissatisfied, because they believed the drug trade was still

flourishing and there were too many killings and police abuses. The survey conducted by the

independent pollster in late June had 6% undecided. (Reuters Staff. 2019)

Although the surveys saying that the drug campaign is successful, there still a lot of

people that don’t believe on this data, such as the ICC or International Criminal Court they say

that “President Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs in the Philippines is morally and legally

unjustifiable. Resulting in egregious and large-scale violations of human rights, it amounts to

state-sanctioned murder. It is also counterproductive for countering the threats and harms that the

illegal drug trade and use pose to society — exacerbating both problems while profoundly

shredding the social fabric and rule of law in the Philippines. The United States and the

international community must condemn and sanction the government of the Philippines for its

conduct of the war on drugs.” (https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-human-rights-

consequences-of-the-war-on-drugs-in-the-philippines/) Although the ICC threat the former

president, the only words that the former president said is "If there is any person who is going to

prison, it would be me," Duterte said in a speech during an event held by the government's

counter-insurgency task force. "I assume full responsibility," he added. (Reuters, 2021)
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This descriptive research will seek for performance of the Philippine National Police in

the anti-drug campaign in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija year 2022. The primary research

instrument that will be used in the study is survey questionnaire. The researcher of this study is

Benjamin Dirangarun of 4th year Criminology. The findings of this study particularly will benefit

Philippine National Police to get bird’s eye view on the performance of their personnel on the

said program or campaign.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the study aimed to determine the Performance of the Philippine National

Police in the implementation of anti-illegal drug program in Cabanatuan City Police Station.

Specifically, this also aimed to answer the following question:

1. What are the problems encountered by the Philippine National Police (PNP) in their anti-

illegal drug operation in terms of:

1.1 personnel

1.2 management

1.3 logistics?

2. How do the respondent assess the effectiveness of the anti-illegal drug operations of the

Philippine National Police (PNP) in Cabanatuan City Police Station in terms of:

2.1 personnel

2.2 management
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2.3 logistics?

3. What is the progress in their anti- illegal drug operation in terms of:

3.1 crime rate involving illegal drugs?

4. What measures may be proposed to addressed the problems that encountered by the

Philippine National Police (PNP) in their anti-illegal drug operation?

Objective of the Study

Generally, the study aimed to determine the Performance of the Philippine National

Police in the Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Program Cabanatuan City Police Station.

Specifically, it sought to determine:

1. The problems encountered by the Philippine National Police (PNP) in their anti-illegal drug

operation in terms of:

1.1 personnel

1.2 management

1.3 logistics

2. The respondent assess the effectiveness of the anti-illegal drug operations of the Philippine

National Police (PNP) in Cabanatuan City Police Station in terms of:

1.1 personnel

1.2 management

1.3 logistics

3.The progress in their anti- illegal drug operation in terms of:

3.1 crime rate involving illegal drugs

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4. The measures may be proposed to addressed the problems that encountered by the

Philippine National Police (PNP) in their anti-illegal drug operation?

Significance of the Study

The study on the problems encountered by the police personnel in conducting drug

related operation would be beneficial to the following:

To the PNP, as an organization to provide them a clear perspective to achieve the

institution’s goals and be reflected on their over-all performance, as a whole.

To Cabanatuan City Police Station personnel for they will have sufficient knowledge in

conducting drug related operation without encountering problems and it would be easier to them

when conducting operations.

To the community members in Cabanatuan City Police Station for they will be given

ideas when encountering such problems related in anti- illegal drug operation and they will be

aware and prepared with regards to that issue.

To the Criminology students, the results of this study will enable them to improve the

skills and strategies with regards to drug related operations.

To the present researchers, the result of this study will help them to apply the knowledge

they have learned in connection to their field of study which includes police service.

To the future researchers, it would contribute new knowledge and would serve as a major

breakthrough for further study on this area.

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Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija from Augsust 2022 to May

2023

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The participants of the study were the Philippine National Police (PNP) In the

Cabanatuan City Police Station in the Province of Cavite. It involves some personnel who play a

part in anti-illegal drug operations.

Definition of Terms

War on Drugs. The Philippine drug war, known as the War on Drugs, is the intensified anti-

drug campaign of the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, who served office from June

30, 2016 to June 30, 2022.

Drug related crimes. These are crimes that result from or involve individuals who ingest drugs,

and who commit crimes as a result of the effect the drug has on their thought processes and

behavior.

Illegal Drugs. A drug is a substance that affects the way the body functions. If a drug is

classified as 'illegal', this means that it is forbidden by law.

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Philippine National Police. the PNP-DEG shall have the following functions: Conduct all-out

and sustained operations against national and international syndicates and personalities engaged

in production, importation, and trafficking of illegal drugs, in support to the Philippine Drug

Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

Former President Rodrigo Duterte. started a nationwide campaign to reduce crime, including

corruption and the illegal drug trade. He implemented a crackdown on illegal drugs, which

significantly reduced drug proliferation in the country but caused the deaths of about 6,600

persons linked to the illegal drugs trade as of July 2019, attracting international criticism.
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Conceptual Framework

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE IN CABANATUAN CITY, NUEVA ECIJA

1. What are the problems encountered by the

Philippine National Police (PNP) in their

anti-illegal drug operation in terms of:

1.1 personnel
 Cabanatuan City, Nueva
1.2 management
Ecija need to become a drug
1.3 logistics
free community.
2. How do the respondent assess the
 Proposed Extension
effectiveness of the anti-illegal drug operations
Activity to Assist
of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in
Philippine National Police
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija in terms of:
against illegal Drugs
2.1 Personnel

2.2 Management

2.3 Logistic

3. What is the progress in their anti- illegal

drug operation in terms of:

Figure 1.3.1
Thecrime rate involving
problems illegal
encountered drugs
by the Philippine National Police, the effectiveness and the
progress in their Anti- Illegal Drug Operation
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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature of the study that are inclusive in the

better understanding of the problem, its nature, concerns and issues. This section mentions

references from significant articles, internet sources that are related to the study it contains the

citation of local studies related to Performance of the Philippine National Police in the

Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Program in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.

Laws and Regulation referring to dangerous drugs

The most famous law that directly battle the use of illegal drugs is the "Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002" this law states that. It is the policy of the State to safeguard the

integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the

harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and to defend the

same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development and preservation. In view of the

foregoing, the State needs to enhance further the efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs, it

being one of today's more serious social ills. (Section 2 of REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 June 7,

2002)
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Philippines War on Drugs

The Philippine National Police said Monday that close to 50 suspects have been killed in

anti-drug operations five months into President Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.'s term.

The disclosure comes amid an announcement by the government that the "war on drugs" would

focus more on preventing drug use and the rehabilitation of drug dependents. It also comes after

Senate President Juan Miguel Zubiri played down deaths in the anti-narcotics campaign as an old

issue. Police Gen. Rodolfo Azurin, PNP chief, said in a forum organized by the Foreign

Correspondents Association of the Philippines on Monday that 32 have died in PNP operations

while 14 others were killed by agents of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.

The number of deaths acknowledged by the PNP is much lower than that monitored by

Dahas PH, a running count of reported drug-related killings by the Third World Studies Center

at the University of the Philippines, which documented 127 drug suspects killed between July 1

and November 7. The PNP chief stressed that there had been changes in the anti-narcotics

strategy even as the Duterte administration winded down. (Franco Luna, November 2022)

Even though the campaign focus on the criminals, the Philippine National Police also

focuses on their own backyard, ten members of the Drug Enforcement Group of the Philippine
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National Police (PDEG) have been relieved amid an ongoing investigation into an anti-drug

operation in Manila that yielded nearly 1 ton of shabu and led to the arrest of a police officer last

Oct. 8.

PNP spokesperson Col. Jean Fajardo said Wednesday that among the relieved officers

were some PDEG team leaders and the immediate supervisor of the suspect Master Sgt. Rodolfo

Mayo Jr., a PDEG intelligence officer and the owner of Wealth and Personal Development

Lending Inc. in Sta. Cruz, Manila which was raided by authorities. (Franco Luna, 2022)

Other Programs for Illegal Drugs Prevention

THE BKD IMPLEMENTATION

Barkada Kontra Droga is a peer group organized to provide and support school activities

that promote awareness and intervention to drug abuse and its related issues. This group also

supports the projects of the community and its local government with the same objective. This

organization is supported by the students, teachers, school administrators, barangay council,

local government unit, private institutions and other identified stakeholders.

(https://sites.google.com/site/barkadakontradrogabdnhs/home/our-school)
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The National Drug Education Program (NDEP)

The National Drug Education Program (NDEP) is one of the five flagship programs of

the Oplan Kalusugan sa Department of Education (OK sa DepEd) which aims to create

awareness on the ill effects of abusing drugs and to develop among students positive behavior

and life skills to resist drugs. Relative to NDEP is the Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program

which aims to promote a healthy environment in and around the premises of schools and DepEd

offices. (Administrative Assistant III, 2022)

ADORE (Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation through Reinforcement & Education

The chief of the Philippine National Police announced changes in strategy in the latest

iteration of the Duterte administration's flagship war on drugs including a "multi-faceted

reinforcement and education-based strategy" to end the Duterte administration. 

Dubbed 'ADORE' or the Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation through Reinforcement &

Education, the latest shift in the anti-illegal narcotics campaign comes in collaboration with the
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DOH, the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Department of Social Welfare and

Development and the policy-making Dangerous Drugs Board.

"We would like to have the endgame strategy for this administration by completing the

'Double Barrel' that we started in 2016. This is a commitment of the Philippine National Police

that through reinforcement, rehabilitation, recovery and wellness and reintegration of the more

than 1.2 million that surrendered," Carlos said (Philstar.com, 2022)

Drugs and their Effects

Methamphetamine (a.k.a. Shabu, also goes by the names Crack meth, Ice, Crystal meth, Tik,

and Yaba.)

Methamphetamine belongs to a group of drugs called amphetamine-type stimulants. Like

ecstasy, it is manufactured in illegal laboratories and sold in powder, tablet or crystal form. It
could be swallowed, sniffed, smoked or injected.  
 
The UNODC says meth produces a feeling of physical and mental wellbeing, euphoria,
and exhilaration. Users experience a temporary boost in energy, often perceived to improve their
performance of manual or mental tasks, along with delayed hunger and fatigue. At times, they
become more aggressive and violent.  Over the short term, users tend to lose their appetite, start
to breathe faster, and sweat due to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.
 
Taking in large doses would make users feel restless and irritable and could induce panic
attacks. Taking in excessive doses could result in convulsions, seizures, and death from
respiratory failure, stroke or heart failure. Long-term use could also lead to malnutrition, weight
loss, and psychological dependence.  Stopping its use results in a long period of sleep, followed
by depression. (Juzel Danganan, December 2017)

Ecstasy 
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Ecstasy goes around by the names E, Snackies and New Yorkers. The drug, usually made
in illegal laboratories, consists of a range of substances that make it dangerous to consume. It
comes in the form of tablet, powder or capsule and is usually swallowed, but could also be
snorted or injected. 
 
Ecstasy increases users’ empathy levels and induces a feeling of closeness to people
around them. It makes them feel more sociable and energetic. Short-term use of ecstasy prompts
the body to ignore distress signals such as dehydration, dizziness, and exhaustion, and interferes
with the body's ability to regulate temperature. It could also severely damage the liver and
kidneys and could cause convulsions and heart failure. In large doses, ecstasy could cause
restlessness, anxiety and severe hallucinations. Long-term use damages certain parts of the brain,
bringing about serious depression and memory loss. (Juzel Danganan, December 2017)

Cannabis 

Cannabis, a tobacco-like greenish or brownish substance made of dried flowering tops

and leaves of the cannabis plant, is usually smoked, but its resin and oil could also be swallowed
or brewed in tea. According to the UNODC, cannabis smoke contains 50 percent more tar than
high-tar cigarettes, putting users at an increased risk of lung cancer and other respiratory
diseases.
 
After taking cannabis, users feel relaxed and sometimes euphoric, with an intensified
sense of sight, smell, taste, and hearing. Short-term use makes them experience increased
appetite and pulse rate, and an impaired ability to perform physical and mental tasks, such as
driving a car and thinking logically. With large doses, users’ thinking slows down and they
become confused and have bouts of anxiety, panic, and psychotic episodes. (Juzel Danganan,
December 2017)

Cocaine 

Cocaine is known as Crack, Bazooka, Blanche, Cake, Coke or Lady. It is a fine white or
off-white powder extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. The UNODC said that on the
street, cocaine is diluted with other substances, such as ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking
soda), to increase its quantity and produce crack. Cocaine is usually sniffed or injected, while
crack is usually smoked. After snorting cocaine, users feel exhilarated and euphoric, leading to
increased energy levels and alertness, along with delayed hunger and fatigue. Short-term use
results in loss of appetite, faster breathing, increased body temperature and heart rate. Users may
act strangely, erratically and at times violently. (Juzel Danganan, December 2017)
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

The focus of this research design was the sources of data, local of the study, participants of

the study, sampling technique, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment and the research

instrument that will be use upon conducting the research.

Research Design

This study will focus on the descriptive method of research. This method is necessary to

be use since such method describes the nature of the phenomenon under investigation that may

be conduct about on the problems encountered and progress of the PNP on their operation

against drugs. In this study of drug-related operation the progress of the PNP personnel

determine through a survey questionnaire.

Local of the Study

The information may be gathered from the police station in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.

It prides itself as the "Tricycle Capital of the Philippines" and its strategic location along the

Cagayan Valley Road has made the city a major economic, educational, medical, entertainment

and transportation center in Nueva Ecija and nearby provinces in the region such as Aurora and

Bulacan. The respondents will be given a questionnaire that they will answer on the spot or the
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researcher can return after the respondents answer the questionnaire, all the respondents must be

personnel of Cabanatuan City Police Station. The researcher selects the respondents because it is

the nearest police station that has the personnel that can answer the said questionnaire. The study

will be conducted in the first and second semester of school year 2022-2023.

Sources of Data

The Philippine National Police (PNP) in the Cabanatuan City Police Station were the

sources of data.

Participants of the Study

The respondents of the study may include 20 police personnel in Cabanatuan Police

Station that is selected through purposive sampling. The police personnel in this study were ask

by the researcher to answer the questionnaire on the problems and situation that they encountered

in Anti- illegal drug operation..

Sampling Technique

In this study Stratified Random Sampling technique was used. The researcher will use the

total enumeration of Police Officers in Cabanatuan City Police Station.

Research Instrument

Survey Questionnaire use as primary source of data gathering in the profile of police

personnel in the Police Station in Cabanatuan City Police Station. Part I of the instrument are the

problems encountered by the police personnel on drug related operation, Part II of this
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instrument is all about the effectiveness of the drug-related operation of the PNP personnel and

Part III is all about the progress in their Anti- Illegal Drug Operations.

Data Gathering Procedure

Upon the approval of the thesis proposal the researchers will ask permission from the

Chief of Police in Cabanatuan City to conduct the study through a formal letter or request. The

researchers explain to the respondent the purpose of the survey and assured them the

confidentiality of their responses. The researchers will distribute the questionnaire to the target

respondents after the retrieval of the questionnaire, the data will be tally and tabulate, analyze

and interpret using statistical tools.

Statistical Treatment

The data on the questionnaire with regard to the profile of the respondents will utilize the

frequency and percentage distribution for the responses. Date gather is compute, discuss and

analyze to attain significant findings.

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Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
(CvSU)
Don Severino De Las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite, Philippines 4122
(046) 4150-010
www.cvsu.edu.ph
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Name: _______________________ Age: _________ Sex: ________

Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________
Rank: _________________________ Years of Service: ______________

Part I: Problems Encountered by the Philippine National Police (PNP) in the

Implementation of Anti-Illegal Drug Program

Instruction: The followings are the problems encountered by the PNP. Rate your own answers
by putting a check ( /) on the number that fell best describe how they act towards you.
Level of Awareness
5–Strongly Agree
4– Agree
3–Moderately Agree
2– Disagree
1–Strongly Disagree

Part 1.1: Personnel

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. The officers who handle anti-illegal drug operation is
a well-trained officer.
2. The personnel are reliable.
3. Ensure that the roles and responsibilities of the
member agencies are efficiently and effectively
carried out.
4. Low public perception of the integrity and
competency of the police.
5. The police officers are unable to generate fresh ideas
and perspectives and doesn`t turn unexpected event
into opportunities.
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Part 1.2: Management
Statement SA A MA D SD
1. The order being disseminated is brief and concise.
2. The best time to conduct anti-illegal drug operation is
night.
3. Ensure strict implementation of the protocol on the
conduct of anti-illegal drug operations.
4. All police officers tasked to conduct house to house
visitations shall exercise caution at all times
5. Conduct monthly assessment, evaluate, and propose
necessary modifications and adjustments, if there are
any, in order to ensure the successful implementation
of their programs regarding anti-illegal drugs.

Part 1.3: Logistics

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. There is an enough firearm issued in police officer
2. . Monitors/supervises the implementation of logistics
policies pertaining to the flow of supply, distribution
and disposal of PNP equipment.
3. Supervises the management of logistical resources,
warehousing activities, maintenance of supply and
equipment in stock, and disposal of obsolete.
4. Develops timely and effective educational technology
tools for the use of the directorate in disseminating
news and information.
5. Establishes collaborative linkage with the different
units in the implementation and improvement of
system based projects.

Part II: Effectiveness of Philippine National Police (PNP) in their Anti-illegal Drug
Operation

Part 2.1 Personnel

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. Police departments operate as entities unto
themselves, with few collaborative links to the
community.
2. Officers who are fast, efficient and productive are
largely considered to be the top performers.
3. Service-oriented metrics - such as assistance
rendered, safety and education talks, neighborhood
and business checks, and other community-oriented
activities can be included and encouraged in
performance measures.
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4. Encourage greater community engagement to help
bridge the all-too-apparent gap between cops and
communities.
5. Police departments perform a wide range of tasks, and
they may do some things better than others.

Part 2.2 Management

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. Planning is narrow in its focus and centers on internal
operations such as policies, procedures, rules, and
regulations.
2. The most effective way of undertaking the drug
problem involves a comprehensive, balanced and
coordinated approach, that addresses both supply
control and demand reduction, which reinforce each
other, together with the appropriate application of the
principle of shared responsibility.

3. Extensive efforts are being carried out by

Governments and non governmental organization to
suppress the illicit production, trafficking and
distribution of drugs. 

4. Drug demand reduction should include a wide variety

of appropriate interventions; promote health and
social well-being among individuals, families and
communities.

5. Management uses an authoritative style and adheres

to the military model of command and control.

Part 2.3 Logistics

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. Provide transportation services in support to
operational as well as administrative activities of the
Philippine National Police.
2. Undertake effective supervision control through
accounting and monitoring of PNP supplies and
equipment.
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3. Provide logistical support and services to all units of
the Philippine National Police.
1. Conduct procurement, storage, inventory, distribution
and disposal of Philippine National Police Supplies
and Equipment.
5.Undertake maintenance of PNP vehicles, armaments
and other equipment.

Part III: Progress in Their Anti-Illegal Drug Operation.

Statement SA A MA D SD
1. There is decreased of persons who are using illegal
drugs.
2. There is an increased of drug users.
3. Pushers of illegal drugs in the locality are now laid
low.
4. There is a positive impact of the community with
regards to the campaign against illegal drugs.
5. The campaign of illegal drugs is successful.

(https://www.academia.edu/35305453/

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