Slide 1: Title Page

Childhood Nutrition
Al Marie Joy O. Meniano
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Topic Overview

Good nutrition is the bedrock of child survival, growth, and development.

Well-nourished children are better able to learn, play and participate in
their communities. They are also more resilient in the face of illness and
crisis.
Everyone wants their child to be healthy and feel good about themselves, both mentally
and physically. Considering the importance of nutrition in your child’s development,
especially in the first five years of growth, will have an effect on their health, both now
and in the future. The kind of foods that you give to your child when growth and
development are rapidly occurring will set them up for a healthy and well-balanced life. 

Children who do not eat enough food and do not get enough nutrition suffer from severe
undernourishment, or malnutrition. Each year, more than six million children under the
age of five years die around the world as a result of hunger (UNICEF, 2022).
Malnutrition also can make a child more susceptible to a number of diseases.
Worldwide, it is estimated that food insecurity affects 815 million households, mostly in
At least one in three children under
developing countries (Encyclopedia, 2023).
5 is affected by malnutrition in its most visible forms: undernutrition –
both stunting and wasting – and overweight.
(Berger, 2020) Increased food availability has led to more weight gain in childhood,
promoting earlier puberty and taller average height. Childhood nutrition involves
making sure that children eat healthy foods to help them grow and develop normally, as
well as to prevent obesity and future disease.
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Sub-topic 1 (include in-text citations)
Babies up to 2 years old
During this stage of life, it's almost all about the milk — whether it's breast milk, formula,
or a combination of the two. Breast milk or formula will provide practically every nutrient
a baby needs for the first year of life.
  At about six months most babies are ready to start solid foods like iron-fortified
infant cereal and strained fruits, vegetables, and pureed meats. Because breast
milk may not provide enough iron and zinc when babies are around six to nine
months, fortified cereals and meats can help breastfed babies in particular.
 Once you do start adding foods, don't go low-fat crazy. Although the AAP
guidelines state fat restriction in some babies is appropriate, in general, you don't
want to restrict fats under age two because a healthy amount of fat is important
for babies' brain and nerve development.

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Sub-topic 2 (include in-text citations)
Children two to five years of age

Healthy eating in childhood and adolescence is important for proper growth

and development and to prevent various health conditions.  The (US 1,2

Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of

Agriculture, 2020) recommend that people aged 2 years or older follow a
healthy eating pattern that includes the following : 2

 A variety of fruits and vegetables.

 Whole grains.
 Fat-free and low-fat dairy products.
 A variety of protein foods.
 Oils.

Daily recommendations include:

 four to five servings of breads, cereals, rice, pasta

 two or more servings of vegetables
 two or more servings of fruit
 three to four servings of dairy products
 two or three servings of meat, fish, poultry, legumes (beans, lentils, peas)

 After age two, a child needs less fat than an infant—about 30% of daily calories.
After age three, fiber becomes more important in a child's diet and can impact
future heart health.
 Calcium requirements steadily increase as children get older, from 500 mg a day
at age three to 800 mg a day at age four to eight. There is more calcium in the
body than any other mineral. Calcium works together with phosphorus (two parts
calcium to one part phosphorus) for healthy bones and teeth and works together
with magnesium (two parts calcium to slightly over one part magnesium) to
prevent cardiovascular (blood vessels of the heart) and other degenerative
diseases. In order for calcium to be absorbed by the body, it must also have
 sufficient amounts of vitamins C, D and A. In addition to food sources, an hour of
sunshine each day can also provide a child with his/her daily vitamin D
requirement.

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Sub-topic 3 (include in-text citations)
Children six to twelve years of age

By the time children reach age five or six, they begin to tell parents what foods they like.
Parents and those who care for the children can help select foods from each
recommended group that a child will enjoy. Calorie requirements and portion sizes
increase as children get older: between ages six and ten, boys and girls need between
1,600 and 2,400 calories each day. Because of puberty and adolescent growth,
between ages 10 and 12, girls need about 200 more calories a day. Boys will begin
needing about 500 more calories a day after age 12. The following servings per day are
recommended for children ages six to twelve:

 six to 11 servings of breads, cereals, rice, pasta

 three to five servings of vegetables
 two to four servings of fruit
 three or four servings of dairy products
 two or three servings of meat, fish, poultry, legumes

By age six, children still need only about 30% of calories from fat. Nutritionists say that
by adding five to the child's age, parents can estimate the number of fiber grams a child
needs each day. Calcium requirements continue to rise, from 800 mg a day at ages four
to eight to 1,300 mg each day for children beginning at age nine.

When changing a young child's diet, it should be done slowly, particularly when
introducing fiber, and with the help of a physician, dietician, or nutritionist Too much fiber
can interfere with the body's absorption of vitamins and minerals.
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Sub-topic 3 (include in-text citations) Creative use of pictures, short videos, and bullet
points
Fluid Intake
Although not strictly nutrition, fluid intake is important for health and has a role in
appetite and satiety. Sugary drinks have been linked to childhood obesity, so having
mostly water (or water-based drinks) is recommended (Willacy, 2023)
Encourage children with poor fluid intake to increase fluids to a recommended level.
Approximately three-quarters of the daily fluid requirement in children is obtained from
water in drinks. Higher intakes of total water will be required for children who are very
physically active, exposed to very hot environments, or obese.

Water makes up more than half of kids' body weight and is needed to keep all parts of
the body functioning properly.

 There's no specific amount of water recommended for children, but it's a good
idea to give them water throughout the day — not just when they're thirsty.
 Babies generally don't need water during the first year of life.
 If your child doesn't like the taste of water, add a bit of lemon or lime for flavor.
 Fruits and veggies are also good sources of water.
 Kids should drink more water when ill, when it's hot out, or when engaged in
physical activity.

The (The Health News Team, 2019) offers her top 10 tips for teaching kids about
nutrition through both setting a good example and letting them lead the way every once
in a while.

1. Eat your veggies. In fact, eat vegetables or fruit at each meal. Make it visually
appealing. Kids love color and eat with their eyes first. Teach them to “eat the rainbow,”
the key to getting all of the wonderful nutrients vegetables offer.

2. Mix it up. Never give up serving your children a variety of foods. There’s an

assumption that all kids love bland food and kids’ menus at restaurants seem to have a
standard offering of chicken nuggets, hamburger or grilled cheese, often paired with
fries. Most kids, if hungry, will try what you put in front of them. Don’t make opportunities
to try nutritious foods harder for kids by not offering them.

3. Put down the processed foods. Limit processed foods, many of which have high
amounts of added sugar and sodium. An occasional cupcake or bag of chips is fine, but
don’t make it a daily habit. Offer different snack choices, such as nuts, vegetables, fruit
or hummus instead.

4. Choices, choices — give kids choices. Kids love making their own choices about
almost everything, so why not give kids choices about what they eat? Start with a trip to
the grocery store or farmers market, let them pick one or two vegetables they like, and
have them help you prepare their choices in the kitchen. Studies show that kids who
prepare meals are less likely to develop diabetes and obesity, and overall consume
quality, nutritious foods.
5. “Moo”-ve on from meat. Just like adults, kids can stand to have less animal protein
in their diets. Protein can come from a variety of foods that are not meat. Beans,
edamame, nuts, nut butters and even whole grains have protein and, as an added
benefit, are often less expensive than meat.

6. Keep carbs cool. Carbohydrates provide fuel for active brains and growing muscles.
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the best kind of carbs — whole-
grain bread, pasta and cereal; brown rice; potatoes; fruit; peas; and beans — also
provide vitamins, minerals and fiber. Baked treats, sweets and sugary beverages should
be saved as an occasional treat because they don’t offer nutrition beyond a quick
source of energy.

7. Don’t fear fat. Both kids and adults need fats. They are a source of energy and
provide essential fatty acids necessary for a variety of bodily processes. In general, fats
should make up less than 30% of the calories in your child's diet, with no more than
one-third of those fat calories coming from saturated fat. Try decreasing processed
foods high in saturated fat such as bacon, hot dogs and hamburgers, and choose
healthy fats such as nuts, avocado and nut butters.

8. Ditch the diet. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids
and teens don’t diet, but rather focus on quality nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. In fact,
dieting has a negative effect on most everyone, but especially on a growing child who
has hormones that will be affected if they drastically decrease their nutritional intake.
Instead, help your child build a healthy relationship with food through your own example
and attitude.

9. Focus on family. Eat together at least once or twice a week — more often is better.
Developing a connection through cooking, and preparing food and eating it together,
helps create healthier relationships with food. Eat mindfully without screens or phones
at the table. Serve only the amount they’re likely to eat. Kids require smaller portions
than adults, and they can always ask for seconds.

10. Eat for the environment. Sometimes telling kids to eat for their health doesn’t
resonate — they are young and often feel invincible, after all. However, telling kids that
eating for the environment can help prevent climate change may make them think twice
about their choices. The tips I give my own kids — eat less packaged foods, eat less
animal meat and try growing your own food — help them and their global community.

Conclusion:
 suggest lifestyle choices that affect the metabolism of
(Gomez-Pinilla, 2012)
nerve cells, such as diet and exercise, may in some cases provide a
noninvasive and effective strategy to counteract neurological and
cognitive disorders. The notion that good nutrition is essential for adequate growth
and sound physical wellbeing is very well established. Nutrition is not only a basic need
that all humans have to sustain life but it is critical to successful early development
(Croft, 2015).
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A references slide with all citations you used (at least 8 sources including your textbook

References
Berger, K. S. (2020). Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence (12th Edition ed.). New York:
Macmillan HIgher Education. Retrieved from
https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781319352516

Croft, C. (2015). Prenatal and Childhood Nutrition : Evaluating the Neurocognitive Connections. Apple
Academic Press, Incorporated. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/byui/detail.action?docID=1767103.

Encyclopedia. (2023). Childhood Nutrition. Retrieved from Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/
childhood-nutrition

Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2012, December 21). How does the brain use food as energy? Retrieved from
https://www.brainfacts.org/ask-an-expert/how-does-the-brain-use-food-as-energy

The Health News Team. (2019). 10 Nutrion Tips for Kids. Retrieved from https://www.sharp.com/health-
news/10-nutrition-tips-for-kids

UNICEF. (2022). Nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/nutrition

US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. (2020). Dietary
Guidelines for Americans. (8th Edition). Retrieved from
http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/

Willacy, H. (2023). Childhood Nutrition. Retrieved from Patient Info:

https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-nutrition