International Comparative Study

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NALSIAN, CALASIAO. PANGASINAN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
International Comparative Studies of Policing: France,

Philippines and United States of America
Researchers:
John Carlo De Guzman
Rachel Jane L. Serrano
John Tyrone D. Lacaba
Khen Maverick Gabis
Sheila Mae Labagnoy
Peter Kurt Cabigting
Jerald Diamante
Daryll D. Breva
Arnold C. Garin
Lorea R. Solis
Research Adviser:
Mr. Joshua P. Manalo
March 2023
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………....3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..4
METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………….....5
CONTENT………………………………………………………………………………………..6
FRANCE………………………………………………………………………………….6
Style of Policing…………………………………………………………………..6
Types of Patrol…………………………………………………………………...6
Hierarchy of Rank……………………………………………………………..6-9
PHILIPPINES……………………………………………………………………………9
Style of Policing…………………………………………………………………..9
Types of Patrol…………………………………………………………..……9-10
Hierarchy of Rank…………..………………………………………………10-11
USA…………………………………………………………………………………….11
Style of Policing…………………………………………………………………11
Types of Patrol………………………………………………..……………..11-12
Hierarchy of Rank…………………………..………………………………12-13
CRITIQUE……………………………………………………………………………………...14
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….……………...15
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..……………..16
2
ABSTRACT
Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken by every sovereign

government. The police systems across the world have developed on a sociocultural background,
and for this reason alone, huge differences exist between these police systems. The purpose of
this study is to understand the difference in policing between three countries, namely, France,
Philippines, and the United States of America. Such as ranks, types of patrols, and their styles of
policing. This research study involved examining and comparing the data we gathered. The
gathered data revealed that both Philippines and France have agencies in their police systems,
while the United States of America doesn't have one. This study also investigates how these
countries operate their police to ensure national defense and public safety.
3
INTRODUCTION
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences exemplified in

cross-cultural or comparative studies that aims to make comparisons across different countries or
cultures. simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering
something about one or all of the things being compared. This technique helps to define the
organization structure of the subjects as well as give the differential points between the subjects’
matter.
A comparative study in law enforcement aimed at contributing to a broader
understanding and evaluation of the everyday aspects of police work in various countries. This
study begins with the role of police in social control and integration. The differences in
sponsorship and responsibilities between countries are noted, but the similarities highlighted
include styles of policing, types of patrol and hierarchy of rank.
This study investigates several police systems around the world, with a focus in France,
Philippines, and the United States of America. It attempts to determine the differences between
each country by analyzing the everyday function of uniformed police in that country.
4
METHODS
This study is conducted upon the instruction given by our instructor. This research aims
to determine the comparative models of policing in France, Philippines and United States of
America. To achieve this, the data analysis approach was employed in this study, which is a
process of gathering all the information, processing it, exploring the data, and using it to find
patterns and other insights. This helps the researchers understand what and how the three
countries are different from one other. Data analysis is appropriate to use in this study since the
researchers used online resources, books, articles and observation to gather information to see the
similarities and differences between the three countries This study resulted from the researchers'
collaborative efforts.
As the leader of this research, I assigned each researcher to conducted a specific task to
complete this study. Starting of is Lorea and Arnold, they were in charged in styles of policing
and hierarchy of ranks of the Philippines. Peter and John Carlo also contribute in this part of
study which they all finished with a good group coordination.
On the other hand, John Carlo and Peter is assigned in finding the different styles of
policing and hierarchy of ranks of the United States. They also provided many articles and
research study related to the study through the use of internet.
Daryll was assigned to conduct the styles of policing and hierarchy of ranks in France.
Encoding, editing and constructing the abstract are all assigned to John Tyrone. While Khen, was
in charged in constructing some of the ideas in introduction which is the function of the police in
each country.
As the leader of the group, I am task to do the rest which is; the types of patrol of the
three countries, Methods, Critique Result, and fixing the flow of the whole study. Shiela is the
mind of the research title and Jerald has no contribution in the entire study.
5
CONTENT
France
In France, the State is responsible for protecting the people and property, maintaining
public order and enforcing the law. The National Police (Police Nationale), National
Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale), and Municipal Police (Police municipale) are the three
centralized units that make up the French police, two of which are responsible for separate areas
of the country but share the same objective. The National Police or Police Nationale or also
known as “surete” is a civilian force under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and
primarily responsible for urban areas. In that context, the National Police: conducts security
operations (e.g. patrols, traffic control, identity checks); and under the supervision of the
judiciary, conducts criminal enquiries, serves search warrants, etc., as well as maintaining
specific “judiciary police” services for criminal enquiries. The French Gendarmerie
(Gendarmerie Nationale or GN) is a police force in rural areas under the administrative control of
Ministry of Defence and under operational control, for most purposes, of the Ministry of the
Interior. The French Gendarmerie is a military institution created to ensure public safety. It
guarantees the protection of individuals and their properties, informs, warns and rescues. In
addition to ensuring the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of legislation, it may
also contribute to the military defense of the nation. The French Gendarmerie also has two major
units which is the Departmental Gendarmerie, it carries out judicial and ordinary police functions
(e.g. traffic patrols, mountain units) while in Mobile Gendarmerie, it does not undertake judicial
work but may move to reinforce other police or to undertake special duties. Their principal duty
is to maintain public order. Apart from these two, there are other agencies like Direction générale
des douanes et droits indirects, a civilian custom service more commonly known as the
“Douane", under the Minister of Budget, Public Accounting and Civil Servants. It is responsible
for levying indirect taxes, preventing smuggling, surveilling borders and investigating counterfeit
money. French municipalities also have local police which is Municipal Police, it also known as
the Police municipale, Garde municipale or Garde champetre, with restricted powers, it is
responsible for daily urban policing and covers all criminal and public order matters within its
urban boundaries.
These two French police presence is under the authority of the Minister of the Interior. At
the top of the police hierarchy is the General Directorate of the National Police, which oversees
the following divisions:
National Police
1. Director General of Police national - is a French administration which is under the
aegis of the Ministry of the Interior and which is responsible for commanding the various
directorates of the National Police.
2. Director of Active Services - is appointed director of the active services of the national
police, central director of the border police, effective
3. Inspector General - is a senior administrative official, within an inspection service
6
4. Controller General Commissioner General of Police – are senior state officials

appointed by decree of the President of the Republic. They constitute the design and
management body of the National Police, which is defined as a "higher technical body
with an interministerial vocation.
5. Divisional Commissioner of Police – equivalent to a deputy assistant commissioner or
commander. A commissaire principal, when it was in existence, would be equivalent to a
chief superintendent.
6. Police Commissioner – police commissioner is the head of national police services. He
participates in the design, implementation and evaluation of programs and projects
relating to the prevention of insecurity and the fight against delinquency.
7. Police Commander – A Police Commander is responsible for planning, supervising, and
reviewing the activities of all personnel assigned to a major division, which may include
an operations or Support Services function
8. Police Captain – The police officer ensures the functions of operational command of the
services and expertise in matters of police and internal security. He may be responsible
for coordinating investigations, assisting or supplementing the police commissioner.
9. Lieutenant of Police – The police lieutenant assists the police commissioner and takes
charge of the operational command of the services of his structure while ensuring
functions of superior expertise in terms of internal security.
10. Brigadier-Major of Police – Major of police, head of a local police unit (Brigadier-
major of police, head of a local police unit), Major of police at the exceptional level
11. Brigadier- Chief of Police – brigadier-chiefs of police are responsible, when there is no
post of municipal police director or municipal police chief, or, where applicable,
municipal police chief, for supervising guards and brigadiers.
12. Police Brigadier – constitute the supervisory and enforcement body (CEA) of the
National Police. They take part in the missions that are the responsibility of the active
police services and carry out those conferred on them by the Code of Criminal Procedure.
They have a uniform outfit. They are category B [1] civil servants.
13. Deputy Brigadier - Civil servant, gendarmerie or customs officer whose rank is just
below that of brigadier
14. Guardian of the Peace - Assigned to a Republican Security Company (CRS), the
peacekeeper reinforces local police services during demonstrations
National Gendarmerie
1. Army General – Title and rank of a senior army officer, usually one who commands
units larger than a regiment or its equivalent or units consisting of more than one arm of
the service.
2. Corps General - Corps are the link between the operational and tactical levels of war. As
such, corps will have the key role of translating the broad strategic and operational
objectives of higher echelons into the specific and detailed tactics to achieve those
objectives. They plan and conduct major operations and battles.
3. Major General - this rank is responsible for overseeing the staff's planning and
coordination of a mission
7
4. Brigadier General - When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically

in command of a brigade consisting.
5. Colonel - typically commands brigade-sized units (3,000 to 5,000 Soldiers), with a
command sergeant major as principal NCO assistant. They may also serve as the chief of
divisional-level staff agencies.
6. Lieutenant Colonel - typically commands battalion-sized units (300 to 1,000 Soldiers)
with a command sergeant major as an NCO assistant. He or she may also be selected for
brigade and task force executive officer.
7. Squadron Leader - have four primary responsibilities: Execute the mission, lead people,
manage resources and improve the unit. Commanders said they believe leading and
managing people to be their most important responsibility
8. Captain - are expected to perform in the clutch and lead the team to victory. It is also
expected that captains will maintain control in the most pressurized situations and be the
model of excellence for their teammates
9. Lieutenant - will supervise his subordinates in conforming to the rules, regulations and
orders of the department, as well as proper attendance and uniforming.
10. Second Lieutenant - Most officers enter the Army at second lieutenant. They lead
platoonsize units consisting of a platoon sergeant and two or more squads (16 to 44
Soldiers)
11. Major - typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the
law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities.
12. Chief Warrant Officer - fulfill the responsibilities as a high-rank "subject matter expert"
within their chosen military occupation specialty, with the additional authority of a
commissioned officer.
13. Warrant Officer - Warrant officers can and do command detachments, units, activities,
and vessels as well as lead, coach, train, and counsel subordinates. As leaders and
technical experts, they provide valuable skills, guidance, and expertise to commanders
and organizations in their particular field."
14. Chief Marshal - The essential function of the position within the organization is to direct
and manage operations of the Marshal's Office in compliance with applicable codes,
ordinances, regulations and laws
15. Constable - Serves as a licensed peace officer and performs various law enforcement
functions, including issuing traffic citations. Serves warrants and civil papers such as
subpoenas and temporary restraining orders.
Municipal Police
1. Senior Municipal Police Director
2. Municipal Police Director
3. Senior Service Chief 1st Class
4. Senior Manager 2nd Class
5. Manager
6. Municipal Police Director
8
7. Principal Chief Brigadier

8. Police Brigadier
9. Main Peacekeeper
10. Guardian of the Peace
The French police system, which consists of the Police Nationale, Gendarmerie, and
municipal police, differs greatly from the USA and Philippines police systems, particularly in
terms of centralization and unification. Even in historical standpoint, the French police system
was characterized by a concept toward centralization.
Philippines
Republic Act 6975 entitled An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes. This Act is
also known as the "Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990." It is the
policy of the State to promote peace and order, ensure public safety and further strengthen local
government capability aimed towards the effective delivery of the basic services to the citizenry
through the establishment of a highly efficient and competent police force that is national in
scope and civilian in character. Towards this end, the State shall bolster a system of coordination
and cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and the integrated law enforcement and
public safety agencies. PNP has three distinct styles of policing which is Watchman, Legalistic
and Service Style conducted by social and political scientist James Q. Wilson on police
departmental styles in 1968. The watchman style places an emphasis on maintaining order, but
through informal methods. In this style, the police tend to act very informally, they tend to ignore
relatively minor crimes like gambling. The Legalistic Style is the complete opposite of the
watchman style. Here, the officer acts more like a soldier. The service style shares characteristics
with the other two styles but focuses primarily on service to the community and the citizens.
These styles are all have the same goal which is to enforce law, prevent crimes and build public
relation within the community. These styles at not only applicable in the Philippines but also in
every police system around the world.
In the Philippines, more than 7000 cases of sexual assault are reported annually.
Therefore, the importance of the patrolling system was raised in this context. Patrol officers’
responsibilities include responding to requests for assistance or investigation, as well as issuing
penalties for traffic or parking offenses. Here are the ten different types of patrol in PNP; Foot
Patrol, it is the most expensive type of patrol in terms of human resources and most departments
had reduced their foot patrols to a minimum because of this. There are two types of foot patrol is
Fixed Foot and Mobile Foot Patrol. Automobile Patrol, most economical type of patrol and
offers tactical ability when used in most extensively used and most effective means of
transportation. Motorcycle Patrol, the two-wheeled motorcycle is quite adaptable to traffic
enforcement, parades, escort duty and congested areas because of its high mobility. Bicycle
Patrol, It is considered as the simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation in patrol
operation. Horse Patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol. It is useful in areas wherein
automobile or motorcycle is suitable for patrolling. Marine or boast Patrol, this is specialized
9
type of patrol which is used in large bodies of water for the purpose of controlling smuggling.
Air Patrol, a type of patrol using Helicopter or Fixed-Wing Aircraft. Chain clothes Patrol, this is
particularly effective for “saturation drive coverage” of high crime areas. Canine (K09) Patrol or
Dog Patrol, dog was first used by Egyptians in Patrolling. Television Patrol, equipped with zoom
lenses and remotely controlled by the operator at the control board who can adjust each camera
to a panorama view of 270 degrees.
The following are the ranks of officials and officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP):
(descending order)
Commissioned Officer
1. Police General – Command and direction of the PNP, the power to direct and control
tactical as well as strategic movements, deployment, placement, utilization of the PNP or any
of its units and personnel, including its equipment, facilities and other resources.
2. Police Lieutenant General – Assist the Chief of Police, assigned in Administration and
Operations
3. Police Major General - The major, under the supervision of the Deputy Police Chief
and/or the Chief of Police, is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the division,
which includes shift assignment, budgeting, rules and regulations and policy adherence,
review of officer violations etc.
4. Police Brigadier General - General maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the
law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities
5. Police Colonel - Highest sworn police officer; is responsible for the operation of the State
Police
6. Police Lieutenant colonel - Assists the Chief of Police in the administration of the Police
Department by implementing all directives, policies, and procedures. Assists the Chief of
Police with the development of the department goals and objectives. Responds to public
and City Council inquiries and concerns.
7. Police Major - typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety,
enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities.
8. Police Captain - the Police Captain functions as second in command of the police
department, and assumes the duties of the Police Chief in his/her absence. An incumbent
must be able to and must maintain the ability to carry a firearm
9. Police Lieutenant - Manages a specific division of the police department, such as
operations, crime prevention, or administration; relays orders and messages from superior.
Non-commissioned Officer
1. Police Executive Master Sergeant - They are responsible for overseeing, organizing,
training, and directing the activities of assigned law enforcement personnel and
equipment as instructed by the Sergeant.
2. Police Chief Master Sergeant - All chief master sergeants are expected to serve as
mentors for non-commissioned officers and junior enlisted members, and to serve as
advisers to unit commanders and senior officers
10
3. Police Senior Master Sergeant – The police Senior Master Sergeant is the third
highest non-commissioned officer rank on the service.
4. Police Master sergeant – They are responsible for overseeing, organizing, training,
and directing the activities of assigned law enforcement personnel and equipment as
instructed by the Sergeant.
5. Police staff Sergeant - Sergeants oversee and instruct their team members. In order to
ensure that department regulations and procedures are followed by law enforcement
actions, they may also coordinate activity at crime sites.
6. Police Corporal - patrol and conduct investigations in addition to their supervisory
duties. In the event of an absence, they may assume the police sergeant's
responsibilities.
7. Patrolman/Patrolwoman - Provide for public safety by maintaining order,
responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle
and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations.
The Philippines is the only country between the three countries who has a republic act
establishing their national police for a tangible reform in the country's public safety services
particularly for the uniformed bureaus under DILG.
United States of America
In the United States, police generally offer services including law enforcement, order
maintenance, and crime prevention. In a civilized society, the police have the authority to impose
or to force solutions on people when problems or emergencies arise, such as making arrests or
provide medical care to people who are physically or mentally ill. The police use four categories
of policing in United States to maintain peace and order such as; traditional policing, community
policing, intelligence led policing, and problem-oriented policing.
Traditional policing model refers to a crime management approach in which police

officers respond only to reported criminal activities. Evidence gathered from a crime scene is
used to prepare a report, which a detective uses to carryout investigations (Dowell, 2009). Unlike
in the traditional model, Problem oriented policing model lays a lot of emphasis on efforts geared
towards preventing crime. The focus of this model is identifying the real problem and dealing
with it completely and in order to end crime from the society, there is a need to conduct research,
analyze crimes, and make prevention effort. Community oriented policing model, this style of
policing emphasizes on the need for police officers to engage community members in preventing
and eliminating crime. Studies have shown that community oriented policing model is the
commonly used style of policing across all departments in the United States. Intelligence led
policing model is a style of policing where police officers rely on assessing and managing risks
by identifying crime patterns. Intelligence led policing does not focus a lot on the crime, but
instead focuses more on surveillance and having informants who feed the police officers with
information that shows the development of crime patterns under assessment (Fritsch et al, 2008).
11
Despite the political, the legal, and the other changes, these patrol functions have
remained the primary source of providing security services to communities. Traditional
preventive patrol is defined as the routine movement of uniformed officers by vehicle or foot
through describe geographic areas. Patrols of this type usually have five goals: deterrence of
crime, apprehension of criminals, satisfaction of public demands for services unrelated to crime,
development of a sense of security and confidence in the law enforcement agency, and recovery
of stolen property. Team Policing decentralizes the delivery of law enforcement services. A team
police group is permanently assigned to a neighborhood and is given the responsibility for
controlling and delivering police services to that area. High Visibility Patrol, geographical
saturation with clearly marked police vehicles; usually includes assigning a vehicle to each
police officer for personal use off duty as well as official use on duty while in Low Visibility
Patrol, the deployment of unmarked vehic1es used by plainclothes or disguised officers. Decoy
Patrol, a police officer is disguised as a probable crime victim and put in an area where he or she
is likely to be victimized using the decoy tactic. Split-Force Patrol is a method in which the
patrol force is split; half responds to calls for service and the other half performs directed patrol
activities.
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the
large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office have
different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:
1. Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff - The rank of captain is

immediately above that of lieutenant. A police captain is often the officer in charge of a
precinct.
2. Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff -
Chief of police is the most common title for the head of a local police department.
3. Inspector/Commander/Colonel - The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned
officer placed above the rank of a corporal, and a police officer immediately below a
lieutenant in the US.
4. Major/Deputy Inspector - Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with
corresponding ranks existing in many armed forces throughout the world.
5. Captain - The rank of captain is immediately above that of lieutenant. A police captain is
often the officer in charge of a precinct.
6. Lieutenant - The rank of lieutenant is immediately above that of sergeant. A police
lieutenant is often the deputy officer in charge of a precinct.
7. Sergeant - Supervises the performance of police personnel under his/her command as
assigned by the Sergeant. They are responsible for overseeing, organizing, training, and
directing the activities of assigned law enforcement personnel and equipment as
instructed by the Sergeant.
8. Detective/Inspector/Investigator - A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a
law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to
witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases.
12
9. Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal - Police officers are generally charged with the

apprehension of suspects and the prevention, detection, and reporting of crime, protection
and assistance of the general public, and the maintenance of public order.
There’s no national police force in the US, where policing is organized on a state and
local basis. There are about 65 different federal law enforcement agencies in United States that
why their law enforcement is decentralized. Federal authorities handle violations of federal law
that fall under their jurisdiction.
13
CRITIQUE
After conducting this study, the differences between France, Philippines, and United
States of America are all being stated. The researchers are now knowledgeable enough to
identify and the similarities and differences between the three countries. Law enforcement
agency between the three countries is very different since France is made up of three centralized
unit which is the National Police, National Gendarmerie and Municipal Police. While the
Philippine National Police (PNP) is the only national police of the Philippines and in United
States there is no national force but have different law enforcement agencies. They may come
from different countries but they all have the same goal and that is to respond, detect, and
prevent crime. In terms of ranking, the three countries have different names of their highest rank;
Director General of Police National, Army General and Director Principal de Police Municipale
in France; Police General in Philippines and Chief of Police/Police
Commisioner/Superintendent/Sheriff in United States. It only differs by the names of their rank
but they all have the same equivalent in terms of power over the law enforcement. The
Watchman, Legalistic, and Service Style are the styles that are being used in policing in France
and Philippines while Traditional, Community, Intelligence, and Problem Oriented Policing are
the styles of policing that are being enforced United States. And lastly, France and United States
used the same types patrol in their community such as preventive police patrol, team policing,
high visibility and low-visibility patrol, decoy patrol, and split-force while the Philippines they
operate the Foot Patrol, Automobile Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, Bicycle patrol, Horse Patrol,
Marine or boast Patrol, Air Patrol, Chain clothes Patrol, Canine (K09) Patrol or Dog Patrol,
Television Patrol as their patrol system.
14
15
CONCLUSION
As there are no national police in the United States, the different federal law enforcement
agency may encounter a conflict in the country over the power. However, this study point outs
the comparison of countries; France, Philippines and United States in terms of styles of policing,
hierarchy of ranks and types of patrol. Though there are some debates that says policing in other
countries is different to one another, we can’t change the fact the that their purpose is all the
same which is maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting,
and investigating criminal activities. The only thing why we conduct this study is to compare
how France, Philippines and United States is distinct to each other.
16
REFERENCE
https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/comparative-study-of-
policingmodels-administrative-law-essay.php
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/police-and-people-comparison-five-countries
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185944
https://polis.osce.org/countryprofiles/france#:~:text=The%20French%20police%20consists
%20of,municipale
https://biosidmartin.com/what-are-the-types-of-patrol/
https://ocindex.net/country/philippines
https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/Republic_Act_6975_establishing_the_Philippine
_National_Police-compressed.pdf
https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/Republic_Act_6975_establishing_the_Philippine
_National_Police-compressed.pdf
https://www.ojp.gov/search/results?keys=%20decoy%20patrol
https://lawbirdie.com/types-of-policing-models/#:~:text=performing%20these
%20functions.,The%20four%20models%20are%20traditional%20policing%2C%20community
%20policing%2
C%20intelligence%20led,and%20their%20area%20of%20operation
17

International Comparative Study

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Comparative Study

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NALSIAN, CALASIAO. PANGASINAN

International Comparative Studies of Policing: France,

John Carlo De Guzman

Rachel Jane L. Serrano

John Tyrone D. Lacaba

Khen Maverick Gabis

Sheila Mae Labagnoy

Peter Kurt Cabigting

Mr. Joshua P. Manalo

Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken by every sovereign

Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences exemplified in

4. Controller General Commissioner General of Police – are senior state officials

4. Brigadier General - When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically

7. Principal Chief Brigadier

United States of America

Traditional policing model refers to a crime management approach in which police

1. Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff - The rank of captain is

9. Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal - Police officers are generally charged with the

You might also like