UNIT 1

1- By that time Americans preferred to live in urban areas, and with the modern sewer
systems being installed for the first time in many houses, urbanization increased a
lot.
So there were more people living in cities than in rural areas.
The issues that they had to face were crime, pollution, poverty and political corruption, which
became pretty common.
For some that was a problem and for others it wasn't, but people started to have such a
liberal view on alcohol, drugs and other stuff.

2- “Muckraker” is used to refers to a member of a group of journalists from the

progressive Era, which exposed corruption in business, government and stock in
market in society,
One example of a muckraker could be Ida Mae Tarbell, who wrote
“a history of the Standard Oil Company”, or even Jacob Rees, he wrote “How the
other half lives”, which was about the bad condition living in New York City in an area
occupied by immigrants.

3- The progressives drew support from the middle class, and supporters included many
lawyers, teachers, etc.
They believed the government could be a tool for change, and they wanted economic and
social equality, so, progressives were social reformers which had such a powerful voice for
progressivism, pretty much the opposite of conservative.
An example of a progressive person could be Jane Addams, she was a social worker, and
leader of the women’s suffrage and peace movement.

4- At that time, economic, political and social rights were denied to African Americans.
Economic and socialist racism resulted in segregation and lynching.
The black people lived in a different world, separate from white people.
drinking fountains or restrooms

5- Women were discriminated against in areas of politics, economics and education.

Most people believed women's place was at home, providing food and comfort for
their husbands and children.
Then, more women attended college, which helped them to slightly change society's view on
women.
They created foundations to help women from suffering and discrimination. And, finally, in
1920, women had the right to vote.
stock market
● The World's Fair of 1893 celebrated Chicago's rebirth after the 1871 fire and
captured a new spirit of modern urban culture.
● By 1920, a majority of Americans lived in cities.
● A transformation in public transportation, including street cars, cable cars,
ferries, bridges, and even bicycles, helped cities expand and grow beyond
their original limits to the suburbs.
● Along with urban growth came problems including pollution, crime, poverty,
disease, and cramped conditions.
● Jacob Riis highlighted the plight of the urban poor living in tenements in How
the Other Half Lives.
● Cities also grew up—literally—as architects like William Jenney and Louis
Sullivan designed skyscrapers.
● City planners like Daniel Burnham developed ideas about how cities should
take shape, including designs for open spaces epitomized by Frederick Law
Olmstead's Central Park in New York.
● As cities and leisure time grew, people turned to vaudeville, the Barnum and
Bailey Circus, major league baseball, and other amusements.
● The culture of consumerism developed; economist Thorstein Veblen criticized
the new values in The Rise of the Leisure Class.

● Economic issues, social problems, and adverse working conditions at the end
of the nineteenth century challenged government in ways that traditional
solutions did not adequately address.
● Farmers turned to a crop lien system to finance equipment and supplies,
suffered the consequences of excessive debt, and rebelled against the
system.
● Populist efforts to resolve the problems included the Grange, the Farmers'
Alliances, and the Colored Alliance.
● The Populist Party sought to elect its own third-party candidates, but
eventually supported Democratic Party candidate William Jennings Bryan in
1896.
● Urban life posed problems related to employment, disease, job hazards, and
family finances.
● Progressive reform aimed at taming monopolies, regulating the concentration
of economic power, improving social conditions, and reforming politics.
● The Salvation Army was founded to relieve economic needs, while settlement
houses provided aid to urban women, many of whom were immigrants.

● Jane Addams led the settlement house movement with the founding of Hull
House.
● Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis and other
investigative journalists, often called muckrakers, worked hard to uncover
political and business corruption.
● Progressives used tactics to make government more transparent, including
the ability to call for a referendum, initiate laws, and recall elected officials.
● Progressives also addressed city and state reforms, especially in Wisconsin,
where Governor Robert LaFollette added public health reforms to the mix.
● Teddy Roosevelt used his "bully pulpit" to create a "New Nationalism,"
promote reform, and encourage conservation as president from 1901–1909.
● Woodrow Wilson, president from 1913–1921, sought "New Freedom," and
added the Federal Trade Commission, child labor restrictions, and a
graduated federal income tax to the list of reform measures.

● At the turn of the twentieth century, many of the more than seven million
African Americans in the United States were denied economic, political, and
social rights.
● Economic and social racism resulted in sharecropping, segregation, and
lynching.
● Political racism in the South, literacy and citizenship tests, and poll taxes all
prevented many semiliterate, illiterate, and poor sharecroppers from voting.
● In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court condoned the Jim Crow laws
that kept blacks segregated from whites in hospitals, schools, public
transportation, and restaurants.
● Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute to provide self-help and
job-specific training for African Americans.
● W.E.B. Du Bois, a scholar, activist, and the first black man to earn a Ph.D.
from Harvard, helped to form the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP).
● Marcus Garvey urged blacks to plan for a future separate from the white
world.

● At the turn of the twentieth century, women were discriminated against in

areas of politics, economics, and education.
● Most of nineteenth-century society believed a woman's place was in the
domestic sphere, and it was her duty was to provide a warm and nurturing
home for her husband and children.
● As more women attended college, joined the workforce, and formed civic
organizations, they gained experience that helped them in their fight for
suffrage.
● The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), led by Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage
Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, merged to
form the National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Carrie
Chapman Catt, who developed a flexible, state-by-state strategy to gain the
vote.
● The suffrage campaign scored its first victory in the West, where Montana
voters elected the first woman to the U.S. House of Representatives—
Jeanette Rankin—in 1916.
● Alice Paul founded the National Woman's Party in 1913, calling for a
constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.
● The 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote, became law in
August 1920.