University of Technology Education

HCM City
Course:
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PRINCIPLE

IDEAL CYCLE IN IC ENGINES

Instructor: Assoc. Prof Ly Vinh Dat

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 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
Ch. 5
Thermodynamic cycle is used for analyzing the thermal efficiency.

Wout
 th 
Qin Wout
 th 
Qin

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 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
Real engine cycle vs. Ideal cycle

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 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
Real engine cycle vs. Ideal cycle

150 air standard

Cylinder Pressure (bar) . .

real engine
125

100

75

50

25

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cylinder Volume 4
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 Real engine cycle
Convert heat energy to mechanical is complicated process
The factors affect to the process such as: friction,
combustion, heat transfers…
The pumping loses: intake and exhaust processes

Make analysis of engine complicates

Difficult to increase engine performance and
efficiency

Replace complicated process to simple process

Many minor loses are not examined

Use ideal cycle (certain theoretical) for

approximating 5
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 IDEAL CYCLE

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 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
Ch. 5

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 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles

Pressure-volume diagrams
of ideal cycles

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 Otto Cycle

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 OTTO CYCLE

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 Otto Cycle Ch. 5

Q1  mcv (T3  T2 )
Q2  mcv (T4  T1 )
Q2 mcv (T4  T1 ) (T4  T1 )
 1 1 1
Q1 mcv (T3  T2 ) (T3  T2 )
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 Otto Cycle
Process 1-2 – isentropic: compression process

T2 V1 k 1
 ( )    T2  T1
k 1 k 1

T1 V2
Process 2-3 – constant volume: heat input

T3 V4 k 1
 ( )    T3  T4
k 1 k 1

T4 V3

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 Otto Cycle

(T4  T1 ) (T4  T1 )
 1 1
(T3  T2 ) T4  T1
k 1 k 1

1
 1
 k 1

k: adiabatic exponent

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 Otto Cycle Ch. 5

k=1.4

k=1.3

k=1.2

k=1.1

• Increased compression ratio improves thermal efficiency

(compress gas as much as possible before ignition)
• High ratio of specific heats increases efficiency (run as lean as
possible)
• Ideal cycle efficiency is significantly higher than ‘real world’ results.
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 Otto Cycle Ch. 5

2000 rpm, imep = 3 bar air cycle

62
3 throttled
60

Thermal Efficiency (%) ..

unthrottled
2 58
log(p) .

1 56

54
0
52
-1 unthrottled
50
throttled
-2 48
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
log(V) Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (bar)

Logarithm pressure-volume Thermal efficiency versus

diagram calculated with ESP at imep for air-standard cycle
imep of 3 bar

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 Otto Cycle
W Q1  Q2
Pm  
Vs Vs
mcv [(T3  T2 )  (T4  T1 )
Pm 
V1  V2

 P3 
  T1. .
k 1
 T3  T2 
 P2 
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 Otto Cycle

T3 T1 k 1
.
T4  
 k 1
 k 1
 T4  T1.

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 Otto Cycle

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 Otto Cycle

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 Diesel Cycle Ch. 5.4.2

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 Diesel Cycle

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 Diesel Cycle Ch. 5

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 Diesel Cycle

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 Diesel Cycle Ch. 5

Thermal efficiency

Pm
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 Diesel Cycle

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 Dual Cycle Ch. 5

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 Dual Cycle

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 Dual Cycle

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 Overexpanded Engine Cycles
Ch. 5
Atkinson cycle

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 Cycle Comparison Ch. 5.4.3

The same compression ratio

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 Cycle Comparison Ch. 5.4.3

The same peak pressure

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 Cycle Comparison Ch. 5.4.3

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