Multi-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine

*
Steam Turbines Gas Power Cycles Chemical Reactions Compressible Flow s Intro
SteamOtto
Turbines
Cycle Diesel Cycle Brayton Regeneration Intercooling & Re

Applications:

Jet propulsion/Aircraft: produces just enough power to drive the

compressor and a small generator to power the auxiliary equipment

Power generation: use gas turbines to generate electricity, very

efficient; as stand-alone units or in conjunction with steam power
plants.
Marine applications: large ships.

Types of gas power cycles:

The Otto Cycle: used in Petrol Engines.

2The Diesel Cycle: used in Diesel Engines.

The Brayton Cycle: used in gas turbines.

Thermodynamics-II: College of EME, NUST 29/21

AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
Air-standard assumptions:
1. The working fluid is air, which
continuously circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the
cycle are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by
a heat-addition process from an
external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
heat-rejection process that restores the
working fluid to its initial state.
The combustion process is replaced by
a heat-addition process in ideal cycles.

Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to

be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25°C).
Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are
applicable.
4
 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS
VALUE IN ENGINEERING
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible processes: isothermal
heat addition, isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and isentropic
compression.

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THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS
VALUE IN ENGINEERING
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally
reversible processes: isothermal heat addition,
isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and
isentropic compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal
efficiency increases with an increase in the average
temperature at which heat is supplied to the system
or with a decrease in the average temperature at
which heat is rejected from the system.

P-v and T-s diagrams of

6 a Carnot cycle.
A steady-flow Carnot engine.
 Engine Terms
• Bottom-dead center (BDC) –
• piston position where volume is maximum
• Top-dead center (TDC) –
• piston position where volume is minimum
• Clearance volume –
• minimum cylinder volume (VTDC = V2)
• Compression ratio (r)
Vmax V V v
r  BDC  1  1
Vmin VTDC V2 v2
• Displacement volume
Vdisp  VBDC  VTDC  V1  V2
Engine Terms*
Mean effective
pressure (MEP)

Wnet
MEP 
Vdisp
 Processes of Otto Cycle*

Four internally reversible processes

*1-2 Isentropic compression
*2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
*3-4 Isentropic expansion
*4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
 Processes of Otto Cycle*

Four internally reversible processes

*1-2 Isentropic compression
*2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
*3-4 Isentropic expansion
*4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

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OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

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OTTO CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES

Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines13and their P-v diagrams.

A New Holland diesel tractor has a 3 cylinder 4 stroke engine. Cylinder
bore is 88.8 mm, stroke is 127 mm, mean effective pressure is 32 pa
Calculate (i) piston displacement, (ii) Net Work