CO O L I N G

WATER SYSTEM
Aulia Syafira Syaharani (5008201069)
PLANT UTILITY SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

The Cooling water is a system which is used to cooling down the tank. The process
of cooling water needs cooling tower as the area to keep the temperature of water to
be cool constantly. The water from the tank of cooling result on the cooling tower is
used to the process of cooling water. The stream on cooling water is used to cooling
down the tank in order the temperature corresponds with the room temperature. The
system of cooling water previously is controlled manually on the area of cooling tower,
so it needs long time in its operation. The treatment of cooling water follows the same
basic principles for all types of cooling systems. The first step is to properly identify the
problem as scale, corrosion, fouling, or a combination of these factors. The next step is
a thorough survey to understand both the process and water side of the system
 INTRODUCTION

The first step is to properly identify the problem as scale, corrosion, fouling, or
combinations of these factors. The next step is a thorough survey to understand both
the process and water side of the system. This establishes the system design, operating
characteristics, and water chemistry, important considerations for selecting and
applying a reliable, economical treatment program. Special considerations are given to
systems restricted to specific treatments; the potential for cross-contamination of water
with process or product may not permit employing the most effective treatment. There
are three basic types of cooling water systems: once-through, closed recirculating
(nonevaporative), and open recirculating (evaporative).
 WHAT IS
MICROBIOLOGICAL
CONTAMINATION?

The uncontrolled growth of microorganisms can lead to deposit formations which

contribute to fouling, corrosion and scale.
MICROBIALS
PROBLEM
01 Corrosion

02 Scalling

03 Fouling

04 Microbiological Contamination
 CORROSION
Corrosion is Water tends to convert metals (such as mild steel) to their oxide states. Corrosion occurs
due to the separation of electrons from the anode to the cathode in metals. Corrosion requires a
locking medium such as air – in air with high conductivity electrons move quickly making metal corrode
quickly. In air corrosion on metal is caused by oxidation of oxygen to metal oxide. oxide)
Factors Affecting Corrosion :
Water Chemistry : Dissolved solid, alkalinity/pH, hardness, corrosive gases dissolved in water.
Physical Parameters : Flow/velocity, temperature, HTI
Scale (Underdeposit corrosion) and Microbio (Underdeposit corrosion, S – Producing
bacteria, Fe – depositing bacteria)
How to Control Corrosion?
Use materials that are corrosion resistant
Use inert barrier / anti corrosion film on cooling tower material
Set the water parameters at the control limits
Use treatment chemicals (anti scalant dispersant and biocide)
 CORROSION

The basic treatment concept is to raise the pH of the operating system to 7.5 to 9.0, thereby
substantially reducing the natural corrosivity of the recirculating water. Experience has shown that
although the higher pH provides a less corrosive water, frequently this reduction is not of sufficient
magnitude to protect all mild steel systems, especially mild steel heat exchangers with high heat flux or
low flow velocities. Thus a specific all-organic inhibitor package is required to control corrosion and
scale. In general, all-organic inhibitors combine organic phosphorus compounds, synthetic polymers,
and aromatic azoles. These combinations provide corrosion control for steel and copper alloys, scale
control, and deposit control.
 SCALE
Scale deposits form when the solubility of dissolved minerals in the cooling water is exceeded.
Cooling towers function by evaporating a percentage of the water into the atmosphere. This water is
“pure”, and does not contain any of the dissolved minerals found in the makeup water. As the
evaporation process continues, the scale-forming minerals concentrate in the water. If left unchecked,
the solubility of the dissolved minerals is exceeded, resulting in precipitation of these salts as scale
deposits. Several factors influence the solubility of cooling water scales. Generally, scale deposits
exhibit inverse solubility with temperature. As the temperature increases, such as in heat exchangers
and other heat transfer equipment, the solubility of scale decreases. Another influencing factor is pH.
Mineral solids are less soluble at high pH. These factors directly influence the type and amount of
cooling water scales that form in the system. Scales vary in chemical composition. Most scale is calcium
carbonate, since this is the least soluble of the scale-forming minerals commonly found in cooling water
makeup supplies. Other scales such as calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and silica are also found
alone or in combination with calcium carbonate.
 SCALE
Scale Control Methods :
A primary goal of cooling water treatment programs is to prevent the formation of scale deposits in
heat transfer equipment, cooling tower fill, and in low-flow areas of the system. Scale control involves
the maintenance of the cooling water chemistry within prescribed limits to prevent the over saturation
of the water with mineral salts.
This includes :
pretreatment of the cooling tower makeup ( The primary scale-forming minerals are calcium salts
such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium phosphate. Pretreatment of the cooling
tower makeup to partially or completely remove calcium will prevent these scales from forming.)
Keeping the mineral solids soluble ( The most common method of scale control is to maintain the
cooling water chemistry such that the solubility of mineral scale is not exceeded.)
Using crystal modifiers (In contrast to preventing scale formation, other treatment methods
promote the formation of scale but in a non-adherent form of calcium sludge. The sludge is carried
along in the recirculating water where it is filtered out or removed by routine bleed off.)
The application of various cooling water polymers.
 FOULING
Most fouling problems in all types of cooling systems are complicated by microbial activity. Slime
deposits on tubes not only interfere with efficient heat transfer, but act as a trap to enmesh suspended
solids, further impeding heat transfer. In addition, by-products of bacterial metabolism influence water
chemistry, including the tendency for scale to form or metal to corrode. Proper use of biocides and
biodispersants can be a major step toward solving a once-through fouling problem.
Deposit control in cooling water systems is absolutely essential for maintenance of heat transfer
rates. However, control of deposits is often more difficult in alkaline systems than in lower pH systems.
The makeup water may contain dissolved solids, organic matter, and suspended solids, any of which
can contribute to fouling. A system may become grossly contaminated with microbes; for example,
makeup water with a high BOD, such as a recycled municipal or industrial effluent, is particularly
susceptible to fouling from slime-forming bacteria.
 FOULING
The selection of the proper dispersant for any operating system is based on actual analysis of a
deposit. Synthetic organics, including polymers and surfaceactive agents, are generally applied for
dispersing microbial and organic deposits.

Synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates or polyacrylamides are dispersants for silt, sand, iron, and other inorganic deposits.
These polymers can be tailor-made by varying the components and molecular weights to maximize dispersant performance
on specific foulants. Organophosphorus compounds, including polyol esters and phosphonates, are inhibitors for calcium
carbonate and calcium sulfate precipitates. However, once deposits form, any scale removing action by these dispersants
takes place slowly, so the best approach is to prevent the scale from forming in the first place.
 MICROBIAL CONTROL

Microbial deposits present a special case of fouling. Treatment often requires biocides to kill
microbe colonies and dispersants to loosen and wash them away. The most common biocide employed
in all systems is chlorine. At alkaline pH, the continuous presence of chlorine species in the water will
provide the required microbial killing power because of the infinite contact time available. In
intermittent chlorination, such as utility cooling systems, the chlorine contacts the microbial organisms
for short periods of time. In this case pH can be more important.
There are problems associated with the use of chlorine. It can react with some organic
materials, particularly phenolic compounds, to form reaction products that are nonbiodegradable or
refractory, presenting potential effluent problems. Generally speaking, chlorine can be applied to most
recirculating systems without danger of tower lumber delignification if free chlorine residuals do not
exceed 1 mg/L.
Although chlorine and bromine are excellent killing agents, their performance can be
significantly improved by the use of biodispersants. Biodispersants aid the toxicant by breaking loose
the biofilms and enabling them to contact more microbial organisms. In cases of gross contamination or
loss of toxicant feed, a contingency nonoxidizing biocide may be required.
 WHAT TYPES OF CHEMICALS ARE
USED
FOR MICROBIAL CONTROL?

The application of a microbiocide is usually a secondary

step following cleaning, or in some cases a supplementary
factor in conjunction with the chemical/physical cleaning.
Microbiocides are used for the protection of materials from
forming biofilm and bio-corrosion.
Microbiocides also inhibit slime formation and
microbiologically induced corrosion.
Including Oxidizing biocides, Non-oxidizing biocides
 REFERENCE

https://grinvirobiotekno.com/index.php/grinvirobiotekno/detail_article/10/cooling-water-solution--corrosionkorosi

https://watertechnologyreport.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/scale-and-fouling-control-in-cooling-tower-systems/

The Nalco Water Handbook : SPECIALIZED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

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