2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

Handover Mechanism for Device-to-Device

Communication
Ho-Yuan Chen, Mei-Ju Shih, Hung-Yu Wei∗
Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
∗ hywei@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw

Abstract—Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a

proximity-based technique used by Long Term Evolution-
Advanced (LTE-A) systems. When a ProSe-enabled UE in D2D
communication moves across a cell boundary, seamless handover
is expected. However, LTE-A does not specify D2D handover
procedures, and the current LTE-A handover procedures cannot
support the ProSe service continuity requirements [1]. Therefore,
an efficient D2D handover mechanism is necessary to meet the
requirements. In this paper, a D2D handover mechanism, which
considers the signal quality of D2D pairs, is proposed. The
proposed mechanism includes a Joint Handover procedure and
a Half Handover procedure based on a D2D handover decision
method. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) [2] is adopted
for the mobility model and performance evaluation simulations.
The properties of this mechanism satisfy the ProSe service
continuity requirements while decreasing the D2D HO failure
rate as well as reducing the amount of information exchanged
between the source eNB and the target eNB.
Index Terms—device-to-device, ProSe, handover, service con- Fig. 1. After UE2 does LTE handover, ProSe service continuity is interrupted
tinuity, mobility, SUMO.

I. I NTRODUCTION Device mobility, which affects performance of ProSe service

D2D communication in Long Term Evolution-Advanced
(LTE-A) systems has been a hot issue nowadays, for the
great demand increases in the wireless communication system.
D2D communication is selected as a promising technology
to realize Public Safety (PS) and for commercial usage.
However, implementation of D2D communication faces a
number of challenges. With regard to PS scenarios, distributed
D2D communication should be made possible. A distributed
synchronization method is proposed to achieve D2D discovery
and synchronization at the same time [3]. To reach collision
free in a short time, a distributed feedbackless resource allo-
cation scheme for D2D broadcast communication is proposed
[4]. In this work, we handle another important issue: the
mobility management problem caused by D2D communication
handover. Nevertheless, little research is available on handover
of D2D communication. A D2D-aware handover (D-A HO)
solution is proposed to permit a UE to postpone the handover
to a target eNB until signal quality of the source eNB becomes
lower than a threshold [5]. When the signal quality of the target
eNB is able to meet the D2D HO conditions for both UEs,
both UEs will handover to the target eNB simultaneously. The
prior work does not account for the signal quality of the D2D
pairs nor does it discuss mobility in different directions.
The third generation partnership project (3GPP) agrees that
D2D discovery and communication will become one of the
new features to be studied during 3GPP Rel-12 and Rel-
13 under the LTE ProSe study item [6]. According to the
scope of Rel-13 [7], the ProSe continuity is considered as
an important feature for D2D communication enhancement.
continuity, is one of the factors deserved to be considered.
When the ProSe-enabled UE in D2D communication moves
across the cell boundary, seamless handover is expectedso as
to provide PS service continuity. How to provide the ProSe
service continuity is challenging.
II. P ROBLEM S TATEMENT
D2D handover problem occurs because legacy LTE system
cannot support D2D handover. When D2D pairs perform LTE
HO, several drawbacks might emerge, such as latency, extra
resource wasting, extra signaling exchange, and interrupted
D2D link. For example, as shown in Fig. 1, the ProSe-enabled
UEs perform ongoing D2D communication in the same cell
and move forward the same direction at first. Then the UE2
might be handed over to its neighboring cell. The D2D com-
munication link may be interrupted because the UE2 performs
LTE handover. After LTE HO, cross-cell D2D communication
is re-established. When the UE1 is handed over to the same
neighboring cell, the cross-cell D2D communication link may
be interrupted again. Afterwards, D2D communication is re-
established in the same neighboring cell. As a result, how to
provide more reliable D2D communication and maintain the
ProSe service continuity support is an important direction.
III. P ROPOSED SCHEME
A. Joint Handover Procedure
Considering the social behavior of the ProSe-enabled UEs,
all the ProSe-enabled UEs in ongoing D2D communication

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 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)
may enter the neighboring cells sooner or later. Since the
ProSe-enabled UEs are often in close proximity to each other,
it might be useful for the network to consider the joint
handover to another cell so as to provide the ProSe service
continuity. In Fig. 2, we further discuss the details of the Joint
Handover procedure from four perspectives: Measurement
scheme (step 1 - step 2), X2-interface scheme (step 3 - step
6), joint handover scheme (step 7 - step 11), and path switch
scheme (step 12 - step 18).
- Step 6), the source eNB requests a handover by sending
a Handover Request message to the target eNB. Through
this message, the source eNB delivers the stored context
information of ProSe UEs.
Fig. 2. Joint Handover procedure
1) Measurement scheme: As illustrated in Fig. 2 (Step 1 -
Step 2), the eNB first transmits a network layer (L3) signal-
ing, Measurement Control, through an RRC (Radio Resource
Control) Connection Reconfiguration message when RRC
connection is established. Measurement Control indicates the
required information of measurement, including Measurement
ID, Measurement Object, Reporting Configuration, Measure-
ment Gap, etc. The source eNB sends Measurement Control
to the ProSe UEs by Multicast Control Channel (MCCH).
The reason is that the ProSe UEs use the same context and
message. Then the UE reports the Measurement Reports to
the eNB periodically or by events through Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH).
• D2D Measurement ID: Measurement ID is used to
identify Measurement Objects, to which the UE should
measure its signal strength. The UE uses Measurement
73
ID to measure the RSRP of the target eNBs. Regarding
D2D communication handover, the ProSe UE measures
not only signal to the target eNB, but also signal among
its ongoing D2D communication ProSe UEs. That is,
D2D pair or D2D group should be assigned a new ID
to measure the D2D communication signal among each
other.
• Measurement Object: Measurement Object, specified by
Measurement ID, provides information about E-UTRA
networks to be measured by a UE, such as frequency
channel number, Physical Cell ID (PCI) of the cells to
be measured. In LTE handover, a UE will not measure
the signal strength to a cell belonging to different Public
Land Mobile Network (PLMN). That is, the UE always
measures the signal strength to eNBs within the same
PLMN.
2) X2-interface scheme: As illustrated in Fig 2 (Step 3
• Handover Request message: This message is delivered
by the source eNB to the target eNB. The information
included in the message is as follows [8]:
– UE Context information: the ProSe UE context
stored at the source eNB.
∗ D2D bearer: the information of ongoing D2D
communication resource [9] [10].
∗ E-RAB to be setup: E-RAB (EUTRAN Radio Ac-
cess Bearer) of the ProSe UE information stored
at the source eNB.
∗ UE Security Capability: security algorithms sup-
ported by the ProSe UE (encryption and integrity
algorithm).
– D2D handover type: the source eNB decides the D2D
handover type, based on the D2D Handover Decision
method.
• Admission Control: Upon receiving the Handover Re-
quest message, the target eNB begins handover prepara-
tion to ensure seamless service provision for the ProSe
UE. Using AS (Access Stratum) security keys, the target
eNB can communicate securely with the ProSe UEs over
the radio link when the UE accesses. Next, the target
eNB, based on the information of E-RAB to be setup
and D2D bearer, checks if the same QoS (Quality-of-
Service) provided by the source eNB is available at the
target eNB as well. If available, it establishes an uplink
(UL) S1 bearer connecting to service gateway (S-GW) by
using the information of UL S1 bearer and D2D resource
reservation stored at the source eNB. The target eNB
notifies the ProSe Function that D2D is performing han-
dover and the ProSe Function authenticates identification
of the ProSe UEs. On the basis of the information of the
E-RAB, D2D bearer and QoS, the target eNB reserves
RRC resources for the UE to use over the radio link and
allocates Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-
RNTI).
• Handover Request Acknowledge message: This mes-
sage is delivered by the target eNB to the source eNB
 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

if the target eNB has successfully completed resource

allocation.
• Handover Preparation Failure message: This message
is delivered by the target eNB to the source eNB if
resource allocation at the target eNB fails.
3) Joint handover scheme: As illustrated in Fig. 2 (Step
7 - Step 11), once the source eNB completes the handover
preparation with the target eNB, it commands the ProSe UE
to perform a handover by sending a Joint Handover Command
message. The UE detaches from the source eNB and accesses
to the target eNB. The target eNB becomes capable of sending
and receiving packets once the UE has successfully accessed
to it.
After receiving the Joint Handover Command message, the
ProSe UEs obtain C-RNTIs, dedicated random access channel
(RACH) Preambles and Target Data Radio Bearer (DRB) ID
for the target cell. The ProSe UEs detect the synchronization
signal from the target eNB. Once synchronized with the target
eNB, the ProSe UEs initiate non-contention based random
access. The target eNB sends the ProSe UEs the information of
timing alignment and D2D Grant [11]. The ProSe UEs send
the target eNB a Handover Confirm message. Now, the UE
can send/receive packets to/from the target eNB and use D2D
resources of the target eNB to perform D2D communication.
The D2D seamless handover has completed.
4) Path switch scheme: As shown in Fig. 2 (Step 12 -
Step 18), once the ProSe UE completes its radio access to
the target eNB successfully, the bearer path of the ProSe
UE is connected to the target eNB. The target eNB informs
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and sends a Path Switch Request
message to Mobility Management Entity (MME), so that the
Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer path can be modified
accordingly. MME requests S-GW for S1 bearer modification. Fig. 3. Half Handover procedure
Upon request, the S-GW establishes a downlink (DL) S1
bearer that connects to the target eNB. Then it stops sending
DL packets to the source eNB, and begins to send them to
the target eNB through the newly established DL bearer. The message. A Half Handover Command message contains C-
MME informs the target eNB that the DL S1 bearer path has RNTI, dedicated RACH Preamble and DRB ID to be used at
been modified. The target eNB sends the source eNB a UE the target cell. The ProSe UE will perform Half Handover
Context Release message, allowing the source eNB to release when it receives a Half Handover Command specified for
the D2D resource. it (e.g., UE1 ). If the ProSe UE receives a Half Handover
Command not specified to it (e.g., UE2 ), it will store the Half
Handover Command message and wait for next trigger. The
B. Half Handover Procedure UE1 detects the synchronization signal from the target eNB.
In some cases, Joint Handover procedure cannot perform Once synchronized with the target eNB, the UE1 initiates
because the ProSe UEs in ongoing D2D communication are non-contention based random access. The target eNB sends
not in close proximity to each other, or because one of the the UE1 the information of timing alignment and D2D Grant.
ProSe UEs may be handed over to its neighboring cell. In view In the meanwhile, D2D communication still continues using
of this, we proposed a Half Handover procedure to maintain D2D resources of the source eNB. The UE2 waits to trigger
service continuity. In Half Handover procedure, one of the a handover to the target eNB. However, the target eNB that
ProSe UEs can be handed over to the target eNB, and the other the UE2 measures should be the same as the eNB to which
still in the source eNB. Measurement scheme (step 1 - step the UE1 hands over. When the UE2 satisfies the handover
2) and X2-interface scheme (step 3 - step 6) are the same as condition, it uses the stored Half Handover Command message
the Joint Handover procedure. In Fig. 3, we discuss the details to conduct the same procedure as the UE1 . Now, the ProSe
of the Half Handover procedure from two perspectives, half UEs can send/receive packets to/from the target eNB and
handover scheme (step 7 - step 15) and path switch scheme uses the D2D resources of the target eNB to perform D2D
(step 16 - step 22). communication. The D2D seamless handover has completed.
1) Half handover scheme: As illustrated in Fig. 3 (Step HoTimer is a timer which starts counting when the UE2
7 - Step 15), once the source eNB completes the handover receives a Half Handover Command. When HoTimer times
preparation with the target eNB, it orders the UE to per- out, it will cause Half Handover failure. Half Handover failure
form a handover by sending a Half Handover Command has two reasons: 1. the UE2 may not cross the serving cell

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 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

during HoTimer and 2. the signal strength of D2D pair is
below the D2D threshold and this phenomenon continues
longer than the duration of HoTimer, which means the ProSe
UEs may move away from each other. The ProSe UEs perform
mode switch (from D2D/cellular mode to cellular/D2D mode)
[12]. The reason is the signal strength of D2D pair will degrade
as time passes by.
2) Path switch: If the source eNB performs Half Handover
successfully, the path switch scheme is the same as Joint
Handover procedure. Nevertheless, if not, the ProSe UEs
perform mode switch and D2D communication is interrupted.
The UE1 will performs path switch to the target eNB alone.
C. D2D Handover Decision Method
The handover decision method, as illustrated in Fig. 4, is
a basic but effective handover algorithm consisting of several
variables, Handover Margin (HOM), Time to Trigger (TTT)
timer, LTE threshold (LTET h ), D2D threshold (D2DT h ) and
Time to Trigger of D2D (TTTD ). These variables assist in
making handover decisions, such as Joint Handover procedure,
Half Handover procedure, or no handover.
prevent unnecessary handovers. A handover is triggered when
the triggering conditions, Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), are both satisfied.
RSRPT > RSRPS + HOM (1)
HO T rigger > T T T (2)
,where RSRPT and RSRPS are the RSRP received from the
target eNB and the source eNB, respectively and HOTrigger
is the handover trigger timer which starts counting when Eq.
(1) gets satisfied [13].
LTET h is a constant variable that represents whether the
source eNB can provide basic services to the ProSe UEs. If
the RSRP from the source eNB is greater than LTET h , the
source eNB can provide the services to the ProSe UEs. In
contrast, if the RSRP from the source eNB is less than the
LTET h , the source eNB cannot provide the services to the
ProSe UEs. D2D signal is the radio signal strength between
ProSe UEs. We propose D2DT h to determine the radio signal
strength of D2D quality. D2D Trigger is a D2D signal quality
timer which starts counting when Eq. (3) gets satisfied. A Time
to Trigger of D2D (TTTD ) value is the time interval that is
required to satisfy Eq. (3). The eNB makes the D2D handover
decision based on the condition in Eq. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
illustrated in Fig. 4.

D2D signal > D2DT h (3)

D2D T rigger > T T TD (4)

Based on our D2D handover decision method, we list all

combinations of signal quality, as shown in Table I. Signal
quality to the source eNB is in the “S” column. A “+” indicates
that the UE can receive basic services from the source eNB.
In contrast, a “-” indicates that the source eNB cannot provide
services to the ProSe UE. Signal quality to the target eNB is in
the “T” column. A “+” indicates that the triggering conditions
in Eq. (1) and (2) are both satisfied. In the D2D column, a “+”
indicates the condition that signal strength in the D2D pair
is greater than D2DT h continues longer than TTTD , which
Fig. 4. D2D handover decision method means that the ProSe UEs may be in close proximity. On the
other hand, a “-” in the D2D column indicates the condition
HOM is a constant variable that represents a threshold of the that the signal strength in the D2D pair is higher than D2DT h
difference between the received signal strength to the source cannot continue a period of TTTD ; this means that the ProSe
eNB and the received signal strength to the target eNBs. The UEs may be moving away from each other. The HO types are
received signal strength is called reference signal receiving indicated in the type column, i.e., Joint, Half, and no HO type.
power (RSRP) in an LTE system. HOM ensures the target eNB
as the most appropriate eNB for the ProSe UE to camp on. A TABLE I
TTT value is the time interval that is required to satisfy HOM D2D D ECISION TRUTH TABLE
condition [13]. A handover action can only be performed after UEA UEB D2D type UEA UEB D2D type
the TTT condition has been satisfied. The ProSe UEs can use S T S T S T S T
different values of TTT. Both HOM and TTT are used for + + + - none No - + + + + Joint
reducing unnecessary handovers, called “Ping-Pong effect”. + - + + none No - + + + - Half
+ + - + + Joint + + - + - Half
When the ProSe UE is experiencing the Ping-Pong effect, it + + + + none No + + - - none No
will perform a handover from the source eNB to the target eNB + - + - none No + - - + none Half
and back again during a short period of time. In such a case, + - - - none No - + + - none Half
- + - + none Joint - + - - none Half
the required signaling exchanges and resources increase, which - - + + none No - - + - none No
in turn decreases the system throughput and increases the data - - - + none Half - - - - none No
traffic delay caused by buffering the incoming traffic at the
target eNB during each handover. Therefore, it is essential to

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 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

Topology quality in the D2D pair or the RSRP to source eNB is so poor.
Traffic light
Road
Secondly, D2D mode ratio, indicated in Eq. (5), represents
1000 the duration in D2D communication in the simulation time.
Thirdly, the amount of LTE HO, D2D HO and mode switch
is the total number of event trigger in the simulation time.
500

T he duration in D2Dmode
D2D mode ratio = (5)
y (m)

0 Simulation time

B. Simulation Results
−500
The proposed scheme maintains ProSe service continuity
while reducing the D2D HO failure rate and the number of
−1000 LTE HO, D2D HO, and mode switch. Compare to the LTE A3
HO scheme, Yilmaz’s D2D-aware handover (D-A) [5] scheme,
−1000 −500 0 500 1000 only the Joint HO procedure (our Joint scheme), and only the
x (m)
Half HO procedure (our Half scheme), the proposed scheme
uses both Joint HO and Half HO procedures based on the D2D
Fig. 5. Network layout
handover decision method.
As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the D2D HO failure rate
TABLE II
of the proposed scheme is lower than that of other schemes.
PARAMETER SETTINGS In addition, the D2D mode ratio is also greater than that
of other schemes. The proposed scheme enable the ProSe
Parameter Setting
Network layout Hexagonal grid, 19 sites
UEs to stay in the D2D mode for a longer time so that
Inter-Site distance 500 m it maintains better service continuity. As the speed of the
Number of D2D pairs 120 ProSe UEs increases, D2D mode ratio decreases and D2D
Carrier frequency 2 GHz HO failure rate increases. That is because ProSe UEs move
Macro BS downlink power 46 dBm
D2D transmission power 23 dBm not only straight at the same direction but also away from
Minimum association RSRP -112 dBm each other in SUMO mobility model. In LTE HO scheme and
for D2D communication our Joint HO scheme, the D2D HO failure occurs and D2D
Cellular path loss and fading Macro Urban [6]
D2D path loss and fading Winner + B1 [6]
communication is interrupted when both UEs in a D2D pair
HOM & TTT 3dB & 100 ms do not hand over to the same eNB simultaneously. In SUMO
TTTD 50 ms mobility model, each ProSe UE is independently traced. The
Simulation time 180 sec condition that UEs simultaneously move as a pair to the same
Mobility model SUMO [2]
UE velocity 3, 15, 30 km/h cell rarely happens. Thus, the D2D pairs experience a higher
D2D HO failure rate and a lower D2D mode ratio in LTE
HO scheme and our Joint HO scheme. In D-A HO scheme,
a UE, having a better signal strength to the target eNB, waits
IV. S IMULATION for the paired UE, until the signal quality of the target eNB
is able to meet the HO threshold for both UEs. However, if
A. Simulation methodology
the signal quality of the source eNB becomes lower than a
We use SUMO [2] to simulate the network layout in an predefined HO threshold, a HO failure will occur and the
urban setting. As is shown in Fig. 5, UEs are randomly D2D link will be severed. In our Half HO scheme, the ProSe
and uniformly placed on roads, which are indicated by red UE, which is specified to hand over to the target eNB via
dotted lines. We randomly select the UEs, which are above the HO command, still continues to use the D2D resources
the minimum association RSRP, to form D2D pairs. Based of the source eNB for D2D communication. As such, the UE
on 3GPP discussion [14], we assume that ProSe UEs which which has already handed over to the target eNB will have a
form D2D pairs must be connected to the same eNB and good signal quality, as opposed to UEs which use the D-A HO
independently traced in SUMO. As such, moving as a pair scheme. Although the time for the D2D pair to both hand over
rarely occurs. The D2D pair conduct mode switch based on to the target eNB and use new D2D resources may take longer
Eq. (3) and (4). If the ProSe UEs stay in a cellular mode, it in our Half HO scheme than that in D-A HO scheme, at least
performs LTE handover. We also set the traffic lights on each the our Half HO scheme guarantees the D2D communication
intersection, as they play an important role on UE mobility free from interruption.
and handover times. The main simulation settings follow the In Fig. 8, the amount of LTE HO, D2D HO and mode
simulation guidelines recommended by 3GPP [6] and are switch of our proposed scheme is lower than that of other
shown in Table II. schemes. This attributes to the fact that our proposed scheme
Three performance metrics under consideration are D2D has a low D2D HO failure rate and a high D2D mode ratio.
HO failure rate, D2D mode ratio, and amount of LTE HO, When the speed of the ProSe UE increases, the D2D HO
D2D HO and mode switch. First, D2D HO failure rate is ratio failure rate increases and D2D mode ratio decreases. That is,
that the number of D2D HO failures compared with the total the time duration for a ProSe UE to stay in D2D mode is
number of D2D HO. D2D HO failure happens when the signal short, so the number of D2D handover trigger decreases. It

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 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN)

LTE A3 HO D−A HO Our proposed Our Joint HO Our Half HO

0.65 1000

No.of LTE HO
LTE A3 HO
D−A HO 500
0.6
Our proposed
Our Joint HO
0.55 Our Half HO 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

No.of D2D HO trigger

400
D2D mode ratio

0.5
300

0.45 200

100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.4

No.of Mode switch

2000

0.35
1000

0.3
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
UE max speed (km/h)
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
UE max speed (km/h)
Fig. 8. The number of LTE HO, D2D HO and mode switches.

Fig. 6. The duration in D2D mode

account the signal quality between UEs in a D2D pair to decide

LTE A3 HO D−A HO Our proposed Our Joint HO Our Half HO
1
the proper timing to handover.
0.9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
0.8
This work was in part supported by Industrial Technology
0.7
Research Institute, and Ministry of Science and Technol-
D2D HO failure rate

0.6 ogy under Grants MOST 103-2221-E-002-086-MY3 and 102-

0.5 2221-E-002-077-MY2.
0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0 [3] S.-L. Chao, H.-Y. Lee, C.-C. Chou, and H.-Y. Wei, “Bio-Inspired
0 5
Fig. 7. D2D handover failure rate
shows that our proposed scheme effectively reduces the extra
signalling associated with mode switch, D2D communication
re-establishment, the number of LTE HO and D2D service
interruption.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper a D2D handover mechanism, which fulfils
the ProSe service continuity requirements for D2D commu-
nication, is proposed. On the basis of our D2D handover
decision method, the proposed scheme uses a hybrid Joint and
Half handover scheme. When the Joint Handover procedure
is triggered, all the ProSe UEs hand over to the target eNB
together. In the Half Handover procedure, the first ProSe-
enabled UE will hand over to the target eNB, while the
second UE still remains connected to the source eNB. The
Half Handover scheme allows the second ProSe-enabled UE
to hand over seamlessly in a short period of time. The
simulation results prove that our scheme not only reduces the
number of LTE HO, D2D HO, and mode switch, but also
successfully minimizes the D2D HO failure rate. Different
from the previous work [5], our proposed scheme takes into
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