COMMUNICATION

-refers to the people or group importing or exchanging messages.

MESSAGES
-a collection of symbols that appear organized to those sending or receiving them.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:
1. Interpersonal Communication- 2-3 persons interacting together
2. Mediated Communication- through the use of devices
3. Organizational Communication- communication in a workplace
4. Public Communication- one person communicating to a large number of people.

8 ELEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE CREATION OF MESSAGE

1. SOURCE- where the message came from
2. ENCODING- how you compose your sentence as you communicate
3. TRANSMITTING- actual act of sending through vocal cords and facial expression
4. CHANNELS- lines that enable the act of sending such as cellphones, telephones, etc..
5. DECODING- process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by receiver.
6. RECEIVER- one who gets the messages.
7. FEEDBACK- response generated by the message that was sent; can be immediate or
delayed.
8. NOISE INTERFERENCE- something that interferes in the transmittal process.

MENTAL HEALTH
5 FACTORS:
1. SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
-one’s personal thoughts and feelings about one’s overall state of being.
-positive and healthy interpretation of a person’s self-concept.
2. PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY
-one’s perception of one’s value and worth, effectiveness and ability in performing a task.
*a person with a healthy self-concept will move toward self-fulfillment.
3. AUTONOMY
-One’s capacity to separate his/her identity.
4. COMPETENCE
-Perception of one’s capacity to effectively perform a activity using skills and knowledge a at
given time.
5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
-about fulfilling one’s perceived potentials, becoming the person that has always aspired for.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
2. SAFETY
3. BELONGING AND LOVE
4. ESTEEM
5. ACTUALIZATION

EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
 As media and information evolve throughout the history, it provided people with a better
and
faster access to information that is easier to adopt and to manipulate.

PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE
-(Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and
tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
EXAMPLES:
CAVE PAINTINGS- (also known as “parietal art”) are numerous paintings and engravings found
on cave walls or ceilings around 38 000 BCE.
CLAY TABLETS- are used as a writing medium especially for writing in cuneiform.
PAPYRUS- is made from pith of papyrus plant; is used in ancient times as writing surface to
designate documents written on its sheets, rolled up to scrolls.
Other examples:
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
• Dibao in China (2nd Century)
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD

INDUSTRIAL AGE
- (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron
production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing
press).
EXAMPLES:
PRINTING PRESS- typically used for texts. It is a device that applies pressure to an inked
surface resting upon a print medium (like paper or cloth).
TELEGRAPH- used for long-distance communication by transmitting electrical signals over a
wire laid between stations.
MOTION PICTURE- (also known as film or movie) is series of still photos on film, projected in
rapid succession onto a screen by means of light.
Other Examples:
• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
• Typewriter (1800)
• Telephone (1876)
• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)
• Punch cards

ELECTORNIC AGE
-(1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People
harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the
early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.
EXAMPLES:
-Transistor Radio -Large Electronic Computers - Mainframe Computers
Other Examples:
• Television (1941)
• Personal computers - i.e., Hewlett Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
• OHP, LCD projectors

NEW AGE OR INFORMATION AGE

-(1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the
social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data
are digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
EXAMPLES:
*Laptop *Facebook (Social Network) * Google Meet (Video Chat)
Other Examples:
• Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)
• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), WordPress (2003)
• Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)
• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013)
• Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)
• Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
• Smart phones
• Wearable technology
• Cloud and Big Data

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION OF MEDIA

1. Monitoring Function- This is to inform the citizens on what is happening around them.
2. Information Function- This is to educate the audience on the meaning and significance of
the facts.
3. Opinion Function- This is to provide a platform for public political discourse. It is to facilitate
public opinion and expression of dissent.
4. Watchdog Role of Journalism- It denounces the wrongdoing of the government and the
private which leads to increasing of accountability and spearheading positive changes.
5. Channel for Advocacy of Political viewpoints

REMEMBER:
✓ As media and information evolve throughout the history, it provided people with a better and
faster access to information that is easier to adopt and to manipulate.
✓ Media as a communication tool is used to inform people on what is happening around them,
and educating people to make significance of facts.
✓ Media is also used as a platform for public political discourse which can form public opinion.
✓ Media also serves as a watchdog of the government and private agencies which leads to
accountability and effecting positive change.

INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. INDIGENOUS MEDIA- could also be defined as variety of media expression conceptualized,
produced, and circulated by indigenous people with information appropriate to their culture.
*Indigenous Knowledge is a unique knowledge from a specific culture or society.
* Indigenous Communication is the transmission of information through local channels or forms
by which the culture is preserved, handed down and adapted.
Characteristics of Indigenous Media:
• oral tradition of communication
• store information in memories
• information exchange is face-to-face
• information is contained within the border of the community.
Forms of Indigenous Media:
• Folk or traditional media
• Gatherings and social organizations
• Direct observation
• Records (written, carved, oral)
• Oral instructions
2. LIBRARY- a place where artistic, literary, musical and reference materials such manuscripts,
books, and films are kept for use and not for sale.
Types of Libraries:
• Academic Library. This is for Colleges and Universities
• Public Library. This is for cities and towns
• School Library. This is for students from kindergarten to Grade 12
• Special Library. This is in specialized environment such as hospitals, private business and the
government.
3. INTERNET- a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

The following evaluation criteria will help you how to assess online resources:
• Currency- It is the timeliness of information.
• Relevance- It is the significance of the information that you need.
• Authority- It is the source of information.
• Accuracy- It is the closeness of the report to the actual data
• Purpose- The reason why it is created.
SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION:
1. Check the Author
2. Check the Date of Publication or of update
3. Check for Citations
4. Check the Domain or owner of the site/page.
.com – commercial, .gov – government, .edu – educational, .org – nonprofit organization, .mil
military

TYPES OF MEDIA
-BROADCAST MEDIA- describes the traditional forms of media that include television and
radio. It is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via radio,
television. Broadcast media commonly come in two forms: radio and television broadcasting.
Radio broadcasting is a one-way sound broadcasting service, transmitted over a radio wave. It
has been regarded more when it comes to music and radio drama which stirs listeners’
imagination.
Television broadcasting is a medium use to transmitting moving images in monochrome or
color. It has the best attribute and advantage of moving image plus the audio, which is more
entertaining. It also can foster emotion and empathy reaching a wider target of audience; thus,
the presentation of content becomes more effective.
- ONLINE MEDIA- is a medium which use internet to send information. Having almost all the
content of print and broadcasting, has changed its game by introducing the power of
communication and interaction, encouraging the audience to participate, which makes the
audience feel they are involve, and that gives the audience satisfaction.
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA
- As media evolve from the regular print to broadcasting, to online media, its content has also
progressed.
- Traditionally, media is known for delivering information. Now, it has become a platform of
introducing products and services and even opinion.
- The media today is more than about information. It is about selling, and convincing you on
something: products, services, and ideologies.

MEDIA CONTENT
Content is the idea that is delivered to the audiences, in a form of images still and moving,
audio, documents and files.
 Over the time, the content of media is headway to more sophisticated creation, from the
basic giving of information, to entertainment and now to influence individual, group of
people, and societies in defining themselves; from the use of Print media, to radio and
TV broadcasting, and now Online media.

Delivery mode of content in different types of media:

Live streaming- allows a creator to share creation and idea in real time.
Webinars- create a room for seminars, trainings, lectures, and discussion using online media. It
can also be use in presenting new products showcasing latest creation.
Podcast is known as “new radio” merged from the word iPod and broadcast. It is an audio
program done in series and delivered in digital audio.
Infographics- is a visual presentation of information and data. Uses print media and online
media.
E-books- are electronic version of printed books. Stories can be read on computer or handheld
device. One of the advantages of E-book is its “interactivity” and “personalization”. It is
interactive in a way that reader can take note, underline bookmark a page and go through
hyperlinks to gain more information. Personalization allows the reader to change the font and
the backlight.
 CODES, CONVENTIONS, AND LANGUAGE OF MEDIA

LANGUAGE- pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that
media and information professionals may select 9 and use in an effort to communicate ideas,
information and knowledge.
MEDIA LANGUAGE- are the codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structure that
indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.
MESSAGES- are the information sent from a source to a receiver.
3 TYPES OF MEDIA CODES:
1. Symbolic codes- are social in nature. Such codes exist beyond the media product
themselves but can be interpreted in similar ways in the everyday life of the viewer.
- Setting is the time and place of the narrative. It can be the setting of the whole story or just a
specific scene. This will create atmosphere or build a frame of mind.
- Mise en scene is a French term meaning ‘everything within a frame’. Costume and props are
included in the analysis in the frame.
- Acting is how an actor portray a character that will lead to character development and tension
making through facial expression, body language and vocal qualities.
- Color is used to connect connotation to specific scenes, characters or object. Red, for
instance, is typically seen as a color of passion, danger, romance, or violence. Green is
connected with nature or sickness, Blue with calm or depression. Purple is seen to be
connected with royalty.

2. Technical codes- According to Arniel Ping technical codes are all the ways in which
equipment is used to tell a story in a media text like camera techniques, framing, lighting, etc.

- Camerawork- refers to how the camera is handled, positioned and moved for specific effects
like a high-angle camera shot to create a feeling of power in a photograph.
CAMERA ANGLES- Eye level, Low Angle, High Angle, Hip level, Knee level, Ground Level,
Shoulder level, Dutch Angle, Overhead, Aerial.
CAMERA SHOTS- Extreme close-up, Close up, medium shot, Full shot, Wide shot, Extreme
wide shot, Cowboy shot, Reaction shot, establishing shot, Over the shoulder shot, Cutaway
shot, POV shot.
- Lighting- According to Robert Young lighting is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to
selectively highlight specific elements of the scene.
- Audio- is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. It includes dialogue, sound effects and
music. According to Chris 14 Constantine (Constantine, 2010) music often defines a scene. An
example is the use of ominous music to communicate danger in films.
3. Written Codes- are the formal written language used in a media product. These include
language style and textual layout like headlines, captions, speech bubbles, etc.
CONVENTIONS- According to Robert Young, conventions are the accepted ways of using
media codes.
3 TYPES OF CONVENTION:
1. Form conventions are the expected ways on how media codes are arranged.
2. Story conventions are common narrative structures and understandings in story telling media
products like cause and effect, character construction and point of view.
3. Genre conventions are the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a
particular type of medium. They can be formal or thematic.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COPYRIGHT, AND FAIR USE GUIDELINES

COPYRIGHT- is a legal device authorizing the creator of a literary piece, artistic work, musicals
or other creative compositions the sole right to publish and sell such work.
- An author may grant or sell those rights to others, including publishers or recording
companies. Violation of such right is called infringement.
PLAGIARISM- is an instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another
author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not
crediting the original.
PHISHING- is a cybercrime in which a target or targets are contacted by email, telephone or
text message by someone posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into providing
sensitive data such as personally identifiable information, banking and credit card details, and
passwords.
-The information is then used to access important accounts and can result in identity theft and
financial loss.
* The FAIR USE of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news, reporting, teaching
including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research and similar purposes is not
an infringement of copyright.
To determine whether use of a work constitutes fair use, the following factors are considered:
1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature
or is for non-profit educational purposes;
2. The nature of the copyrighted work;
3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a
whole; and
4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
- AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND ESTABLISHING
THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND
FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted
citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for
such periods as provided in this Act.

✓ Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online.

✓Computer addiction is the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily
life.
✓ Digital divide is an economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or
knowledge of ICT.