LEXICO-SEMANITC RELATION

Antonymy Proper antonyms and negated Long – short, certain

expressions – uncertain
Complementary expressions Day – night, boy –
girl
Converse expressions Give – take, buy –
sell, lend – borrow,
learn - teach
Hyponymy refers to a hierarchical Co-Hyponyms Dog, poodle, alsatian
/ˈhaɪ.pə.nɪm/ relationship where one
word (hyponym) is a On the same level of specificity
more specific instance Taxonomies “apple” is a
of another word hyponym of the
(hypernym hypernym “fruit”
/ˈhaɪ.pə.nɪm/)
Homonymy the same form (spelling Bank – financial
or pronunciation) but institution
have different meanings Bank – the side of
the river
Homophones Same sound, different Weak, week,
meaning or spelling Sale, sail
Homographs Same spelling, different Stream – river
meaning or sound Stream – start
streaming on twitch
Polysemy when a single word has Top – top of the
multiple related mountain, t-shirt,
meanings best, …
Metonymy a relationship where “crown” referring to
one word is used to monarch
represent another word “pen” referring to
based on a conceptual writing
association “Hollywood”
referring to the
American film
industry
WORD FORMATION
Compounding - Single main stress Endocentric Wine bottle,
- 1st element is pencil sharpener,
inseparable from table-tenis
the head (lipstick) exocentric Pickpocket,
wagtail
Formed by Ping-pong, hotch-
reduplication potch
hyphenated Bed-and-
breakfast, forget-
me-not
Affixation/derivation Prefixes Un-, non-, in-,
hyper-, under-, a-,
Aloud, retell, …
Suffixes -er, -ness, -ism, …
- Substantival Singer, darkness,
- Adjectival socialism,
- Verbal -ful, -ish, -able, …
Beautiful,
childish,
comfortable
-ing, -ed, -ize, -en
Singing, walked,
harmonize,
deepen
infixes
Back formation/back The suffixed word came Baby-sitter -> to
derivation to be used first baby sit
Burglar -> to
burgle
Conversion / zero a word changes its word He can bike to
derivation class or grammatical work, she took a
category without the walk, he is an
addition of any affixes intellectual, a
leather jacket, …
Brown the meat
Blending / portmanteau parts of two or more Brunc (breakfast
words are combined to + lunch), smog
create a new word (smoke + fog),
brexit (Britain +
exit), spork
(spoon + fork),
hangry
WORD FORMATION
Clipping / abbreviation a word is shortened by Back clipping Lab (laboratory),
removing one or more zoo (zoological
syllables garden), vet
(it is economical) (veterinarian)
Fore-clipping Phone
(telephone),
plane (airplane)
Graphic e.g., i.e., …
abbreviations
Graphic-phonic UK, USA, VIP
abbreviations
- Initialism NATO, NASA,
(letters AIDS
pronounced
separately)
- Acronyms
(pronounced
as a single
word)
Semantic formation A lexical unit already Extension of Apple (tree ->
existing in language is meaning brand), mouse
provided with a new (animal -> PC)
meaning Restriction of Girl (Previously
meaning used to refer to a
young person of
any gender, but
its meaning now
specifically refers
to a young
female)
Branching Book (Originally
referred to a
physical printed
work, but with
the rise of e-
books, the
meaning
branched to
include digital
books)

New/original coinage the creation of entirely Selfie, meme,

new words or terms podcast
Stylistic analysis and language of conversation

CONVERSATION

- a “social genre“
- socializing purpose
- building friendly relationships, sharing opinions, feelings and emotions; spontaneous (not
prepared in advance)
- a most frequently used genre

GENERAL STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS

- field
o
- tenor
- mode