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GENERAL STUDIES (P) 2023 – Test 15 (Modern History Paper 2) Date: 19 March 2023
Answers

1. Ans: A
The main reason for selecting him as the chief organizer lies in the conditions of the time. The Indian
leaders decided to cooperate with A. O. Hume because they did not want to arouse the official hostility
at such an early stage of their work. They assumed that the rulers would be less suspicious if its chief
organizer was a retired British Civil servant.

2. Ans: C
Statement 1 is correct because the Board of Control was a means to establish supreme control over the
company's affairs and its administration in India.
Statement 2 is correct because the Council was of three members which was made to avoid deadlock in
the council formed after regulating act of 1773.
Statement 3 is correct and this act was the start of centralization in the Company's administration.
Statement 4 is incorrect because this statement holds true for the Charter Act of 1813.

3. Ans: C
The Congress did not demand independence or other big things in the early stages of the national
movement. Under the moderates, the Indian National Congress submitted its grievances in the form of
petitions before the British Government. Its early demands included:
1. Increased participation of Indians in the legislative assembly
2. Indianisation of civil services
3. Providing more funds for educating Indians
4. Reduction of military expenditure and tax burden
All the demands were very moderate.

4. Ans: C
The Indian Association organized an All-India National Conference and gave a call for another one in
December 1885. Surendranath Banerjea, who was involved in the All-India National Conference, could
not for that reason attend the founding session of the National Congress in 1885.

5. Ans: A
The mismanaged Finances made the company almost insolvent and the company was forced to apply to
the British Government for a loan of One Million Pound Sterling. So statement 1 is correct.
British had already got stronghold over French company after the battle of Wandiwash in 1760. So
statement 2 is incorrect.

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6. Ans: D
From the beginning, the Congress was organized in the form of a Parliament. In fact, the word Congress
was borrowed from North American history to connote an assembly of the people. The proceedings of
the Congress sessions were conducted democratically, issues being decided through debate and
discussion and occasionally through voting. It was, in fact, the Congress, and not the bureaucratic and
authoritarian colonial state, as some writers wrongly argue, which indigenized, popularized and rooted
parliamentary democracy in India. The national leaders struggled for separation of judicial and
executive powers and fought against racial discrimination.

7. Ans: B
Statement 1 is correct, as ILC was merely an advisory body and its decisions were not binding on the
executive.
Statement 2 is correct, as ICL had no control over budget. It had no real powers and it could not discuss
any important measures including budget.
Statement 3 is incorrect, because Indian members in the council were rare and were nominated by the
governor general.

8. Ans: C
Though A. O. Hume played a prominent role in establishing Indian National Congress, he never served
as its president.
Foreigners who served as the presidents of Congress sessions include George Yule (1888), William
Weddenburn (1889, 1910), Alfred Webb (1894), Henry Cotton (1904) and Annie Besant (1917).

9. Ans: A
The powers of the government of Madras and Bombay presidency were drastically deprived by the
charter act of 1833. Governor of Bengal became the governor general of India and all powers
administrative and financial were centralized in his hands as he became the penultimate authority to
approve or dismiss any decision.

10. Ans: A
Following events influenced the formation of All India Muslim League in 1906:
1) The Hindi Urdu controversy: In the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), petitions to the offices
and the courts were submitted only in Urdu, as it was the court language. The Hindus for long
demanded a change in this procedure. Finally on 8 April, 1900, the government gave instructions
that petitions written in Hindi in the Devanagari script would also be accepted. The Muslims
resented this directive and called for protest meetings all over the Province. The Hindus held
counter meetings and the controversy continued for months, as the rift between the
communities widened.

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2) Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi movement: The social separation of the two communities was
further politicized by the Swadeshi leaders freely using Hindu religions symbols and coercing
Muslims peasants to observe boycott. They unwittingly allowed the movement to grow into the
Hindu- Muslim question; instead of having a secular approach to the political issue. Not all the
Muslims were separatists or loyalists at the beginning; but the Swadeshi movement soon put on
then the unmistakable stamp of otherness.
3) Morley's Budget speech, 1906: Morley's speech of 1906 indicated that representative
government was going to be introduced in India. This alarmed Muslim leaders across the board,
as they thought that in the new self-governing bodies they would be swayed by the Hindu
majority who were now well organized under the Congress. This provided the context for the
Shimla deputation of 1 October 1906 to the Governor General Lord Minto.
4) In April 1915, Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Mahasabha was formed as an umbrella organization
of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Hence, statement 4 is wrong.

11. Ans: A
The Defence of India Act 1915 was an emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India
in 1915 with purpose of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the
aftermath of the First World War. The Defence of India act could be applied to any subject of the King.
The passage of the act was supported unanimously by the non-official Indian members in the Viceroy's
legislative council, and was seen as necessary to protect against British India from subversive nationalist
violence. The act was first applied during the First Lahore Conspiracy trial in the aftermath of the failed
Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915, and was instrumental in crushing the Ghadar movement in Punjab and the
Anushilan Samiti in Bengal. However its widespread and indiscriminate use in stifling genuine political
discourse made it deeply unpopular, and became increasingly reviled within India. The extension of the
law in the form of the Rowlatt Act after the end of World War I was opposed unanimously by the non-
official Indian members of the Viceroy's council.

12. Ans: C

● In December 1927, at the annual session of Congress in Madras, a resolution was passed calling
for a boycott of the Simon Commission "at every stage and in every form." Other political factions
joined the suit as well. On the day the Simon Commission arrived in Bombay on February 3,
1928, a complete hartal was observed in Mumbai. People came out in procession wherever the
commission went. But the commission had to carry out its mandate. It paid two visits in 1928
and 1929 before submitting its report in May 1930.
● The Indian leaders, however, were not going to accept it. Lord Birkenhead, the secretary of
state for India, challenged these congressmen to prepare a draft of India's constitution.
The political leaders accepted the challenge, prompting a call for an All Party Conference in

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February and May 1928. The All Parties Conference resulted in the formation of a committee,
chaired by Motilal Nehru, to draft the proposed constitution.
● The committee's secretary was Jawaharlal Nehru, and its members included Ali Imam,
Tej Bahadur Sapru, M.S. Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose,
and G. R. Pradhan.
● The "Nehru Committee Report" was prepared as a draft constitution. This report was presented
to the Lucknow conference of all parties on August 28, 1928. However, Jinnah voted against the
report.

Recommendations of Nehru Report

● India should be given Dominion Status with the Parliamentary form of Government with bi-
cameral legislature that consists of senate and House of Representatives

● It recommended Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces—

○ The senate were to comprise of two hundred members elected for seven years, while the
House of Representatives should consist of five hundred members elected for five years.
Governor-General will act on the advice of executive council. It was to be collectively
responsible to the parliament

○ Provincial councils to have a 5-year tenure, headed by a governor acting on the advice
of the provincial executive council

● There should be Federal form of Government in India with Residuary powers to be vested in
Centre.

● There were to be no separate electorate for minorities because it awakens communal

sentiments therefore it should be scrapped and joint electorate should be introduced

● It recommended Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to form
unions, and universal adult suffrage

● Full protection to cultural and religious interests of Muslims.

● Complete dissociation of State from religion

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13. Ans: C
The disagreement between Moderates and Extremists during the first decade of 1900, particularly
during 1906 was mainly because the extremists were very encouraged by the impact of Swadeshi
movement. They wanted the tools of boycott to be spread to every walk of life and across the country
- outside of Bengal. However, the moderates wanted the tools of Boycott and Swadeshi to be restricted
to Bengal only and only as a protest against the Partition of Bengal for that time. They did not agree to
use "boycott" as a method of protest against British as a whole.
As far as revolutionary terrorism is concerned, some extremists were sympathetic to the cause of violent
nationalism and nationalist terrorism. However, there was no disagreement within the Congress and
among the Extremists and moderates that violent nationalism and nationalist terrorism should be the
primary means of protest against the British.

14. Ans: C
1. Welby commission was appointed to inquire income and expenditure of British Government in India.
This was done when moderates exposed the drain of wealth through their books and findings. Their
accusations as it reached the masses forced Britishers to set up the commission.
2. Moderates had always demanded to give Indians a place in higher civil services. Aitchison
commission was set up to review the situation of civil services in India. The outcome of the
commission was establishment of two tier civil services in India i.e. Union & Provincial.

15. Ans: B
During Swadeshi Movement the action of the authorities led to a movement among the students to
boycott the Calcutta University which they described as Golamkhana (House of manufacturing slaves).
At a conference attended by a large number of very eminent men of Bengal in different walks of life held
on 10 November 1905, it was decided to establish at once a National Council of Education in order to
organize a system of education-literary, scientific and technical- on national lines and under national
control. The number of national schools also grew apace with time. Primary education in vernacular
language was encouraged and for technical education Bengal technical institute was established.
The positive element of economic swadeshi was the regeneration of indigenous goods. The boycott of
foreign goods led to the increase in demand of indigenous goods especially clothes which fell short of
supply. The Boycott movement in Bengal supplied a momentum and driving force to the cotton mills
in India. The economic boycott movement seemed to be a suitable opportunity for reviving the
handloom industry. The clothes produced were very coarse but were accepted by the Bengalis in the
true spirit of the Swadeshi Movement.

16. Ans: A

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The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar on behalf of depressed
classes and upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in
the legislature of British India government in 1930.

17. Ans: C
The Government of India Act 1919 had introduced the system of dyarchy to govern the provinces of
British India. This act had a provision that a commission would be appointed after 10 years to investigate
the progress of the governance scheme and suggest new steps for reform. The Government in England
was a conservative Government which was not in very much favor of giving any control to Indians. In
March 1927, his majesty’s Government announced its decision to appoint the “Statutory Commission”
in advance of the prescribed date.
The personnel of the Commission and its terms of reference were announced in November 1927. It had
7 members which were lifted from the three political parties of the British Parliament under the
chairmanship of Sir John Simon. None of the Indians was appointed in the commission and the promise
of appeasing the Indian opinion seemed to be a bubble. When no Indian was included in the commission,
it was like depriving of their right to participate in the determination of the constitution of their own
country.
The Commission paid two visits to India (February-March, 1928, October 1928—April 1929). Each time
it faced boycott. It made extensive tours and prepared a report which was published in May, 1930.
The outcome of the Simon Commission was the Government of India Act 1935, which established
representative government at the provincial level in India and is the basis of many parts of the Indian
Constitution.

18. Ans: C

19. Ans: A
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift
them. His first organized attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini
Sabha, intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of
"outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election
to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats
respectively.
Ambedkar opposed Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a special status to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir, and which was included against his wishes.

20. Ans: A

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Landholders Society was founded by Dwarka Nath Tagore. Devendra Nath Tagore was the founder of
Tattvabodhini Sabha which was later merged with Brahmo Sabha to revive Brahmo Samaj, ten years
after the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

21. Ans: A
At the Lucknow session of the Congress in December, 1916, the extremists were welcomed back into the
Congress by the Moderate president, Ambika Charan Majumdar nearly ten years after the Surat split.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
The Lucknow Congress was significant also for the famous Congress League Pact, popularly known as the
Lucknow Pact by which Muslim League and Congress agreed to separate electorate. Hence, statement
2 is correct.
The Home rule league was not discontinued by the Lucknow Session of Congress. The league Merged
into Indian National Congress in 1920, to form a united political front. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.

22. Ans: A
Indian Natal Organization was formed in 1893 by Mahatma Gandhi to infuse a strong sense of solidarity
into the Indian community of Natal against the proposed bill of the Natal government to disenfranchise
Indians.
Indian opinion was a weekly newspaper started in 1903, which became a mouth-piece of Gandhi's
struggle in South Africa.
The Passive Resistance organization was set up in 1907 to protest against the Asiatic Bill passed by the
Transvaal legislature. It urged people to boycott permit offices.
The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the objective of stimulating the sense
of nationalism amongst the people and of encouraging political education. It was not associated with
Mahatma Gandhi's struggle in South Africa.
Indian Mirror was an English paper founded by Devendranath Tagore, at Calcutta in 1862.

23. Ans: D
On 20th August, 1917 Lord Montague, the Secretary of State for India, made the following declaration
in British Parliament: “The Policy of His Majesty’s government... is that of increasing association of
Indians in every branch of administration, and the gradual development of self- governing institutions,
with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the
British empire.
Importance of Montagu's Statement- From now onwards, the demand by nationalists for self-
government or Home Rule could not be termed as seditious since attainment of self- government for
Indians now became a government policy, unlike Morley's statement in 1909 that the reforms were not
intended to give self-government to India.

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24. Ans: A
Tilak promoted the Home Rule campaign with a tour of Maharashtra and popularized the demand for
home rule.
He also linked up the question of swaraj with the demand for the formation of linguistic states and
education in the vernacular.
There was no trace of religious appeal; the demand for Home Rule was made on a wholly secular basis.
Celebration of religious festivals like Ganpati and Shivaji was used by Tilak for mass mobilization during
the Swadeshi Movement.

25. Ans: D
The idea of the INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British Indian
Army, when he decided not to join the retreating British army and instead went to the Japanese for help.
The Japanese had till then only encouraged civilian Indians to form anti-British organizations, but had no
conception of forming a military wing consisting of Indians. Indian prisoners of war were handed over by
the Japanese to Mohan Singh who then tried to recruit them into an Indian National Army.
The INA was also seen by many as a means of checking the misconduct of the Japanese against Indians
in South-East Asia and a bulwark against a future Japanese occupation of India. The outbreak of the Quit
India Movement gave a fillip to the INA as well.

26. Ans: A
During the Swadeshi Movement the Capitalists remained opposed to the boycott agitation. Even during
the Non Cooperation Movement, some of the Capitalists openly declared themselves enemies of the
Non Cooperation Movement. However, during the 1930s Civil Disobedience Movement, the Capitalists
largely supported the Movement. Hence the 1st Statement is correct. FICCI did not participate in the
first round table conference because in their opinion unless the Round Table Conference was attended
by Mahatma Gandhi, there was no real meaning to it. Hence, the 2nd Statement is incorrect. The
capitalists did not support the government in introduction of public safety bill since it intended to contain
communists. Hence the 3rd Statement is incorrect.

27. Ans: A
The term 'Himalayan Blunder' was used in the context of the Rowlatt Act. By mid-April the Rowlatt
Satyagraha had started losing momentum, forcing Gandhi to withdraw it. As a political campaign,
therefore, it was a manifest failure, since it failed to secure its only aim, i.e., the repeal of the Rowlatt
Act.
It also lapsed into violence, although it was meant to be non-violent. Gandhi admitted to have committed
a Himalayan blunder by offering the weapon of Satyagraha to a people insufficiently trained in the
discipline of non-violence. But the movement was significant nevertheless, as it was the first nationwide
popular agitation.

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28. Ans: B
In Tamil Nadu Salt March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam was led by Rajagopalachari. The other two
statements are correct.

29. Ans: C
Gandhi’s resolution on non-cooperation movement faced stiff opposition from the old guards, like C.R.
Das and Bepin Chandra Pal. This was because there was an apprehension hat it might lead to violence
which would delay the implementation of the new constitutional reform. This was at the special session
of the Congress convened at Calcutta in September 1920.
After this, Gandhi’s resolution was opposed by C.R. Das at the Nagpur Session in 1920. Here, he
proposed a more radical programme than Gandhi. Ultimately a compromise was reached and Das turned
over to Gandhi’s side. After the withdrawal of NCM, the Congress was not in a position to launch another
round of mass movement. It became divided among the “no-changers” and “pro- changers”, the former
wanting to stick to Gandhian ways, while the latter preferring to revert to constitutional politics.
Gradually, the constitutionalists became more powerful and under the leadership of C.R. Das and
Motilal Nehru launched the Swaraj party within the Congress. Their ambition was to participate in
council politics and wreck the constitution from within.

30. Ans: A
1938 (Haripura Session) - National Planning Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal
Nehru.
1955(Avadi Session) - Through the Avadi Resolution, a socialistic pattern of development was adopted
as the goal of the party.
1939 (Tripuri Session) - In the presidential elections of Congress, Netaji defeated Sitaramayya

31. Ans: C
The Gadar Party was founded in the United States and Canada.
Indian independence league was found in different Southeast Asian Nations.
Indian Association was founded in Calcutta by Anand Mohan Bose and S N Banerjee
East India Association was founded in London by Dadabhai Naoroji.

32. Ans: A

33. Ans: B
Lord Linlithgow was the Viceroy during the Cripps Mission. The Communal Award was given during Lord
Irwin's tenure.

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34. Ans: D

35. Ans: A
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organized by the British
Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per the recommendation
by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for swaraj, or self-rule, in India
had been growing increasingly strong.

36. Ans: B
In 1920, Amendments were made in the Constitution of INC during Nagpur session.
1. A 15 member central working committee (CWC) was set up.
2. Provincial working committees (PWC) were set up on linguistic basis.
3. Membership of INC was opened for all men and women above 21 years of age. Membership fee was
fixed to 4 annas (25 paise) per annum.

37. Ans: D
Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), was a left-wing group within the Congress. It was formed with Acharya
Narendra Deva as President and Jay Prakash Narayan as General Secretary in 1934. It didn't support the
Government of India Act, 1935 and it supported the Quit India Movement.

38. Ans: B
Indian Council Act, 1861:
1. Introduction of the Portfolio system (based on Lord Canning’s rules of business), by which each
member of the Viceroy's Executive council was put in charge of a department.
2. Establishment of Legislative Councils in various provinces like Madras, Bombay and Bengal.
3. Enlargement of the Legislative wing of the Viceroy's council.

39. Ans: D
The Constitution of India should be federal in character and the Indian states should be welcome to join
it.

40. Ans: C
March from Tiruchirapalli to Vedamniyam led by C. Rajagopalachari in Tamil Nadu.

41. Ans: D
In the Lahore session of congress 1929 complete independence was declared as the goal of congress and
CWC were authorized to launch a civil disobedience movement to achieve this. Also the decision to
boycott the first RTC was taken. So all options are correct.

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42. Ans: D
A new line of political activity, which would keep up the spirit of resistance to colonial rule, was now
advocated by C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru. They suggested that the nationalists should end the boycott
of the legislative councils, enter them, expose them as ‘sham parliaments’ and as ‘a mask which the
bureaucracy has put on,’ and obstruct ‘every work of the council.’ C.R. Das as the President of the
Congress and Motilal as its Secretary put forward this programme of ‘either mending or ending’ the
councils at the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922.
Another section of the Congress, headed by Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari,
opposed the new proposal which was consequently defeated by 1748 to 890 votes. Das and Motilal
resigned from their respective offices in the Congress and on 1 January 1923 announced the formation
of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known later as the Swaraj Party. Das was the President and
Motilal one of the Secretaries of the new party.
The adherents of the council entry programme came to be popularly known as ‘pro-changers’ and those
still advocating boycott of the councils as ‘no—changers.’ On 6 November 1924, Gandhiji brought the
strife between the Swarajists and no-changers to an end, by signing a joint statement with Das and
Motilal that the Swarajist Party would carry on work in the legislatures on behalf of the Congress and as
an integral part of the Congress. This decision was endorsed in
December at the Belgaum session of the Congress over which Gandhiji presided. He also gave the
Swarajists a majority of seats on his Working Committee.
In the Central Legislative Assembly, the Swarajists succeeded in building a common political front with
the Independents led by M.A. Jinnah, the Liberals, and individuals such as Madan Mohan Malaviya. They
built similar coalitions in most of the provinces. And they set out to inflict defeat after defeat on the
Government.

43. Ans: A
Morley Minto Reforms/India Council Act of 1909 had the following provisions:
● Increased the number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial
legislative councils.
● An Indian was to be appointed a member of the Governor-General's Executive Council
● The Act permitted members to introduce resolutions; increased power to ask questions; voting on
separate budget items was allowed
● It introduced the system of separate electorate for Muslims.
● In the provincial councils, a non-official majority was introduced but since some of these non-officials
were nominated and not elected the overall non-elected majority remained.

44. Ans: D

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The Congress in her Faizpur session had resolved to adopt an agrarian program. Major features are- 50%
rent reduction in rent and revenue, exemption of uneconomic holdings from rent and land tax, taxation
on agricultural income, abolition of feudal levies and forced labour, cooperative farming, wiping out
arrears of rent, modification of ejectment laws and recognition of peasant unions etc. It was silent on
the issue of abolition of Zamindari and Taluqdari systems and was criticized by kisan leaders for the
same.

45. Ans: C
The goal of Congress is defined as Purna Swaraj for the first time in Lahore session 1929. So option 1 is
incorrect.
In Karachi session two very important resolutions were passed:
1. Resolution on fundamental rights which included primary education as a fundamental right. So
option 2 is correct.
2. Resolution on the National economic programme was passed which included the right to form unions
(by peasants and workers). So option 3 is correct.
The Karachi session remained the basic political and economic programme for congress for future.

46. Ans: D

47. Ans: D
The aims of launching Individual Satyagraha were-
(i) To express people's feeling that they were not interested in the war and they had made no distinction
between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India
ii) To show the nationalist patience was not due to weakness
iii) To give another opportunity to the Government to Congress' demands peacefully.
Gandhi decided to initiate a limited Satyagraha on an individual basis by a few selected individuals in
every locality. The demand of the Satyagrahi would be the freedom of speech against the war through
an anti-war declaration. (2nd World War). Hence option (c) is incorrect.

48. Ans: C
The Congress Socialist Party was launched in 1934, to work within the Congress, to strengthen it, to mold
and shape its policies. Their ideological inspiration came from Marxism and Democratic Socialism and
they stood for anti-Imperialism, nationalism and Socialism, whereas, it was Revolutionary Terrorists who
were inspired by the methods of Russian nihilists and Irish nationalists. Hence only the 3rd statement is
incorrect. They stood for complete independence and Socialism and they advocated Swaraj not for the
classes but for the masses.

49. Ans: D

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The Fauj had brigades named after Gandhi, Nehru, Azad and Subhash, and Rani Jhansi. Netaji was not
interested in having a brigade named after him, but had to relent to the growing pressure of the jawans.

50. Ans: B
Justice Part was formally launched on November 20, 1916, in Chennai. Its three founders were Dr. T.M.
Nair, P. Theagaraya Chettiar and Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar. The Justice Party formed the government in
Madras Province in 1920. Madras was a site of Brahman-Non-Brahmin conflict. It launched an active
campaign against the ‘Brahman’ Congress and its non-cooperation movement and rallied in support of
the Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms. Also, Justice Party declared their opposition to Civil Disobedience
movement like Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League. It introduced women suffrage and abolished the
Devadasi system. It initiated several other egalitarian moves like issuing a government order for the
public utility of water from ponds and wells. Till then certain sections, like Adi Dravidars, were denied
access to public water sources. The Justice Party government formed an admission council to regulate
admission to colleges, putting an end to seats being cornered only by upper caste candidates. In the field
of medical education, the government also took full control of the Medical Department, which until then
was under the control of the British; it did this by appointing Indians.

51. Ans: B

52. Ans: D
The Chamber of Princes (Narendra Mandal) was an institution established in 1920 by a royal
proclamation of King-Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the rulers of the princely states of
India could voice their needs and aspirations to the colonial government of British India. It survived until
the end of the British Raj in 1947.

53. Ans: B
Tilak started his Home Rule League in December, 1915 whereas Besant started her Home Rule League in
September 1916. So statement 1 is incorrect.

54. Ans: B
Statement 1 is incorrect. The Indian League was founded in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghose with the aim of
stimulating a sense of nationalism among the people and to encourage political education of the public.
Statement 2 is correct. The Indian Association of Calcutta superseded the Indian League and was
founded in 1876 by Surendra Nath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose. It became the most prominent
pre-congress political association that aimed to create a strong public opinion on political questions. It
also aimed to unify Indian people on a common political programme.

55. Ans: A

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Statement 1 is correct. The Government of India Act, 1858 abolished the system of Dual government
introduced by Pitt’s India Act. The Government of India Act 1858 provided that India was to be governed
directly and in the name of the crown. This act abolished the company rule, abolished the Court of
directors and abolished the Board of control.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The right of appointment to important offices in India was vested either in the
Crown or Secretary of State of India-in-council. The act propounded that Crown will rule India directly
through the Secretary of State for India who was to have wore that erstwhile belonged to the Board of
Control and Court of Directors. Secretary Of State of India was a cabinet minister in the British
Government while his agent in India was the Governor General /Viceroy. The Governor-General of India
was responsible for administration of the country and he was accountable to the Secretary of State for
India, who was the political head of the country.

56. Ans: A
Partition of Bengal led to varied responses from the extremists who put forward several fresh ideas at
theoretical, propaganda and program levels as a response and protest mechanism which included
emphasis on ‘atma shakti’ or self-reliance, boycott of foreign goods, public meetings and processions,
organization of corps of volunteers or samitis, imaginative use of traditional popular festivals and melas
and propagation of programme of swadeshi or national education. The emphasis on atma Shakti implied
re-assertion of national dignity, honour and confidence. Practically it included social reforms and
campaigns against caste oppression, child marriage, dowry system, consumption of alcohol etc.

57. Ans: C
Statement 1 is correct. Kanaklata Barua was a freedom fighter from Assam. She was mercilessly shot
dead while leading a procession carrying the Indian national flag, during the famous Quit India
Movement, 1942.
Statement 2 is correct. Rani Gaidinliu was a Naga spiritual leader. At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka
religious movement. The movement later turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the
British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas. Within the Heraka cult, she came to be considered
an incarnation of a goddess.
The reformist religious movement steadfastly turned out to be a political movement against the British
Raj. She urged the people not to pay taxes and not to work for the British which were the practices of
the freedom struggle at that time. She even went underground and led many attacks on the British
administration. She was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Political Agent's Court for abetment of
murder. Most of her associates were either executed or jailed.

58. Ans: B

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The British wanted to include the princely states in the Indian Union proposed in the Government of
India Act of 1935 because they wanted to use the princes to counterbalance the anti-imperialism
doctrines of the nationalist leaders.
The act ended the system of dyarchy introduced by GOI Act 1919 and provided for establishment of a
Federation of India to be made up of provinces of British India and some or all of the Princely states.
However, the federation never came into being as the required number of princely states did not join it.

59. Ans: A
Annie Besant (1847–1933), second President of The Theosophical Society from 1907 to 1933, was
described as a ‘Diamond Soul’, for she had many brilliant facets to her character.
In the 1870s, Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh edited the weekly National Reformer, which
advocated advanced ideas for the time on topics such as trade unions, national education, women’s'
right to vote, and birth control. For their pamphlet on birth control the pair were brought to trial for
obscenity, but were subsequently acquitted.
Besant supported a number of workers' demonstrations for better working conditions. She became
interested in Theosophy, a religious movement founded in 1875 and based on Hindu ideas of karma and
reincarnation. As a member and later leader of the Theosophical Society, Besant helped to spread
Theosophical beliefs around the world, notably in India. Besant first visited India in 1893 and later settled
there, becoming involved in the Indian nationalist movement.

60. Ans: B
Martin Luther of India is an abbreviated name for Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
Rest all given pairs are correct.

61. Ans: D
The Congress in the Tripuri Session had passed a resolution declaring its new policy towards the princely
states. It announced to remove the restraints which the Congress had imposed upon itself in the past
while raising the voice of people of the Princely States. The election of Jawahar Lal Nehru as the President
of Ludhiana Session 1939 also gave a big boost to their cause.

62. Ans: D
Settled in Calcutta, he began participating in the freedom struggle by associating himself with the
revolutionaries during the swadeshi uprising. Through Al Hilal and Al Balagh, weeklies which he began in
1912 and 1915 respectively, he started spreading nationalistic thoughts. He came in contact with Gandhi
and began lending support to the non-cooperation agitation.
In India Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali along with some other
Muslim leaders such as Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. Raees-ul- Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad

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Junejo, Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan joined hands a created an
All India Khilafat Committee, at Lucknow.
He presided over the Congress' special session at Delhi in 1923 and became the youngest President. He
was again elected President of the Congress at its Ramgarh session in 1940. He remained President as
no session was held in the five following years.
Abdul Kalam Azad headed the Jamiat ul Ulema as President in 1924, and the Nationalist Muslim
Conference five years later in the same capacity. Confined to the Ahmednagar fort after his arrest along
with other leaders in 1942, Maulana Azad participated in the Shimla Conference after his release. He
also negotiated with the British Cabinet Mission in 1946 for India's independence. He was made a
member of the Constituent Assembly and became Minister of Education and Arts in the interim
government.

63. Ans: D
The political programme of the extremist required mass mobilization and religion was looked at by
leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh as a means to reach the masses. Religious revivalism therefore was a main
feature of this new politics. Bhagavadgita became a source of spiritual inspiration for the swadeshi
volunteers and Hindu religious symbols were frequently used to mobilize the masses.
The other method of mass mobilization was to organize samitis. They were engaged in various forms of
mobilizing efforts, such as moral and physical training, philanthropic work, propagation of swadeshi
message, organization of the swadeshi craft, education etc. Labour strikes were organized, primarily in
foreign owned countries for mass mobilization.
Extremist leaders also used social coercion or social boycott-exerted through caste associations,
professional and nationalist organizations-to punish collaborators or to produce consent among the
reluctant participants.

64. Ans: B
Individual Satyagraha was the direct result of August Offer. The August offer was brought during a critical
period of war by British in 1940. Both Congress and Muslim League rejected August Offer. Congress
wished to launch the civil disobedience Movement, but Gandhi saw the atmosphere against such a
movement, he didn't want to hamper the War efforts. He called for individual Satyagraha.
The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya Vinoba Bhave, who was sent to Jail when he spoke against the
war. Second Satyagrahi was Jawahar Lal Nehru. Third was Brahma Datt, one of the inmates of Gandhi's
Ashram. Sarojini Naidu was also a part of individual Satyagraha.

65. Ans: B
Among the principle sources from which the Government of India Act, 1935 drew its material were:
1. Indian Statutory Commission Report (popularly known as Simon Commission report),
2. The report of the All Parties Conference (the Nehru Report),

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3. White paper issued after the discussions at the three round table conferences in 1933, which gave
details of the working basis of the new constitution of India i.e. dyarchy at the Centre and responsible
government.
4. The Joint select committee report and
5. The Lothian report, which determined the electoral provisions of the act.

66. Ans: B
Shah Nawaz commanded the INA battalion that accompanied the Japanese Army in the Imphal
Campaign.
Rashbehari Bose assisted Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore.
Prem Kumar Sehgal was one of the INA prisoners of war.
Bhulabhai Desai was among the team who organized the defense of INA prisoners, but not associated
with INA.

67. Ans: D
Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928: In 1928, authorities raised the land revenue in Bardoli. The region was
already reeling under the grunt of famine and floods. This unjustified levy of tax was opposed by the
Congress leaders who set up the Bardoli Inquiry Committee to initiate this movement. Vallabh Bhai Patel
was one of the most strong and prominent leaders from Gujarat. As such, he was given the command of
this movement. He was respected by the farmers and the entire Gujarati community.
Kheda Peasant Struggle (1918): The Kheda peasant struggle is also known as no-tax peasant struggle. It
was a Satyagraha launched in March 1919 under the leadership of Gandhiji, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
Indulal Yajnik, N.M. Joshi, Shankerlal Pareekh and several others.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel participated in the Nagpur flag Satyagraha from May to August in 1923 in
protest against the stopping of a procession which carried the national flag.

68. Ans: C
Mahad Satyagraha was led by B R Ambedkar on 20 March 1927 to allow untouchables to use water from
a public water tank in Mahad, Maharashtra Vedaranyam March/ Satyagraha was organized to protest
the tax imposed by the British on making salt. It was the second such march after Dandi March, both
under the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. It was led by 100 volunteers of the Congress led by C
Rajagopalachari, from Trichinapoly to Vedaranyam.
The Bardoli Satyagraha was a major no tax civil disobedience movement that occurred in 1928 in Gujarat.
It was led by Sardar Patel, against increased revenue demands.

69. Ans: A
Stung by Gandhiji‟s rebuke in 1922 that they had done nothing for the upliftment of the low-caste
untouchable and tribal inhabitants - who were known by the name of Kaliparaj (dark people) to

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distinguish them from the high caste or Ujaliparaj (fair people) and who formed sixty per cent of the
population of the taluq - Bardoli congressmen, who belonged to high castes started work among the
Kaliparaj through a network of six ashrams that were spread out over the taluq.
Annual Kallparaj conferences were held in 1922 and, in 1927, Gandhiji, who presided over the annual
conference, initiated an enquiry into the conditions of the Kaliparaj, who he also now renamed as
Raniparaj or the inhabitants of the forest in preference to the derogatory term Kaliparaj or dark people.

70. Ans: A
Lucknow Pact, (December 1916) was made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader
Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; it was adopted by
the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting
at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both
with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim
communities.
The Congress agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in provincial council elections. This pact paved
the way for Hindu-Muslim cooperation in the Khilafat movement and Mohandas Gandhi’s Non-
cooperation movement from 1920. Both Tilak and Annie Besant had played a leading role in bringing
about this agreement between the congress and the League. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

71. Ans: A
More than 3 million people had lost lives in the Famine of Bengal, which was largely man made as the
Government stopped the supplies from Burma due to the fear of the Japanese invasion. Burma was the
largest exporter of rice and the scarcity of the supplies coupled with the low rains and droughts in several
parts of India from as early as 1942, when 10 princely states of Rajputana had declared themselves
famine affected as per the famine code and wanted to get relief.

72. Ans: D
1. Harshell committee (1893) was introduced to give suggestion regarding currency under the viceroy
Lord Lansdown (1888-1894).
2. Linlithgow commission (1928) was introduced to study the problem of agriculture under the viceroy
Lord Irwin (1926-1931).
3. Whitely commission (1935) was introduced to study the condition of labour in Industries and gardens
under the viceroy Lord Irwin (1926-1931).

73. Ans: B
Statement 1 is incorrect. Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as the President of the Congress at Haripur
(1938) session and Tripuri session by defeating Gandhi’s favorite candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya (1939).
He could not make any compromise with Gandhi and thus resigned his President-ship.

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 IQRA IAS
Statement 2 is correct. After resigning from the Congress, he organized the famous Forward Block. The
All India Forward Bloc, the party founded by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, is a revolutionary party which
accepts Scientific Socialism as its objective. He organized All India Agragami Kisan Sabha for Peasants of
India.

74. Ans: A
In December 1927, a large number of Muslim leaders had met at Delhi at the Muslim League session and
evolved four proposals for Muslim demands to be incorporated in the draft constitution. These
proposals, which were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress (December 1927), came to be
known as the 'Delhi Proposals'.

75. Ans: D
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani (November 1888 –March 1982), popularly known as Acharya Kripalani,
noted particularly for holding the presidency of the Indian National Congress during the transfer of
power in 1947.
Kripalani was a Gandhian socialist, environmentalist, mystic and independence activist. He grew close to
Gandhi and at one point, he was one of Gandhi's most ardent disciples. Kripalani was a familiar figure to
generations of dissenters, from the Non-Cooperation Movements of the 1920s to the Emergency of the
1970s.

76. Ans: A
Statement 1 is incorrect. The ‘portfolio’ system was introduced by Lord Canning in 1859. The Indian
Council Act of 1861 just gave recognition to this portfolio system in 1861. Under this, a member of
Viceroy’s Council was made in-charge of one or more departments of the government and authorized
to issue final orders on behalf of the council on matters of his department(s).
Statement 2 is correct. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances,
without the concurrences of the legislative council, during an emergency. The life of such an ordinance
was six months.
Statement 3 is correct. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 initiated the process of decentralization by
restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.

77. Ans: D
The British guaranteed the Princes against any threat to their autocratic power, internal or external.
Most of the princely States were run as unmitigated autocracies, with absolute power concentrated in
the hands of the ruler or his favorites.
The burden of the land tax was usually heavier than in British India and there was usually much less of
the rule of law and civil liberties.

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 IQRA IAS
The rulers had unrestrained power over the state revenues for personal use, and this often led to
ostentatious living and waste. Some of the more enlightened rulers and their ministers did make
attempts, from time to time, to introduce reforms in the administration, the system of taxation and even
granted powers to the people to participate in government. But the vast majority of the States were
bastions of economic, social, political and educational backwardness, for reasons not totally of their own
making.

78. Ans: C
In 1903, in South Africa, Gandhi started a weekly newspaper, Indian Opinion.
In 1919, Gandhi started two weeklies in India, Young India and Navjivan.
In 1933, Gandhiji added a third weekly, Harijan (which means ‘the children of God’)
In early 1915, Annie Besant launched a campaign through her two papers, New India and Commonweal,
and organized public meetings and conferences to demand that India be granted self-government on
the lines of the White colonies after the War.

79. Ans: B
Statement 1 is not correct: The Vaikom Satyagraha was launched in Kerala in 1924 and was led by K.P.
Kesava. The Vaikom Satyagraha created enthusiasm all over the country and volunteers began to arrive
from different parts of India. An Akali jatha arrived from Punjab. E.V. Ramaswami Naicker (popularly
known as Periyar later) led a jatha from Madurai and underwent imprisonment.
Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu was the great Social Reformer from the state of Andhra Pradesh. He
was not related to Vaikom Satyagraha. Veeresalingam took part in the controversy by championing
women‘s education.To propagate his views effectively Veeresalingam started his journal Vivekavardhini
in 1874 at Rajahmundry.
Statement 2 is correct: It demanded the throwing open of Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables.
Many savarna organizations such as the Nair Service Society, Nair Samajam and Kerala Hindu Sabha
supported the Satyagraha. Yogakshema Sabha, the leading organization of the Nambudiri (highest
Brahmins by caste), passed a resolution favoring the opening of temples to avarnas (lower castes).

80. Ans: B
It was influenced by the Non Cooperation Movement not Civil Disobedience Movement. Hence,
statement 1 is not correct.
The Akali movement was a campaign to bring reform in the Gurudwaras in India during the early 1920s.
Hence, statement 2 is correct.
It was based on Ahimsa and Satyagraha philosophy. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. It led to the
introduction of the Sikh Gurdwara Bill in 1925 and achieved its objective.

81. Ans: B

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 IQRA IAS
The Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept away from the conference. Many
of them were in jail for their participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement. In 1930, the FICCI (in
sharp contrast to the Liberals) advised its members to boycott the Round Table Conference (RTC) stating
that no conference, convened for the purpose of discussing the problem of Indian constitutional advance
can come to a solution, unless such a conference is attended by Mahatma Gandhi, as a free man, or has
at least his approval. This was partially because the capitalists did not want India to present a divided
front at the RTC and because they knew only the Congress could actually deliver the goods. As Ambalal
Sarabhai put it in November 1929, 'Minus the support of the Congress, the government will not listen to
you.' Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Indian Liberal Party among others attended the conference.

82. Ans: D
Swadeshi Movement 1905, declined due to several reasons.
First, the government, seeing the revolutionary potential of the movement, came down with a heavy
hand. Repression took the form of controls and bans on public meetings, processions and the press.
Student participants were expelled from Government schools and colleges, debarred from Government
service, fined and at times beaten up by the police.
Second, the internal squabbles, and especially, the split, in 1907 in the Congress, the apex all-India
organization, weakened the movement.
Third, the Swadeshi Movement lacked an effective organization and party structure. The movement had
thrown up programmatically the entire gamut of Gandhian techniques. It was, however, unable to give
these techniques a centralized, disciplined focus.
Lastly, the British policy of consciously attempting to use communalism to turn the Muslims against the
Swadeshi Movement was to a large extent responsible for, breaking out of communal riots in Bengal at
the height of the Swadeshi Movement.

83. Ans: A
Some of the important outcomes of the pact are-
● The pact involved immediate release of all political prisoners except those who were convicted
on charge of violence. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
● The demand of Public inquiry into police excess was proposed by Congress but rejected by Lord
Irwin. Hence, statement 3 is not correct

84. Ans: D
Under Morley-Minto reforms, the number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and
Provincial legislative Council was increased. In the Provincial Councils, a non-official majority was
introduced but since some of these non-official were nominated and not selected, the overall non-
elected majority remained. Hence, option (d) is correct.

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85. Ans: C
Dharasana Satyagraha was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India in May, 1930. After the
conclusion of the Salt March to Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi chose a non-violent raid of the Dharasana Salt
Works in Gujarat as the next protest against the rule of the British Raj. But before it, he was arrested by
Police. In the absence of Gandhi Ji, this unfinished task was completed by Sarojini Naidu, Imam Saheb
and Manilal. Hundreds of satyagrahis were beaten by Indian soldiers under British command at
Dharasana. The ensuing publicity attracted world attention to the Indian independence movement, and
brought into question the legitimacy of British rule in India. Jawaharlal Nehru was not part of Dharasana
Satyagraha.

86. Ans: D
There was the emergence of what came to be known as the Vande Mataram Movement in the late
1930s. Students of colleges in Hyderabad city organized a protest strike against the authorities‟ refusal
to let them sing Vande Mataram in their hostel prayer rooms. This strike rapidly spread to other parts
of the State and many of the students who were expelled from the Hyderabad colleges left the State and
continued their studies in Nagpur University in the Congress-ruled Central Provinces where they were
given shelter by a hospitable Vice-Chancellor. This movement was extremely significant because it
created a young and militant cadre that provided the activists as well as the leadership of the movement
in later years.

87. Ans: D
Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded by M. Viraraghavachari, G Subramanian Iyer and Ananda Charlu
in 1884 to promote the rights of Indians. It was earlier known as Madras Native Association which was
established by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in 1849.

88. Ans: B
In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of
the country. The President was to belong to a region other than where the Congress session was being
held. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. To reach out to the followers of all religions and to remove the
fears of the minorities a rule was made at the 1888 session that no resolution was to be passed to which
an overwhelming majority of Hindu or Muslim delegates objected. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

89. Ans: A
Statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 3 is not correct.
The British Indian Association was the first major voluntary organization in India founded in 1851 in
Calcutta, representing primarily the local landlord interests. It was created after amalgamating the
“Landholders Society” and “British India Society”.

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 IQRA IAS
Unlike its predecessor the Landholders' Society that had many non-official Anglo-Indians among its
members, the British Indian Association was exclusively Indian in its membership.
It began to play a prominent role after the Indian Councils Act of 1861, which provided for limited Indian
representation in the legislative councils.
The President of the first committee of this organization was Raja Radhakanta Deb, while Debendranath
Tagore was its secretary.

90. Ans: D
The Charter Act of 1833 introduced competition for recruitment, but it was limited competition among
the candidates nominated by the directors and therefore could not improve the situation.
Finally, the Charter Act of 1853 introduced the principle of open competition. Civil servants for India
were henceforth to be recruited through an examination open to all “natural born subjects of her
majesty”.

91. Ans: C
Option 1 is correct: Swami Vivekananda condemned the other reform movements as elitist and invoked
the ideal of social service. The best way to serve god, he emphasized, was to serve the poor people. He
founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 as a philanthropic organization.
Options 2 and 3 are not correct: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the liberal leader of Indian National Congress,
founded the Servants of India Society in1905. The aim of the society was to train national missionaries
for the service of India.
A Parsi social reformer, M. Malabari, founded the Seva Sadan in 1885. The organization specialized in
taking care of use women who were exploited and then discarded by society.

92. Ans: C
The Faizpur Session of the Indian National Congress was held in December 1936. Here a resolution to
draw all India agrarian programme was passed. It reiterated that the most important and urgent problem
of the country is appalling poverty, unemployment and indebtedness of farmers. Hence, statement 1 is
correct.
As an interim measure a 13 point program was passed which suggested recognition of peasant unions.
However, it was not associated with the establishment of All India Kisan Sabha, which was formed under
presidentship of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati in the same year. Hence, statement 2 is correct and
statement 3 is not correct.

93. Ans: D
The Bombay plan argued for comprehensive land reform, including cooperativization of production,
finance and marketing.

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 IQRA IAS
A key principle of the Bombay Plan was that the economy could not grow without government
intervention and regulation. Under the assumption that the fledgling Indian industries would not be
able to compete in a free-market economy, the Plan proposed that the future government protect
indigenous industries against foreign competition in local markets.

94. Ans: C
Trade Disputes Act, 1929 provided for the following:
● It made compulsory, the appointment of courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling
industrial disputes.
● It forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes.
Hence only statement 2 is not correct.
● It made illegal the strikes in public utility services unless preceded by an advance notice of one
month to the administration.

95. Ans: A
In February 1943, Gandhi started a fast as an answer to an exhortation by the government to condemn
violence during the Quit India movement. The fast was directed against the violence of the State.
There was an immediate and overwhelming response to the fast. Protests were organized at home and
abroad through hartals, demonstrations and strikes. Three members of the Viceroy‘s Executive Council
resigned. The fast had done exactly what it had been intended to do-
i) The public morale was raised
ii) The anti-British feeling heightened and
iii) An opportunity for political activity was provided.
A symbolic gesture of resistance had sparked off widespread resistance and exposed the Government‘s
high-handedness to the whole world. The moral justification that the Government had been trying to
provide for its brutal suppression of 1942 was denied to it and it was placed clearly in the wrong.

96. Ans: C
During the Swadeshi Movement the political ideas and propagandas were spread through pamphlets
and journals.
The Hitabadi led by Dwijendernath Tagore, Sanjibani led by Krishan Kumar Mitra (first to give the idea
of boycott) and Bengalee by Surenderanath Banerjee.
Other newspapers/journals were - Motilal Ghosh's Amrit Bazar Patrika; Brahm Bandhav Upadhyay's
Sandhya (it was the most outspoken newspaper); Aurbindo Ghosh's Vande Mataram, 1907 (gave the
concept of passive resistance).
Hence, all the given options are correct.

97. Ans: A

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Narayan Malhar Joshi, founded the Social Service League in Bombay with an aim to secure for the masses
better and reasonable conditions of life and work. They organized many schools, libraries, reading
rooms, day nurseries and cooperative societies. Their activities also included police court agents' work,
legal aid and advice to the poor and illiterate, excursions for slum dwellers, facilities for gymnasia and
theatrical performances, sanitary work, medical relief and boys' clubs and scout corps.
He also founded the All India Trade Union Congress (1920). However, there was a split in 1931 and the
corporatist trend led by N.M. Joshi broke away from the AITUC to set up All India Trade Union Federation.
This led to a dip in the working class movement.
Indian Reform Association was formed by Keshub Chandra Sen in 1870 to create public opinion against
child marriages, for upliftment of status of women and to legalise Brahmo type of marriage.

98. Ans: D
In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against
Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey. The nationalist response to British participation in the War was
three-fold –
a. The Moderates supported the empire in the War as a matter of duty;
b. The extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the
mistaken belief that Britain would repay India‘s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-
government;
c. The revolutionaries decided to utilize the opportunity to wage a war and liberate the country.
Indian supporters of British war efforts failed to see that the imperialist powers were fighting
precisely to safeguard their own colonies and markets.

99. Ans: D
A new legislation in South Africa made it compulsory for Indians there to carry at all times certificates of
registration with their fingerprints. The Indians under Gandhiji's leadership decided not to submit to this
discriminatory measure. Gandhiji formed the Passive Resistance Association to conduct the campaign.

100. Ans: D
The Public Safety Bill, 1928 was designed to secure the deportation of communists and also to check the
flow of foreign money transmitted to India for promoting communism.

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