TOPIC EXPERIMENT 4: THERMODYNAMICS 1

TITLE IDEAL GAS LAW AND FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

DURATION 2 HOURS

1.0 Experiment Outcome:

At the end of this experiment student should be able:

a) To verify the ideal gas law
b) To analyze the pressure changes in the processes involves the first law of
thermodynamics
c) To investigate the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature.

2.0 Theory:

First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is actually an expression of conservation of energy. It

identifies
heat transfer as a form of energy transfer. It was first laid down by James Prescott Joule:

“The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamics system

is equal to the amount of heat energy added to the system
minus the work done by the system on the surroundings. “

The mathematical expression for the law is given by:

dEtotal = dQ + dW, where

dE is the infinitesimal change in the total energy of the system,

dQ is the infinitesimal change of the heat energy absorbed or released by the system,
dW is the change in the work done by the system.

The total energy of the system Etotal includes the kinetic energy (Ek), potential energy (Ep)
and internal energy (U) of the system. Thus, an improved mathematical equation on the First
Law of Thermodynamics can be found as shown below:

dEk + dEp + dU = dQ + dW

The internal energy of the gas molecule can be calculated using the formula given by:
 U= (fnRT)/2, where

f is the degree of freedom

( i.e for multiple atom molecule, f= 5),
n is the number of mole of the ideal gas system,
R is the gas constant (= 8.314472 m3・Pa・K-1・mol-1),
T is the temperature of ideal gas system

While, the kinetic energy can be expressed as a function of density and pressure and the
potential energy of gas particle are mainly affected by the height of its centre of mass.

3.0 Apparatus/Equipment:

1. Perfect Gas Law Apparatus

2. Instruction manual/Lab sheet

Valve Description:
Valve Compressor = Compressed air from compressor
V1 = ON/OFF valve from compressor
V2 = ON/OFF valve from compressor to tank 1
V3 = ON/OFF valve from compressor to tank 2
V4 = ON/OFF valve to vacuum pump
V5 = ON/OFF valve from tank 1 to vacuum pump
V6 = ON/OFF valve from tank 2 to vacuum pump
 Setup:

4.0 Safety Precaution:

1. Do not pressurized both of the vessels up to 2bar.

2. Do not allow the pressure drops below -0.5bar when using the vacuum pump.
3. Do not heal both of the vessels up to 40°C.
4. Before run the experiment, ensure all the valves are CLOSED.
5. Do not operate this apparatus without the safety covers that covering the
vessels.
6. Do not attempt to change the setting of the pressure meter and temperature
meter.
7. Do not attempt to regulate the pressure regulators.
8. Switch OFF the compressor once the air is fully compressed.

5.0 Procedures:
1. Check the compressor pressure gauge, ensure that the tank is full with air (8
Bar).
2. Ensure all the valves (V1-V6) are CLOSED.
3. For this experiment, the air inside the tank will not be compress and vacuum. The
air inside the tank will be heated up by using the heater.
4. Record down the initial temperature reading of tank 1.
5. Pull the relief valve which is located at the T-fitting with the pressure gauge. Allow
all the air in the vessels is evacuated.
 6. If there is any reading show on the pressure meter, tare it to ZERO by pressing
the UP button.
7. Set the heater (SV) to 50°C by pressing the ▲button. Then switch on the heater.
8. Record down the changes in pressure for every 1°C increment.
9. Put all the reading to the table below.
10. When the temperature inside the tank reach the setting value (SV), the heater will
switch off.
11. To cool down the hot air inside the tank, connect the hose from lab water tab to
the cool water inlet port and connect the hose from cool water outlet port to drain.
Turn on the water supply and let the water flow through the cooling coil.
12. Use the formula provided to calculate the pressure and temperature value
(theoretical) and compare to the experimental value.

6.0 Results/Data:

Temperature (°C) Pressure (bar)

7.0 Discussion:

Write the outcome of your observation from this practical exercise.

8.0 Conclusion/ Suggestion:

Write the conclusion of this experiment.

9.0 References:

1. Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles (1998) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach.

McGraHill

2. Fakhru’l –Razi Ahmadun, Chuah Teong Guan, Mohd Halim Shah Ismail). Safety:Principles &
Practices in the Laboratory, UPM Press (2005)
Formula For Experiment 3:

1) Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

2) PV = mRT
Where;
P = calculation pressure, N/m2
V = volume, m3
m = mass, kg
R = gas constant, 287 J/kg.K
T = temperature, K
 = density, 1.158 kg/m3

3) % error =
 POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI
KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI
JALAN PERMATANG PAUH
13500 PERMATANG PAUH
PULAU PINANG
MALAYSIA

EXPERIMENT NO. : ______________________

TITLE : _______________________

DATE : _______________________

PROGRAM : _______________________

SEMESTER : _______________________

NAME MATRIX NO.

1. ____________________________ ____________________

2. ____________________________ ____________________

3. ____________________________ ____________________

4. ____________________________ ____________________

5. ____________________________ ____________________

6. ____________________________ ____________________

LECTURER : 1. ___________________________________

2. ___________________________________

ON TIME SUBMITTED MARK

LATE SUBMITTED
/
RETURN BACK