9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and

9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and

Control
9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and
Control
9th IFAC Conference on Manufacturing Modelling, Management and
Berlin,
Control
9th IFACGermany, August
Conference 28-30, 2019 Available
on Manufacturing online
Modelling, at www.sciencedirect.com
Management and
9th IFAC
Berlin,
Control Conference
Germany, on Manufacturing
August 28-30, 2019 Modelling, Management and
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
Control
Control
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019
Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019 ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine 52-13 (2019) 385–390
Machine
Machine Learning
Learning in
in Production
Production Planning
Planning and
and Control:
Control: A
A Review
Review of
of Empirical
Empirical
Machine
Machine Learning
Learning in
in Production
Production Planning
Planning
Literature and
and Control:
Control: A
A Review
Review of
of Empirical
Empirical
Machine
Machine Learning
Learning in
in Production
Production Planning
Literature
Planning
Literature and
and Control:
Control: A
A Review
Review of
of Empirical
Empirical
Literature
Literature
Juan
Juan Pablo Literature
Pablo Usuga
Usuga Cadavid
Cadavid *.
*. Samir
Samir Lamouri
Lamouri **
**
Juan Pablo Usuga
Bernard Grabot Cadavid
***. *. Samir
Arnaud Fortin Lamouri
**** **
Juan Pablo
Bernard Usuga
Grabot Cadavid
***. *. Samir Lamouri **
Juan
Juan Pablo
Bernard
Pablo Usuga
Usuga ***. Arnaud
GrabotCadavid
Cadavid *.
Arnaud
*. Samir
Samir
Fortin
Fortin ****
Lamouri
**** **
Lamouri
Bernard
Bernard Grabot
Grabot ***.
***. Arnaud
Arnaud Fortin
Fortin **** **
* LAMIH, Arts et Métiers Bernard
ParisTech, GrabotParis ***. Arnaud
France Fortin **** ****
(juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
*
* LAMIH,
LAMIH, Arts
Arts et Métiers
et Arts
Métiers ParisTech,
ParisTech, Paris
Paris France
France (juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
(juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
* LAMIH,**
** LAMIH,
Arts et Arts
Métiers et Métiers
ParisTech,ParisTech,
Paris Paris
France France (samir.lamouri@ensam.eu)
(juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
*
* LAMIH,
LAMIH,** LAMIH,
Arts
Arts et
LAMIH, Métiers
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et
et Métiers
LGP, ParisTech,
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ENIT,ParisTech,
ParisTech, Paris
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(juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
Paris(bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
France
ParisFrance
France France (samir.lamouri@ensam.eu)
(juan_pablo.usuga_cadavid@ensam.eu)
**
** LAMIH, Arts et
LGP, Métiers
ENIT, ParisTech,
Tarbes, Paris France (samir.lamouri@ensam.eu)
(bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
** LAMIH, ****
LAMIH,
****
Arts
***
iFAKT
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***
iFAKT
et
LGP,
et
LGP,
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FRANCE
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Tarbes,
SAS,
ParisTech,
Tarbes,
SAS,
Paris
France
Toulouse,
Paris
France
Toulouse,
France
France (samir.lamouri@ensam.eu)
(bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
France (a.fortin@ifakt.com)
(samir.lamouri@ensam.eu)
(bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
France (a.fortin@ifakt.com)
******* iFAKT
*** LGP,
LGP, ENIT,
FRANCE
ENIT, Tarbes,
SAS,
Tarbes, France
Toulouse,
France (bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
France (a.fortin@ifakt.com)
(bernard.grabot@enit.fr)
****
**** iFAKT
iFAKT FRANCE
FRANCE SAS,
SAS, Toulouse,
Toulouse, France
France (a.fortin@ifakt.com)
(a.fortin@ifakt.com)
Abstract: Proper **** iFAKT
Production FRANCE
Planning and SAS, Toulouse,
Control (PPC) France
is capital(a.fortin@ifakt.com)
to have an edge over competitors,
Abstract:
Abstract: Proper
Proper Production
Production Planning
Planning and
and Control
Control (PPC)
(PPC) is
is capital
capital to
to have
have an
an edge
edge over competitors,
overprovides
competitors,
reduce
Abstract:
reduce costs
costs and
Proper
and respect
Production
respect delivery
Planning
delivery dates.
dates.and With
With regard
Control
regard to
(PPC)
to PPC,
is
PPC, Machine
capital
Machineto Learning
have an
Learning edge(ML)
(ML)over competitors,
provides new
new
Abstract:
reduce costs
opportunities
Abstract: Proper
and
to
Proper Production
respect
make
ProductionintelligentPlanning
delivery dates.and
decisions
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With regard
based
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on to
(PPC)data. is
PPC,
is capital
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capital to
to have
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have an
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paper
an edge(ML)over
provides
over competitors,
providesan
competitors, new
initial
reduce costs
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to respect delivery dates. With regard to PPC, Machine Learning (ML) provides new
reduce
systematic
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costs to make
and
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publications
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deliveryon
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based
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of
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onPPC.The
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are identified.
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of
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to identify to
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standard activities
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activities as
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as techniques
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to apply
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apply ML
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in PPC.
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are
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in literature
further
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activities areashighlighted.
well a ML-aided
as techniques PPC
Copyright to are2019
©
apply identified.
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in PPC.Finally, results are
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Keywords:
further research
© 2019,research
IFAC are
Machine
are highlighted.
(International
Learning,
highlighted. Copyright
Federation
Artificial
Copyright ©
© 2019
of Automatic
2019 IFAC
Control)
IFAC Industry Hosting bySmart
ElsevierManufacturing,
Smart Ltd. All rights reserved.
Manufacturing,
Keywords:
further
Keywords: researchMachine
are
Machine Learning,
highlighted. Artificial
Copyright Intelligence,
© 2019 IFAC Industry 4.0,
Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Industry 4.0, Smart Manufacturing, Production Production
Planning
Keywords: and Control
Machine Learning,
Planning
Keywords:
Planning
Keywords:
and Control
Machine
andMachine Learning, Artificial
Control Learning, Artificial Intelligence,
Artificial Intelligence, Industry
Intelligence, Industry 4.0,
Industry 4.0, Smart
4.0, Smart Manufacturing,
Smart Manufacturing, Production
Manufacturing,
Production
Production
Planning
Planning and Control
Planning and and Control
Control
execution
execution phase phase
phase due due
due to to uncertainty
to uncertainty (machine
uncertainty (machine breakdowns,
(machine breakdowns,
breakdowns,
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION execution
1. INTRODUCTION scrap
execution
scrap rate,
rate, etc.)
phase
etc.) and
due
and to
to the
to
the stochastic
uncertainty
stochastic nature
(machine
nature of
of manufacturing
breakdowns,
manufacturing
Data generation in1. INTRODUCTION
modern manufacturing systems has execution
scrap
processes.
execution phase
rate, phase
etc.) and due
Furthermore,
due to
to to
the uncertainty
Enterprise
uncertainty (machine
stochasticResource
nature
(machine breakdowns,
ofPlanning
manufacturing
breakdowns, (ERP)
Data generation in1.
1. INTRODUCTION
modern
INTRODUCTION manufacturing systems has scrap
processes. rate, etc.) and
Furthermore, to the stochastic
Enterprise nature
Resource of manufacturing
Planning (ERP)
Data
experiencedgeneration an in modern
explosive manufacturing
growth, reaching systems 1000
around scrap
has processes.
systems
scrap rate,
rate, etc.)
etc.) and
Furthermore,
perform to
poorly
and to the
theat stochastic
Enterprise
the operative
stochastic nature
Resource
nature level of
of manufacturing
Planning
(Gyulai,
manufacturing (ERP)
Kádár
Data
experiencedgeneration an in modern
explosive manufacturing
growth, reaching systems
around has
1000 processes.
systems
processes. Furthermore,
perform poorly
Furthermore, Enterprise
at the Resource
operative
Enterprise Resourcelevel Planning
(Gyulai,
Planning (ERP)
Kádár
(ERP)
Data
experienced
Exabytes
Data generation
per
generation year in
an explosive
(Tao
in modern
et al.
modern 2018).manufacturing
growth, This reaching
manufacturing gathered systems
around
information
systems has
1000
has systems
and
processes. perform
Monosotori, poorly Additionally,
2015).
Furthermore, at the operative
Enterprise levelvolatile
current
Resource (Gyulai,markets
Planning Kádár
(ERP)
experienced
Exabytes per an
year explosive
(Tao et al. growth,
2018). This reaching
gathered around 1000
information systems
and
systems perform
Monosotori,
perform poorly
2015).
poorly at the operative
Additionally,
at level
current (Gyulai,
volatile Kádár
markets
experienced
Exabytes per
represents
experienced
Exabytes
represents per
an
an explosive
year
aa source
year
source
(Tao
of
explosive
(Tao
of
et al. growth,
invaluable
et al.
invaluable
2018).
growth,
2018).
This
knowledge
This
knowledge
reaching
gathered
reachingfor
gathered
for
around
around 1000
1000 and
information
manufacturers
information
manufacturers
with
systems
and
with
Monosotori,
aa strong
perform
Monosotori,
strong
2015).
tendency
2015).
tendency at the
poorlytowards the operative
Additionally,
towards mass
operative
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mass
level
current
customization
current
customization
(Gyulai,
levelvolatile
(Gyulai,
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and
Kádár
markets
strict
Kádár
markets
strict
Exabytes
asrepresents
it
Exabytes can pera
lead
per year
source
to
year (Tao
of
savings
(Tao et
et al.
invaluable
and
al. 2018). This
knowledge
improvements.
2018). This gathered
for
gathered information
manufacturers
However,
information the and
with
respect
and Monosotori,
a strong
of
Monosotori, delivery 2015).
tendencydates
2015). Additionally,
towards
impose mass
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that
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markets be
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to of invaluable
savings and knowledge
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However, the with
respect
with a strong
of
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impose
towards mass
a
mass customization
complexity
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has
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to be
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potential
represents aa source
present
source of
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of invaluable
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is
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insufficiently
for manufacturers
However,
exploited
manufacturers the respect
addressed
with of delivery
strong through
tendencydates
an robustimpose
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mass (Reuter et
customization that2016).
al. has
and toMLbe
strict
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potential can lead
present to savings
in this and
data improvements.
is insufficiently However,
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addressed
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datesrobustimpose
PPC
impose a complexity
(Reuter
aa complexity et that
al.
that has
2016).
has to
toMLbe
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(Manns,
as it can
potential
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Wallis
lead to
to savings
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in Deuse, data
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2015).is insufficiently
improvements. Consequently,However,
exploited
However, the
various
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could
respect improve
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impose (Reuter
since knowledge
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that 2016).
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2016). ML
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2019 IFAC MIM
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386
Therefore, a systematic review following the bibliographical
research method proposed by Tranfield, Denyer and Smart
(2003) was performed. This literature review focuses
exclusively on applications of ML in PPC under the context of
I4.0.
The queries were performed between 10/10/2018 and
05/11/2018 in two databases: ScienceDirect and SCOPUS.
Additionally, to assure the context requisite, only papers
published in and after 2011 were considered, as this year
corresponds to the formal introduction of I4.0 at the Hannover
Fair. The following keywords conducted the research in titles,
abstracts and keywords:
• (“Deep Learning” OR “Machine Learning”) AND
(“Production scheduling”)
• (“Deep Learning” OR “Machine Learning”) AND
(“Production control”)
• (“Deep Learning” OR “Machine Learning”) AND
(“Line balancing”)
• (“Deep Learning” OR “Machine Learning”) AND
(“Production planning”)
Additionally, from the year restriction (year >= 2011), only
publications corresponding to “Research Articles” in
ScienceDirect and “Conference Paper” OR “Article” in
SCOPUS were considered. Then, a review of the abstracts
allowed the selection of only empirical applications of ML in
PPC. Next, duplicates were removed. Finally, a full text
analysis of the initial article selection enabled the construction
of the short list of papers that were used to perform the
analysis. Figure 1 depicts the search strategy.
Fig. 1. Search strategy: mapping scientific literature
In such manner, the 40 kept articles were analysed under the
Analytical Framework proposed in the next section.
3. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 First component of the analytical framework: the elements
of a method
391
The first research question in this paper deals with the
activities and techniques used to create a ML-aided PPC
model. According to Zellner (2011), these two items are
related to what he proposes as the “Mandatory Elements of a
Method” (MEM). These elements are:
1. A Procedure: order of activities to be fulfilled when
employing the method.
2. Techniques: the way to generate the results.
Activities of a procedure are supported by techniques,
while tools support the latter.
3. Results: what is created by an activity.
4. Role: the point of view adopted by the person who
performs the activity and is responsible for it.
5. Information Model: the relation between the four
aforementioned elements.
In the scope of this research, two of the five Mandatory
Elements are involved: the procedure and the techniques. The
former concerns the activities, while the latter concerns the
techniques themselves. More precisely, activities are related to
tasks performed such as “data cleaning” or “feature selection”;
and techniques are associated to used ML models such as
Support Vector Machines (SVM) or Linear Regression (LR).
3.2 Second component of the analytical framework: used data
sources
ML uses data as raw material to develop autonomous computer
knowledge gain (Sharp, Ak and Hedberg, 2018). Therefore, it
is capital to use pertinent data in order to have meaningful
results. Consequently, the choice of the data source is an
important dimension that has to be analysed. Tao et al. (2018)
proposed a classification of data sources in manufacturing:
1. Management data, which comes from historical
records stored in manufacturing information systems
(MES, ERP, CRM, etc.) concerning production
planning, maintenance, order dispatch, sales, etc.
2. Equipment data, that originates from Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies implemented in the shop
floor on machines, workstations, workers, etc.
3. User data, which derives from consumer information
collected from internet sources such as e-commerce
platforms or social networks.
4. Product data arising from products or service. It
comes from data collected during the manufacturing
process or from the final consumer. It can be related
to product performance, context of use,
environmental data, etc.
5. Public data coming from open databases such as
university repositories, government data or data from
other researchers.
The analysis of the 40 short-listed articles showed that some
of them did not fit with the data sources proposed by Tao et al.
(2018). These papers shared the same data origin: information
generated artificially by computer by means of simulations or
 2019 IFAC MIM
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statistical distributions. Therefore, a sixth new data source is
proposed, which is also a contribution of this paper:
6. Artificial data, which concerns information generated
by computer (e.g. simulations) in order to assess
applications of ML in PPC.
In such manner, both proposed analytical framework
components are used to analyze the 40 short-listed articles.
The next section presents the results.
4. RESULTS
4.1. First research question: activities and techniques
To identify the activities, the tasks defined to implement a ML-
aided PPC in each of the 40 articles were identified. Next, a
first data pre-processing was performed in order to manually
group these tasks into general activities, reducing the number
of results. Finally, these activities were analysed with two
experts to keep the most meaningful ones. In such way, eleven
standard and recurrent activities were identified:
1. Data Acquisition System Design and Integration
(DA): design and implementation of IoT solutions to
collect, transfer and store the data.
2. Data Exploration (DE): preliminary analysis of data
to make early decisions. This can be achieved through
means such as data visualization or descriptive
statistics.
3. Data Cleaning and Formatting (DC): steps to make
data usable to ML models.
4. Feature Selection (FS): choice of the variables to use
according to domain knowledge or statistical
analysis.
5. Feature Extraction (FE): creation of new and more
meaningful features using the original dataset
variables.
6. Feature Transformation (FT): use of techniques such
as standardization, normalization or kernels to
transform the features and improve the learning
performance.
7. Hyperparameter Tuning (HT): adjustment of the ML
parameters.
8. Model Training, Validation, and Testing (MT): as its
name implies, it refers to the training, validation and
testing of the proposed ML models. It also
encompasses the model’s performance assessment.
9. Model Comparison and Selection (MC): as there are
several available ML techniques to perform the same
task, this activity concerns their comparison to
choose the most suitable model.
10. Contextualized Analysis or Application (CA):
implementation of a solution coherent with the
problem’s context or the context-oriented knowledge
generation from the obtained results. It goes beyond
a simple assessment of the model’s performance.
392
11. Model Update (MU): update of ML learned
parameters with new data in order to adapt it to the
dynamics of the manufacturing system.
The usage of these activities in the 40 papers is summarized in
figure 2.
88%
63% 65%
50%
35%
28% 30%
20%
13% 8% 8%
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
DA DE DC FS FE FT HT MT MC CA MU
Fig. 2. Identified activities and their use percentage
From these eleven activities, three different clusters can be
identified:
1. Often used activities (n°7, 8, and 9) or OUAs, applied
in more than 50% of the studies.
2. Medium used activities (n°3, 4, 5, 6, and 10) or
MUAs, implemented in 20 to 50% of the cases.
3. Seldom used activities (n°1, 2, and 11) or SUAs,
which are used in less than 20% of the applications.
These clusters show that research is frequently focused on
OUAs while the other two clusters represent potential research
gaps to improve ML-aided PPC performance. Notably, MUAs
mostly cover data pre-processing activities, which are capital
to assure a good performance of ML models. Additionally,
finding the activity n°10 in this cluster shows that it is not
common to make a contextualized application or analysis of
the proposed model. In fact, one out of two papers do not go
further than just assessing the model’s performance.
Concerning the SUAs, it was surprising to find here the
activity n°1, as it represents the bridge between IoT and ML.
This shows that despite the big efforts described in the
introduction section, the coupling between these two subjects
is far from being satisfied. Additionally, activity n°11 is
fundamental to tackle the dynamics of manufacturing
processes and deliver robust ML-aided PPC solutions. In fact,
the unpredictable change of the statistical properties and
relationships between variables over time is known as concept-
drift (Hammami, Mouelhi and Ben Said, 2017). Models must
overcome concept-drift as it can seriously damage the quality
of results in a long-term horizon. Despite its importance,
activity n°11 is only used in 8% of the cases, which points a
gap in research.
Finally, in spite of the apparent easiness to apply the activity
n°2 through means such as data visualization or descriptive
statistics, it was only used in 8% of the reviewed applications.
Concerning the techniques, the number of uses of each
technique family is measured. It is important to mention that,
in the case of papers applying several technique families, only
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388

the one chosen by the author(s) because of its better (Gyulai et al. 2018), (Leng et al.
performance was counted. Results are shown in figure 3. 2018), (Manns, Wallis and Deuse, X X
2015)
(Gyulai, Kádár and Monosotori,
X X X
2015)
(Gyulai, Kádár and Monostori,
X X
2014)
(Hammami, Mouelhi and Said,
2016), (Ji and Wang, 2017), (Li,
Wang and Sawhney, 2012), (Qu et
al. 2016), (Shahzad and Mebarki, X
2012), (Stricker et al. 2018),
(Wang et al. 2015), (Waschneck et
al. 2018)
(Junliang Wang et al. 2018) X X
(Lubosch, Kunath and Winkler,
X X
2018)
(Lv et al. 2018) X X X
Fig. 3. Technique families and their number of uses (Palombarini and Martínez, 2012),
(Tian, Zhou and Chu, 2013),
It is found that the Tree-based models and Neural Networks (Tuncel, Zeid and Kamarthi, X
are placed in the top three most used techniques, probably 2012), (Wang, Zhang and Wang,
because the former has a good trade-off between accuracy and 2018)
interpretability; and the latter has excellent performance when (Solti et al. 2018) X X
dealing with non-linear datasets. (Zhang et al. 2011) X X
Number of times applied 18 7 0 6 7 14
It is remarkable to find that Clustering is one of the most used M: Management data, E: Equipment data, U: User data, P: Product
techniques. In fact, they provide excellent means to deal with data, Pb: Public data, A: Artificial data.
unlabelled data, which abounds manufacturing. Furthermore,
The most commonly used data sources were, by far, the
Reinforcement Learning techniques such as Sarsa or Q-
Management data and Artificial data. This indicates two
Learning were extensively used, pointing an interest on agent-
things: first, researchers extensively use the historical data
based models in PPC.
stored in enterprise information systems, which is favourable
Finally, it was surprising to find that Principal Component for companies as they benefit from their records. Second,
Analysis (PCA) and Association Rule are seldom used in ML- despite the extensive use of Management data, there are still
aided PPC (applied only twice and once, respectively). In fact, issues to retrieve real information, which obliges the use of
PCA is a useful technique allowing data denoising (included Artificial data. These issues are mainly related to difficulties
in activity n°3) as well as data pre-processing (specifically, to collect the information.
activities n°5 and 6); and Association Rule provides
There are some applications using Equipment and Product data
interpretable results, which is convenient to generate
(7 and 6 papers, respectively). These two data sources are
knowledge and contextualized analysis (activity n°10).
directly related to IoT technologies implemented inside the
4.2. Second research question: data sources factory. This means that manufacturers are starting to benefit
from data generated by IoT in their facilities. However, it is
Table 1 summarizes the results concerning the second research not the case for the use of IoT outside the factory environment.
question (i.e. data sources). This is concluded with the fact that no paper used User data as
source. Therefore, there is an important gap in the use of
Table 1: Summary of data sources for the short-listed customer analytics applied in I4.0.
articles
5. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH
Reference M E U P Pb A
(Altaf et al. 2018), (Li et al. 2012) X This research paper studied the activities, techniques and data
(Diaz-Rozo, Bielza and sources used to perform ML-aided PPC in the era of I4.0
Larrañaga, 2017), (Kho, Lee and through the analysis of 40 empirical application papers. Three
Zhong, 2018), (Kruger et al. clusters of activities were identified: OUAs, MUAs, and
2011), (Rostami, Blue and X SUAs. The last cluster needs further research as it mainly
Yugma, 2018), (Yang, Zhang and contains activities positioned as key enablers for I4.0.
Chen, 2016), (Zhong, Huang and
Dai, 2013)
Specially, it is possible to highlight the low percentage of
(Dolgui et al. 2018), (Kartal et al. papers using activities n°1 and 11, which are directly related
2016), (Lai and Liu, 2012), to connected factories to collect and exploit real time data. In
(Lingitz et al. 2018), (Mori and that sense, activity n°1 is presented as the way to capture this
Mahalec, 2015), (Reboiro-jato et X real-time data and activity n°11 can be proposed as a solution
al. 2011), (Reuter et al. 2016), to adapt the ML model to the dynamics of the manufacturing
(Schuh et al. 2017), (Tong et al. systems and overcome the concept-drift issue.
2016), (Wauters et al. 2012)

393
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Berlin, Germany, August 28-30, 2019Juan Pablo Usuga Cadavid et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 52-13 (2019) 385–390 389
The usage of six data sources (from which one is proposed by
this study) is analyzed. Results indicate that Management and
Artificial data dominate the current horizon of applications. On
the other hand, IoT related data sources such as Equipment,
User and Product data are until now rarely used, pointing a
research gap. This shows that despite the efforts launched to
develop the I4.0, there are few applications integrating ML
with IoT technologies.
Concerning the identified techniques, there is a prevalence of
Tree-based models, Neural Networks and Clustering.
However, further exploration of the use of PCA and
Association Rule in the context of I4.0 must be done to tackle
the lack of data pre-processing and contextualized application
activities (MUAs cluster). Notably, Association Rule is
considered as a method able to discover and deliver knowledge
from databases, an important characteristic that must be
exploited.
Further research will concern, at a first stage, the development
of a methodology to implement ML-aided PPC. In such
manner, three important steps must be performed: first,
identify tools and link them to techniques; second, link the
techniques to activities; and third, stablish a logical order
between activities to create a procedure. At a second stage, the
domains in PPC where ML has been applied are to be
identified. This will provide an insight about which areas need
further development.
Finally, at a third stage, an application is to be performed in
one of the PPC domains labeled as a gap in order to test the
methodology proposed in the first stage. Ideally, a successful
application will settle solid basis to explore further solutions
to the concept-drift issue in manufacturing.
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