Faculty of Engineering Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

Power Electronic Laboratory

Student name: Mohammed Yousef ALSOURI

Id: 20171418
Experiment Number: 4
Experiment Name: Single Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifier
Supervised by: Eng. Alameen ISSA
Date: 9/11/2022
 Table of Content

TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................................................. 2

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................................................... 2

EQUIPMENT: .................................................................................................................................................................... 3

THEORY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3

 RESISTIVE LOAD ................................................................................................................................................... 3

 RESISTIVE-INDUCTIVE LOAD ................................................................................................................................. 4

 RESISTIVE-INDUCTIVE LOAD WITH FREEWHEELING DIODE ................................................................................... 6

PROCEDURE: ................................................................................................................................................................... 8

1. MEASUREMENT OF SIG-IN (SIGNAL-IN) TERMINAL ............................................................................................... 8

2. MEASUREMENT OF V-REF (VOLTAGE REFERENCE) TERMINAL ............................................................................. 9

3. MEASUREMENT OF PHASE TERMINAL.................................................................................................................. 10

4. MEASUREMENT OF SCR GATE TERMINAL ........................................................................................................... 11

5. MEASUREMENT OF R-LOAD ................................................................................................................................ 12

A) MEASUREMENT OF INPUT POWER ........................................................................................................................ 12

B) MEASUREMENT OF OUTPUT POWER ..................................................................................................................... 13

6. MEASUREMENT OF RL LOAD............................................................................................................................. - 1 -

7. MEASUREMENT OF RL-LOAD WITH FREEWHEELING DIODE ............................................................................... - 1 -

CALCULATION FOR R-LOAD: ................................................................................................................................. - 1 -

CONCLUSION: ............................................................................................................................................................ - 1 -
Introduction:

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier, as the name suggests, is a rectifier circuit which

converts AC input into DC output only for positive half cycle of the AC input supply. A way to

control the output of a half-wave rectifier is to use an SCR instead of a diode. The word “controlled”

means that, we can change the starting point of load current by controlling the firing angle of SCR.

Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:

• The SCR must be forward-biased (𝒗𝒗𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 > 𝟎𝟎).

• A current must be applied to the gate of the SCR.

Once SCR is on, it stays on until:

• its current falls below IH (Natural commutating)

• the voltage at the anode is reversed bias (forced commutating)

Unlike the diode, the SCR will not begin to conduct as soon as the source becomes positive.

Conduction is delayed until a gate current is applied, which is the basis for using the SCR as a means

of control. Once the SCR is conducting, the gate current can be removed and the SCR remains on

until the current goes to zero.

In Controlled Rectifications, the generated D.C power is controllable and variable. They usually

use SCRs as their power switches. For fast switching operation, MOSFETs and IGBTs are used.

Objectives:

The points of interest in the experiment will be:

• Analyse the operation of single phase controlled half wave rectifiers supplying resistive,

inductive, and with freewheeling type loads.

• Study the influence of the load type on the rectified voltage and current

• Waveforms and characteristic values (average, RMS etc.) of the rectified voltage and current.

• Calculate the characteristic parameters of the input/output voltage/current waveforms

associated with single phase controlled half wave rectifiers and compare it with the theoretical

measurement and calculate the error percentage.

Equipment:

a) PET2000A

b) Oscilloscope

c) Load connection cord

d) Power supply connection cord

e) Single phase AC220 [V]

f) Multimeter

Theory

• Resistive Load

Figure 1(a) shows the voltage waveforms for a controlled half-wave rectifier with a resistive load.

A gate signal is applied to the SCR at 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝛼𝛼, where 𝛼𝛼 is the delay angle.

Fig 1: (a) A basic controlled rectifier; (b) Voltage waveforms

The average (dc) voltage across the load resistor in Fig. 1(a) is

𝜋𝜋
1 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = (1 + cos 𝛼𝛼)
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼
 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
The power absorbed by the resistor is , where the rms voltage across the resistor is computed
𝑅𝑅

from

2𝜋𝜋
1
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝜈𝜈𝑜𝑜2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋
0

𝜋𝜋
1
= � �[𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)]2 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼)
= �1 − +
2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

• Resistive-inductive load

A controlled half-wave rectifier with an RL load is shown in Fig. 2(a). The analysis of this circuit

is similar to that of the uncontrolled rectifier. The current is the sum of the forced and natural

responses, and 𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑡𝑡) applies:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑧𝑧

The constant A is determined from the initial condition 𝑖𝑖(𝛼𝛼) = 0:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖(𝛼𝛼) = 0 = sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝛼𝛼⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑧𝑧
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴 = �− sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃)� = 𝑒𝑒 𝛼𝛼⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑧𝑧

Substituting for A and simplifying,

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
�sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 (𝛼𝛼−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 � for α ≤ ωt ≤ β
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = � 𝑧𝑧

0 otherwise
 Fig 2: (a) Controlled half-wave rectifier with RL load; (b) Voltage waveforms.

The extinction angle is defined as the angle at which the current returns to zero, as in the case of the

uncontrolled rectifier. When 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = β

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = 0 = �sin(β − 𝜃𝜃) − sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 (𝛼𝛼−β)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �
𝑧𝑧

which must be solved numerically for β .The angle is 𝛽𝛽 − 𝛼𝛼 is called the conduction angle 𝛾𝛾.

Figure 2(b) shows the voltage waveforms. The average (DC) output voltage is

β
1 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = (cos 𝛼𝛼 − cos β)
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

The average current is computed from

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

Power absorbed by the load is 𝐼𝐼 2 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅, where the rms current is computed from

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼
• Resistive-inductive load with Freewheeling Diode

The freewheeling diode (FWD) is connected in the circuit across an R-L load in such a way as to

provide an alternative path for the decaying load current so that the thyristor current is al1owed to

become zero and the thyristor is allowed to turn off.

Consider the half-wave rectifier of Fig.3(a) where FWD is the freewheeling diode. If switch 𝑆𝑆 is

opened, i.e. the converter operates without FWD, then the output voltage and current waveforms are

as shown in Fig.3(b). If S is closed, then the supply voltage is positive, from α to π, FWD is in reverse

and passes approximately no current (open circuited), so that source and load current are equal

(𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ) as shown in Fig.4(a).

Fig.3: Without freewheeling diode (a) Operation, (b)Voltage and current waveforms

Fig.4: with freewheeling diode (a) Operation, (b) Supply and load Currents

during the positive half-cycle.

 During the negative half-cycle of the supply, the load current io flows through the low resistance

path provided by FWD rather than against the negative supply voltage, so that iFWD = io , and is = 0.

Hence the thyristor T is allowed to switch off. In this part of the half-cycle, the current is driven by

the energy stored in L; it decays according to the time constant of the circuit (R, L, and FWD), Fig.5;

vo is very small and negative, being equal to the voltage drop across FWD. Therefore, the output

voltage waveform will be as depicted in Fig. 6 which is exactly similar to the case of resistive load.

Fig.5: Load current during the supply negative half-cycle.

Fig.6: Output voltage waveform for R -L load with freewheeling diode.

To derive an expression for the average value of the output voltage for single-phase half-wave

controlled rectifier with R-L load and freewheeling diode, referring to the voltage waveform shown

in Fig.6 one can write,

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = � 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
= (− cos 𝜋𝜋 + cos 𝛼𝛼) = (1 + cos 𝛼𝛼)
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

which is the same expression as that of resistive load.

Procedure:

1. Measurement of Sig-in (Signal-In) terminal

• Apply the power and connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig.7. The output waveform shown

in Fig 8.

Fig.7: Measurement of Sig-in terminal

Fig.8: Sig-in waveform

 2. Measurement of V-Ref (Voltage Reference) terminal

• Connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig.9, the measurement of the waveform shown in Fig.10

Fig.9: Measurement of V-Ref terminal

Fig.10: V-Ref waveform

 3. Measurement of Phase terminal

• Connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig.11, the measurement of the waveform shown in

Fig.12

Fig.11: Measurement of Phase terminal

Fig.12: Phase waveform

 4. Measurement of SCR Gate terminal

• Connect the wire of circuit and connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig 13. And then measure

the waveform with adjusting the Volt-Variable knob and Phase-Variable knob (Fig.14).

Fig 13: Measurement of SCR Gate terminal

Fig 14: SCR Gate waveform

 5. Measurement of R-Load

a) Measurement of input power

• Connect the probe of oscilloscope like Fig 15. Then measure waveform and record it (Fig 16).

Fig 15: Measurement of input voltage for R-Load

Fig 16: input voltage for R-Load waveform

 b) Measurement of output power

• Turn on the power then connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig 17,18. Then record the Vrms

& VDC.

• Measure the waveform with adjusting the Volt-Variable knob and Phase-Variable knob

(Fig 19).

Fig 17: Measurement of output Vrms for R-Load

Fig 18: Measurement of output VDC for R-Load

Fig 19: output voltage for R-Load waveform
6. Measurement of RL load

• Turn on the power then connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig 20.

• Measure the waveform with adjusting the Volt-Variable knob and Phase-Variable knob

(Fig 21).

Fig 20: Measurement of RL-Load

Fig 21: RL-load waveform

7. Measurement of RL-load with freewheeling diode

• Turn on the power then connect the probe of oscilloscope like a Fig 22.

• Measure the waveform with adjusting the Volt-Variable knob and Phase-Variable knob

(Fig 23).

Fig 22: Measurement of the output signal for RL-load with freewheeling diode

Fig 23: RL-load with freewheeling diode waveform

Calculation for R-Load:

Theoretical: Vi.rms= 24V, R=500 Ω

Measured: 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 25.87, 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 12.45 𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 7.74 𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = √2 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = √2 × 25.87 = 36.59 𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼)

𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (1 + cos 𝛼𝛼) 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = �1 − +
2𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = cos −1 �𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 � � − 1�
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 36.59 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼)
12.45 = �1 − +
2 180 2𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 = cos −1 �7.74 � � − 1� = 70.78°
36.59 ⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = 93.32°

𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 7.74
𝐼𝐼𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = = = 0.016 𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅 500

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 12.45
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 0.025𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅 500

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 12.45 × 0.025 = 0.31 𝑊𝑊

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 × 𝐼𝐼𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = 7.74 × 0.016 = 0.12 𝑊𝑊

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0.12
𝜂𝜂 = = = 0.38
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.31

�𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 2 �(12.45)2 − (7.74)2

𝑅𝑅. 𝐹𝐹 = = = 1.26
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 7.74

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 25.87 × 0.025 = 0.64 𝑊𝑊

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.31
𝑃𝑃. 𝐹𝐹 = = = 0.48
𝑆𝑆 0.64
Conclusion:

Al kind of errors is done in this experiment wither systematic or random errors including Instrumental

and procedural Errors Therefore, I had to take the readings of my colleagues, which turned out to be

false readings, as a result of stopping the oscilloscope screen. (Fig.21 & 23 are identical!). another

proof for Instrumental error, 𝜶𝜶 results have huge difference for the same measurements Therefore,

there is no comment on the experiment, and I recommend to redoing it after repairing and

recalibrating the devices.