PUB1503 May/June Examination 2023

Name : Mulalo

Surname: Nemukula

Student number:20598130

Date:11/05/2023
 Table of contents

Contents page

1. Introduction 2
2. Question 1 2 and 3
3. Question 2 3,4,5
4. Conclusion 5
5. List of references 6

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 Introduction

In Public Administration we have a term government that mean a system to govern a

state or community. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other
social groups by its purpose.

1.1a) Government is system to govern a state or community. They two type of

governments which are namely democratic forms of government and nondemocratic
forms of government. A democratic country has a system of government in which the
people have the power to participate in decision-making. Each democracy is unique and
works in different ways. In some democracies citizens help make decisions directly by
voting on laws and policy. Nondemocratic government is when people do not elect their
rulers and have no right in decision making. There are three levels of government in
South Africa which are national, provincial and local levels of government all have
legislative and executive authority in their own spheres, and is defined in the
Constitution as distinctive, interdependent and interrelated.

1.1b) State is a community formed by people and exercising permanent power within a
specified territory. The purpose of state is the establishment of order and security; its
methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or
geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty. The characteristics of the state
are as follows territory for a community of people to be described as a state, it must
occupy a clearly defined territory, government, Laws, Legal entity, Population and
Sovereignty.

1.2 Form of government is a direct democracy, a representative democracy, socialism,

communism, a monarchy, an oligarchy, and an autocracy.

Monarchy is a political system in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an

individual ruler who functions as head of state in simples form monarchy is head of
state.

Democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible

members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization.

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality,

the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in
the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting.

Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all

opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims,
and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and regulation over
public and private life

1.3a) . Protective services- Services provided to protect individuals in response to an

incident of abuse or neglect. Examples of protective services are Defence and
Correctional Services

B) Wealth-creating services- Wealth creation refers to the processes, plans, savings

and investments that you make to ensure that you accumulate enough capital to realize
your dreams, to provide for you and your loved ones' needs and lead a comfortable life.
Examples are fixed deposit and bounds.

C) Public health, welfare and housing services- means any form of insurance or similar
benefit programs, including, but not limited to, medical, hospitalization, surgical,
prescription drug, dental, optical, psychiatric, life, disability, prepaid legal, or income
protection insurance, or annuity programs.

D) Cultural and educational services- personal development using forms of cultural

expression, arts and playing. Examples are Customs and laws.

E) Environmental conservation services- To facilitate the conservation of natural

resources for our future generations. Examples forest conservation and Soil
Conservation.

Question 2

“Social contract theory says that people live together in society in accordance with an
agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. Some people believe
that if we live according to a social contract, we can live morally by our own choice and
not because a divine being requires it. Over the centuries, philosophers as far back as
Socrates have tried to describe the ideal social contract, and to explain how existing
social contracts have evolved. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes, suggests that morality is
the set of rules governing behavior that rational people accept, on the condition that
others accept them too (Kimmel, et al.).”

The history of the social contract

History always makes one think of dates and periods and of the main proceedings and
the important role players in such events. In looking at the past of the social contract,
we highlight the dates, events and people that gave rise to the social contract and its
development.( PUB1501 Study guide page72 )

The stated aim of The Social Contract is to determine whether there can be a legitimate
political authority since people's interactions he saw at his time seemed to put them in a
state far worse than the good one they were at in the state of nature, even though living
in isolation. In this social contract everyone will be free because they all forfeit the same
number of rights and impose the same duties on all. Rousseau argues that it is absurd
for a man to surrender his freedom for slavery thus; the participants must have a right to
choose the laws under which they live. Although the contract imposes new laws,
including those safeguarding and regulating property, there are restrictions on how that
property can be legitimately claimed. His example with land includes three conditions;
that the land be uninhabited, that the owner claims only what is needed for subsistence,
and that labor and cultivation give the possession legitimacy.

Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should be divided into two parts.
First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, which included
women (in a way that was not practiced by almost all countries and so was quite
revolutionary to suggest), that represents the general will and is the legislative power
within the state. The second division is that of the government being distinct from the
sovereign. This division is necessary because the sovereign cannot deal with particular
matters like applications of the law. Doing so would undermine its generality, and
therefore damage its legitimacy. Thus, the government must remain a separate
institution from the sovereign body. When the government exceeds the boundaries set
in place by the people, it is the mission of the people to abolish such government and
begin anew.

Rousseau claims that the size of the territory to be governed often decides the nature of
the government. Since a government is only as strong as the people, and this strength
is absolute, the larger the territory, the more strength the government must be able to
exert over the populace. In his view, bureauracy monarchical government is able to
wield the most power over the people since it has to devote less power to itself, while a
democracy the least. In general, the larger the cy, the more power required for
government discipline. Normally, this relationship requires the state to be an
aristocracy or monarchy. When Rousseau uses the word democracy, he refers to direct
democracy rather than a representative democracy . In light of the relation between
population size and governmental structure, Rousseau argues that like his
native Geneva small city-states are the form of the nation in which freedom can best
flourish. For states of this size, an elected aristocracy is preferable, and in very large
states a benevolent monarch; but even monarchical rule, to be legitimate, must be
subordinate to the sovereign rule of law.

Rousseau develops his theory in an almost mathematical manner, deriving statements

from the initial thesis that man must keep close to nature. The „natural‟ state, with its
original liberty and equality, is hindered by man‟s „unnatural‟ involvement in collective
activities resulting in inequality which, in turn, infringes on liberty. The purpose of this
social contract, which is a kind of tacit agreement, is simply to guarantee equality and,
consequently, liberty as the superior social values... A number of political statements,
particularly about the organization of powers, are derived from the „axioms‟ of equality
among citizens and their subordination to the general will.

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) In his work The Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes paints
a picture of human existence in the period before the state came into being. During this
period, people found themselves in a virtually permanent state of war (Bekker 1994:56).
Individuals satisfied their own needs and used (PUB Study Guide page72).

The Republic of South Africa is one, sovereign, democratic state founded on the
following values: (a) Human dignity, the achievement of equality

Conclusion

In conclusion in Public Administration we found more information about government n

its type also found more information about state and found why the Constitution of the
Republic of South Africa.
 References

1 PUB Study guide

2. https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/saconstitution-web-eng.pdf

3.