MUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW

1. What are the types of muscle found in the human body? What are the associated features of
these muscles?

Skeletal muscle: Voluntary,striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissues
Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, striated, and found in one place - the heart
Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, and surround by the body’s internal organs including
blood vessels, hair follicles, and the urinary, genital and digestive tracts

2. Describe the major components and primary functions of the musculoskeletal system and
explain how this system allows us to move?
Components: bones, skeletal muscle and other tissues
Functions: allow us to move, protect our organs, support our body up

3. List and describe the six ways that skeletal muscle are named based on the role that they play.

1.Action of the muscle Flexion, extension

Ex. flexor carpi ulnaris

Direction of Fibers Rectus/ Transversus (horizontal) (ex. Transverse

abdominis)

Location Anterior/Posterior
Ex. Anterior tibialis (shin bone)

Number of divisions/ Heads Number of heads (2 or)

Ex. Biceps two places where it originate, triceps

Shape Deltoid/ Trapezius

Ex. Sternocleidomastoid

Point of attachment Sternum/Clavicle

Ex. Sternocleidomastoid

4. Explain why muscles are typically arranged as opposing pairs. What is meant by “agonist and
antagonist muscle pairs”?

Skeletal muscles must be arranged in antagonistic pairs so that when one muscle moves a joint
the other muscle can return the joint to its original resting position.

Antagonist: the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening

Agonist: The muscle that moves or contracts
b) List 6 examples of agonist and antagonist pairs.

Tricep brachii - Bicep

Adductor magnus - gluteus med
Tibilais anterior - gastrocnemius
Deltoid - latissimus dorsi
Gluteus max - iliacus
Hamstring - quadriceps

5. Describe how skeletal muscle attaches to bones.

Indirect attachments: Epimysium extends past muscle as a tendon, attaches to periosteum of

bone, Example: biceps have a tendon that attaches it to the scapula
Direct attachment: Epimysium adheres to and fuses with the periosteum, An example:
abdominal wall muscles attach directly to the pelvis

6. Differentiate between the terms “origin” and “insertion” in relation to a skeletal muscle and
give an example of how each of these points of attachment functions during movement of a
major muscle or muscle group.

Origin: proximal attachment, where muscle attaches to the least movable area of the bones of
the axial skeleton
Insertion: distal attachment, where muscle attaches to the bone that is moved most

List the origin and insertion for the following muscles:

Muscle origin insertion function

sternocleidomastoid Clavicle, sternum Temporal bone Flexes head

External obliques Lower ribs -Iliac crest Flex, rotate vertebral

-pubis column

Rectus abdominis -Pubic crest -Xiphoid process Flex the trunk

-Symphysis pubis -Inferior ribs

trapezius -occipital bone -spine of scapula -adduction

-citverbrate -clavicle -retraction

deltoid -clavicle -humerus -flexes

-spine of scapula
 Biceps brachi (short -scapula -radial -flexes elbow
head) -corocord process -tuberosity -supinator of forearm

Gluteus max -ilium coccyx -femur -hip extension

-external

7. Label the following diagrams:

8. What is the neuromuscular junction?

- Space between muscle + bone
- The point at which the nerves that transmit a message directions a muscle to move come
into contact with the muscle

(The point at which the nerves that transmit a message directing a muscle to move come into
contact with the muscle)

10. What is a motor unit?

Motor unit: a group of fibers activated via the same nerve

11. What is the sliding filament Theory of Muscle Contraction - label below using pg 179 and
explain

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction: How muscle contraction happens

12. What role do myosin and actin play in muscle contraction? What happens to the sarcomere in
this process?

Actin and myosin filaments work together to generate force. Myosin uses mechanical energy to
move its head groups towards the middle of the sarcomere, pulling actin filaments with it and
causing the sarcomere to contract, which generates muscle movement.

B. What is excitation coupling?

- Desired movement
d. What is the role of calcium in the process of a muscle contraction?
Calcium facilitates the interaction of myosin and actin molecules.
- Signals myosin + actin to interact - actin binding site exposed
- Troponin + tropomyosin

e. Identify 2 roles Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) has in the muscle contraction process?
- Must be replaced through the food metabolism process to continue
- Detaches myosin from actin
13. Refer to the "waving goodbye " scenario we discussed in class and explain how you would
brush your hair

15. The Peripheral Nervous System contains autonomic and somatic divisions or components:
a. Describe the role of the Autonomic Nervous System and its two branches:
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems.

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS): not under conscious control (heart rate,
organs) Fight or flight
Sympathetic System: causes localized bodily adjustments to occur (releases
adrenaline, dilates pupils)
Parasympathetic System: returns body to normal

b. Describe the role and components of the Somatic Nervous System.

Somatic Nervous System: under conscious control - awareness of external
environment
- Handles the muscle in our extremities
- Receives and process information from receptor in the skin, muscles,
tendons, joint and gives of sensations.
c. What are the differences between Afferent and Efferent Nerves.
Afferent: send info to CNS
Efferent: send info to skeletal muscles

16. What are the 5 parts of the reflex arc?

- Sensory Receptor
- Afferent nerve
- Interneuron
- Motor nerve
- Effector organ

17. What are proprioceptors? Muscle spindles? Golgi tendon organs?

Proprioceptors: receptors allocated in rendons, muscles and joints. Provide sensory information
Muscle Spindles: sensory receptors within a muscle fiber that detect changes in muscle length
Golgi tendon organs: sensory receptors at the end of muscle fibers that merge into the tendon
itself that detect changes muscle tension

19. Explain what a polysynaptic reflex is and how it is different from a monosynaptic reflex

Monosynaptic is a one step reflex and polysynaptic is 2 step

Polysynaptic reflex: one or more interneurons lie between the primary sensory fibers and the
motor neurons
 Steroclidomastoid

Deltoid Canterior and lateral heads

Subscapularis
Pectoral
pectoralis major
is minor

servatus anterior rectus abdominic

brachii
Biceps
Brachialis
external
oblique
Internal Pronator teres
oblique Brachioradialis

Iliopsoas
Satorius

rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
femoris)
Quadriceps group
lunder rectus

vastus lateralis

Pattellar tendon vastus medialis

Pattellar ligament

Tibialis anterior
 Rhomboid minor

Trapezius Rhomboid
Levator
major
scapulace
Latissismus darsi
Supraspinatus
Deltaid (lateral and
infraspinatus Rotator cuffmuscles
posterior heads) feres minor

feres major
Triceps brachii iliocostalis

Longissimus Erector spinae

group
Spinalis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum Deep wristand
finger extensors

Gluetus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteal Piriformis
Glutens maximum
group

iliotibial band (tract) Adductor

magnus
Biceps femoris

Hamstring
semitendinasus
group

semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius Solens

Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
REFLEXES, PROPRIOCEPTION, AND MOVEMENT

THE REFLEX ARC

Reflex actions are how the body responds rapidly to painful — or the threat of painful — situations, and the reflex arc
is the mechanism by which the response occurs. It is the name given to the pathway within the nervous system along
which an initial stimulus and a corresponding response message travel.

Mission: Label the illustration below using the labels on the left, and briefly describe the five components of the reflex arc in the
space
provided below.

Sensory receptor senses the hotput

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
-

Afferantnerve-curries the info from

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
receptors to CNS
sensoring
Interneuron intermediate nerve thatprocesses info & sends outresponse
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
-

Efferantnerve (motor nervel

4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
carries
response
-

Effector organ muscle thatresponds "pull finger from hotpot"

5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
-

away

Sensory receptor
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS AND THE TENSION REFLEX

Golgi tendon organs are a highly specialized proprioceptor that detects increased tension on- the tendon.

Mission: The illustration below shows a tension reflex action involving the Golgi tendon organs. Referring to the components
already labelled in the illustration below, list and describe the various stages of this reflex action.

Golgi tendon organ (sensing receptor) that senses change tension

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
in

____________________________________________________________________________________
Afferentnerve (sensory neuron) carries info to CNS
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Interneurons makes
-
ofthe info &
sense the
response
sensesit how much force needed the leg extention
in

____________________________________________________________________________________
Afferent (motor neuran) carries info to the or a
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
nerve
quads muscle re:tension
____________________________________________________________________________________
Quad muscle force to liftisympathetic has body back normal
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
uses more

____________________________________________________________________________________
MONOSYNAPTIC AND POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES

Question: Describe the difference between a Monosynaptic reflex and a Polysynaptic reflex:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
monosynaptic is step reflex and polysnmptic is 2 step
a one

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
In more complicated reflex actions — often called polysynaptic reflexes — one or more interneurons are involved.
This type of reflex can also involve the presence of a compensation response in an opposing limb.
Task: The illustration below not only outlines the actions involved in the reflex-withdrawal from a painful object touching the skin
but also shows the possibility of a compensation response in an opposing limb. Making reference to the components already labelled
in
the illustration, list and describe the various stages of this more complex reflex arc.

Sensoryreceptor senses the pain from stepping

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
-

the fac
on

Sensorynerve lafferent nervel carries the info to the CNS

2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Interneuron
processes
info and coordinates
responses put other by down and liftfort offthe
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
the --

motor (efferentnervel
4. ____________________________________________________________________________________
neuron the responsecarries

flexors
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
told
are to and lift footofftac
move

6. ____________________________________________________________________________________
extensitions opposite leg step to preventfalling
on

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

Read and Review Sect. 6.5 in your text: Kinesiology

Complete the following questions:
1. Explain the difference between a cerebral reflex and a spinal reflex.
2. Identify the three different neurons and describe their different roles.