Category Conventional Focused Current Logs Micro Resistivity tool Micro & Focused Current tools

SFL (Spherical Focused

Tool Normal R Lateral R LL7 (latero log 7) LL3 Microlog Micro-Latero log Proximity log Micro SFL DLL (Dual Latero Log)
Log)
• 3 point electrodes
• 7 Electrodes (point)
embedded in fluid filled
• A center electrode (with • 9 electrodes
rubber pad pressed
constant i) & 4 measuring • A central current
against the wall (works
electrodes 2 at each side & electrode
as Caliper)
two bucking current • 7 Electrodes (point) (constant)
• Point electrodes is • Look at +ve and -ve
• 3 Electrodes one is electrodes (with adjustable embedded in hydraulic • Used to solve • 4 measuring
replaced by sheet • 9 electrodes Separation indications
current electrode i) one on each side pad in a concentric the limitations of electrodes
electrodes to avoid • Ao is the central - R2 = R1 , impermeable Similar to Micro
and others is • Current is forced
problems of LL7
circular arrangement proximity log • 4 guarding
electrode formation latero has focused
•Two electrodes measuring into the formation • A center electrode • the best resistivity electrodes
• 3 Current electrodes •A1, A2 electrodes are - R2 > R1 (POSITIVE current but deeper
Principle •Homogeneous and electrodes ------------------------------------- (with constant i) & 4 data is obtained (adjustable)
• A (3”-6”) central set to sink some of the SEPARATION), porous sensor (overcome
Isotropic Formation • Measures at O ---- measuring electrodes 2 when the current
electrode current to measure only and permeable the problem of
(mid-point) between LL8 at each side & two flow is spherical • Deep penetration
• Similar to LL7 (Sheets • Two (5’-6’) guard invaded zone and formation (oil or fresh thick mud cake)
the measuring bucking current around the current (DLLd)
electrodes to focus decrease Dinv water)
electrodes instead of points) electrodes (with emitting electrode • Shallow penetration
current - R2 < R1 (NEGATIVE
• Shorter spacing adjustable i) one on (DLLs) mode, 2 of the
SEPARTAION),
• Sharp vertical each side guarding electrodes
permeable formation
resolution but more used to sink the
(salt water)
influenced by borehole current
• by knowing R1, R2, Rmc
conditions
we get Rxo
• Conductive Mud: • Conductive Mud: Fresh • Saline Mud (low • Saline Mud (low • Conductive Mud: Fresh • Saline Mud (low • Saline Mud • Saline Mud (low
Mud & • Saline Mud (low resistivity) • Saline mud
Fresh & Saline & Saline resistivity) resistivity) & Saline resistivity) (low resistivity) resistivity)
well • Open hole • Open hole
• Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole
• Short: Ri 16’’
spacing (thin bed)
• Long: Rt 64’’ spacing
(Thick bed) •Micro-Normal: (R2’’)
• Dinv (1.5:2)*Spacing larger Dinv = 4’’
• Dinv is function of (guard (DLLd) → Rt (deeper
• R16 = R64 = Rt if no • Dinv = 19” Dinv is function of (h,Rt) = Measure Rxo
Zone length) = 3*Guard length •Measure Ri Dinv = 3:4” than LL7)
invasion – • (18’8’’) spacing less than 10 ft •Micro-lateral (inverse): Deep Dinv= 20” Measure Rxo (BEST)
measured = (15-18) ft •open hole Measures Rxo
impermeable • Measures: Rt (best) Measures Rt (R1’’) Dinv = 2’’ Resolution = 6”
• Measures Rt (DLLs) → Ri
formation
• R16 = R64 = Ri if •Measures Rxo
very large invaded
zone – permeable
formation
• used as permeability
indicator (from • Minimize mud
separation) cake effect
• Minimize current • K indicator • Overcome the
• Solve Current distortion • Its combinability
flow through borehole so • φ determination disadvantage of
Used when: issue of non-focused tool • Its combinability with other
minimize mud effect (better • Bed boundaries micro log tool
• Low to moderate • φ determination by with other logging logging tool
than conventional) • WOC when run opposite
formation Resistivity • Minimize borehole • Better vertical resolution using measured Rxo tool (DLL) (DLL)
Advantages • Large Rt/Rm (resistive • Recognize Secondary φ to thick mud cake
• Fairly Thick bed effects than LL7 • Bed boundaries • Great response • Great response
& uses formations) • Measure Sor in flushed so measure
• Hole size (4.75’’:10’’) • large depth of inves. • Minimize borehole effects • Recognize Secondary φ to shallow Rxo zone to shallow Rxo
• Low R contrast zone accurate Rxo
• Logging speed 100 • Invasion correction for by using sinking zone by using
with adjacent form. • Provide Rm as mud log • Determine porosity
f/min Laterolog response electrodes sinking
• Thin to moderate bed • Operate best when • Bed boundaries
• Provide Rm from mud electrodes
thickness φ>20% • Secondary porosity
log • Can be attached
• Operate best when to density tool
φ<15%
• Affected by Error results in: Error results in:
borehole mud & • Shallow mud invasion • Deep sensor may
• Shallow mud invasion in
Adjacent • Leave part of in very porous bed (<4”) be affected by rock
• Can’t Identify • Less depth of very porous bed
formations bottom well not • Mud cake thick > 3/8” beyond invaded
Thin beds. investigation than LL7 • Mud cake thick > 0.5”
• Non conductive measured decreases flushed zone zone
• Greatly affected by • Heavy weight can affect decreases flushed zone Sensitive to mud
mud • Non conductive mud effect on reading • Shallow invasion
Limits adjacent formations other effect on reading cake when exceeds
• Cased hole • Cased hole • High value of leads to error in
• Non-conductive logs • Incorrect reading of Rmc 0.5”
• Bed thickness • Works better when (Rxo/Rmc>15) cause porosity
mud • Non conductive mud → Incorrect Rxo
equal to or less formation thickness > current leak through MC • Thick mud cake will
• Cased hole • Cased hole • Incorrect estimated
than spacing spacing • Pad not pressed to the cause poor
Sor→ Incorrect φ
• Very resistive wall resolution
• Incorrect reading of • Rxo/Rmc < 15
formation Rt/Rm
is high (current Rmc → Incorrect Rxo
distortion) • Shaly sand → Lower
Rxo → High φ
• Incorrect estimated
Sor→ Incorrect φ
• Rmf < 3Rw

Tool Induction
• Used when the borehole is filled with non-conductive mud such as oil base mud, air or gas.
• Based on electromagnetic coupling between logging tool and formation
• Sonde consists of 2 coils, a transmitter coil and a receiver coil wounded coaxially on supporting mandrel
• Spacing between coils usually 40”
Principle
• Measure point halfway between the 2 coils
• Transmitter coil is fed by 20 KHZ constant alternating current then it generates an electromagnetic field
• Focusing is achieved by 2 secondary coils wounded in opposite direction
• Receiver coil measure voltage and translate it to conductivity
• Non-conductive mud
Mud &
• Conducive mud unless being too salty
well
• Empty or air drilled holes
Measure Rt
• IES-40
Zone • IES-28
measured • DIL-ILD dual induction log (deep)
• DIL-ILM dual induction log (medium)
• ISF induction spherically focused log
Used when
• Rmf / Rw > 3
• Rt > 200
Advantages & uses • Bed thickness > 20 ft
Advantages
• Minimize effect of mud, invaded zone on Rt
• Large depth of investigation
• Highly Conducive mud,
• Very resistive formation
Limits
• very large borehole diameter