Category Conventional Focused Current Logs Micro Resistivity tool Micro & Focused Current tools

Tool Normal R Lateral R LL7 LL3 SFL Microlog Micro-Latero log Proximity log Micro SFL DLL
(18’8’’)
• Two electrodes • 7 Electrodes
3 Electrodes • 3 Current • 9 electrodes • 3-point electrodes • Just like LL7 but on a Have focused • Used to solve • 9 electrodes
• Homogeneous and • A center electrodes • Ao is the central embedded in fluid- rubber pad current but the limitations • A central
Isotropic Form. Measures at electrode (with • A (3”-6”) electrode filled rubber pad deeper sensor of proximity log current
• Short: 16’’ O (mid-point) constant io) and central • A1, A2 pressed against the • the best electrode
• Long: 64’’ two bucking electrode electrodes are wall (works as Caliper) resistivity data is • 4 guarding
current • Two (5’-6’) set to sink • Look at +ve and -ve obtained when • Deep
electrodes (with guard some of the Separation indications the current flow penetration
adjustable i) electrodes current to • by knowing R1, R2, Rmc is spherical (DLLd)
• Current is forced
Principle

measure only we get Rxo around the • shallow

into the invaded zone current emitting penetration
formation decreasing Dinv electrode (DLLs) mode.
• Conductive Mud: • Conductive • Saline Mud (low • Saline Mud • Saline Mud (low • Conductive Mud: Fresh • Saline Mud (low • Saline Mud • Saline Mud (low • Saline mud
Fresh & Saline Mud: Fresh resistivity) (low resistivity) & Saline resistivity) (low resistivity) • Open hole
Mud &

• Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole • Open hole
well

& Saline resistivity) resistivity)

• Open hole • Open hole • Open hole
• Short: Ri (thin bed) • deep Dinv =
Dinv is ƒ (h,Rt) = less Dinv is ƒ (guard • Measure Ri • Micro-Normal: (R2’’) Dinv = 3:4” Measure Rxo Measure Rxo Most (DLLd) → Rt
• Long: Rt (Thick 19” than 10 ft length) = • open hole larger Dinv = 4’’ Measures Rxo Deep Dinv= 20” accurate tool (DLLs) → Ri
measured

bed) Measures Rt
• Measures: 3*Guard length • Micro-lateral (inverse): Resolution =
Zone

• Dinv (1.5:2)*Spacing Rt = (15-18) ft (R1’’) Dinv = 2’’ 6”

Measures Rt • Measures Rxo
Used when: • Minimize • Minimize current • Better • K indicator • Solve Current distortion Overcome the • Its • Measure
• Low to moderate R borehole flow through vertical • φ determination issue of non-focused tool disadvantage combinability true
• Fairly Thick bed effects borehole so resolution • Bed boundaries • Works at high value of of micro latero with other formation
• Hole size minimize mud than LL7 • WOC Rxo (Rxo/Rmc>15) tool when run logging tool and
(4.75’’:10’’) effect • Minimize • Recognize Secondary φ • φ determination by opposite to (DLL) invaded
• Logging speed 100 Used when borehole • Measure Sor in flushed using measured Rxo thick mud cake • Great response zone in a
f/min • Large Rt/Rm effects zone • Bed boundaries so measure to shallow Rxo single run
• Large R contrast • Provide Rm as mud log • Recognize Secondary φ accurate Rxo zone by using
Advantages & uses

with adjacent • Operate best when • Invasion correction for sinking

form. φ>20% Laterolog response electrodes
• Thin to • Rmf > 3Rw • Provide Rm from mud log
moderate bed • Operate best when
thickness φ<15%

• Affected by • Can’t • Leave part of • Heavy Error results in: Error results in: Deep sensor
borehole mud & Identify weight can • Shallow mud invasion in very • Shallow mud invasion in may be
bottom well not
porous bed (<4”)
Adjacent form. Thin beds measured affect other very porous bed affected by
• Mud cake thick > 3/8”
• Can’t identify bed (10’’ – 24’’) logs decreases flushed zone • Mud cake thick > 0.5” rock beyond
h < Spacing • Greatly • Leave part of effect on reading decreases flushed zone invaded zone
• Can’t be used affected by bottom well • High value of (Rxo/Rmc>15) effect on reading
when Rt/Rm is high adjacent not cause current leak through • Incorrect reading of R
mc
MC
due to current form measured
• Pad not pressed to the wall
→ Incorrect R xo
distortion • Incorrect reading of Rmc → • Incorrect estimated Sor→
Incorrect Rxo Incorrect φ
• Shaly sand → Lower Rxo →
High φ
• Incorrect estimated Sor→
Limits

Incorrect φ
General notes about Resistivity tools:
• Main Principle for all tools: one Electrode in borehole introduces current and another (may be two or three) measuring the current (Potential)
• Differentiate between Water and Hydrocarbons not oil and gas.
• Rt>1000; Impervious zone (e.g., Evaporites)
• Laterologs improve vertical resolution and penetration depth
• Micro tools mainly measure resistivity of mud cake
• Tool spacing is the thinnest bed that can be measured with this tool