Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education

& Scientific Research
University of Kerbala
College of Engineering
Department of Biomedical Engineering

Design and Implementation of Laboratory

Incubator

A project
Submitted to the Council of the College of Engineering, University of
Kerbala in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering

By

Sajjad Hussien Shukahi Israa Hassan Lafta Sarah Kamel

Supervised by:

MSc. Mahmood Khalid Hadi

2020 1441 A.H.

{˝ ¹a ϲ:¹ί Ώu ˚ϝُϗ o}
¹>
 Supervisor Certificate

I certify that this project entitled

Design and Implementation af Laboratory

Incubator

was prepared under my supervision at College of Engineering –

University of Kerbala as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
bachelor degree of Biomedical Engineering.

Signature:
Name: Assis. Lec. Mahmood Khalid Hadi

Data: 20/08/2020
 Dedication

‫داء‬œϹ‫أ‬
To my dear country ..... to our beloved Iraq

‫ب‬i‫ب‬Σϟ ‫ ا‬ę ‫را‬όϟ‫ ا‬ϰϟ ‫ا‬ ϲϟ‫ا‬ϐϟ‫ ا‬ϲ:ρp ϰϟ ‫ا‬

All thanks and appreciation to the faculty members in the Department of

Biomedical Engineering

ϲΗ‫ا‬iΣϟ‫ب ا‬ρϟ‫د~ة ا‬:œ ϡ~ϗ ϲϓ ‫ة‬i~i‫در‬Ηϟ‫;ة ا‬iϬϟ‫اء ا‬οϋϻ ‫ر‬i‫د‬ϘΗϟ‫ا‬p ‫ر‬ϛηϟ‫ ا‬tϛ

A special thanks to the supervising professors

ϥiϓ ‫ر‬ηϣϟ‫ذة ا‬Η‫~ا‬ϻ‫ر ا‬ϛηϟ‫ با‬ιΧ:p

Dr. Wesam Hamid Al-Zubaedi

Assis. Lec. Mahmood Khalid Hadi

And all those who contributed to the completion of this project

sp ‫ر‬ηϣϟ ‫ذا ا‬œ ‫از‬Ο: ‫ ا‬ϲϓ ϡœ ‫ ~ا‬ϥϣ tϛp

And to family and friends

‫اء‬ϗ‫د‬λϻ‫ا‬p tœϻ‫ ا‬ϰϟ‫ا‬p

 Project Idea
In our project, we will review some illuminations that provide an illustrative idea about
what we have achieved, as well as a medical overview of the issues related to the work
of this device. We present here the most important aspects and the most prominent
titles included in the theoretical study of our project.

We reviewed in each chapter of the following:

Chapter one:
We provided a general introduction about the incubator and the definition of female
babysitters, especially the germinal incubator, in addition to the purpose and principle
of the incubator and the purpose of using it.

Chapter two:
We presented an overview of the history of the incubator industry and its stages of
development over the decades and years up to the present time and the modern
era. We also provided an overview of microorganisms, which include viruses, fungi,
germs, the conditions of their reproduction and growth, and the blood and its
properties and components.

Chapter three:
We presented the characteristics of the electrical circuit, its components, and the
work of each component.

Chapter four:

It includes the sections of the device and the practical diagram of the device in
addition to the conditions for installing and using the device and the authors
findings.

Chapter five:
It includes the conclusion and the most important development proposals for the
future projects.
 contents
*CHABTER ONE:
1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Aim of the work ....................................................................................................2

1.3 Statement of the problem ................................................................................... 2

1.4 Laboratory Incubator.......................................................................................... 2

1.5 Purpose of device ................................................................................................... 4

*CHAPTER TWO:
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5

2.2 History of laboratory incubator ....................................................................... 5

• Nineteenth century ..................................................................................................... 5

• 1960s 6
• 1984……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..6
• 1990………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..7
• 2001………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….7
• 2003……………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..7
• 2006………………………………………………………….………………………………………………..7
• 2008………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….7
• 2009……………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
• 2010……………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
• Nowadays 9

2.3 Overview of some microorganisms and blood ........................................... 10

2.3.1 Blood Functions ...................................................................................... 11

2.3.2 Blood types .............................................................................................. 12
2.3.3 Blood properties ......................................................................................13

2.4 The Virus ................................................................................................................. 13

2.5 Types of Germs ...................................................................................................... 14

2.5.1 Bacteria ............................................................................................... 14

2.5.2 Viruses................................................................................................ 15
2.5.3 Fungi.................................................................................................... 15
2.5.4 Protozoa .............................................................................................. 15
 Contents
2.6 Reproduction of germs ......................................................................................... 16

2.6.1 Sexual reproduction by direct division .................................................16

2.6.2 Bacterial growth ................................................................................... 18
2.6.3 The internal structure of the cell........................................................... 19

* CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 20

3.2 Electronic circuit design.................................................................... 21

3.2.1 The component ........................................................................................21

• Arduino ................................................................................................23
• DHT11 .................................................................................................25
• Relay.................................................................................................... 26
• Variable Resistor ................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 The electronic circuit .............................................................................. 28
• Steam burner ...................................................................................... 28
• Heater ................................................................................................. 30
• BMP085 sensor .................................................................................. 31
• The Fan............................................................................................... 32
•

3.3 The outer cover of the incubator ...................................................... 33

3.3.1 The cabinet ............................................................................................. 33

3.3.2 The cabinet door .................................................................................... 34
3.3.3 The control Panel ................................................................................... 34
3.3.4 Thermostat ............................................................................................... 34
3.3.5 Perforated shelves .................................................................................. 34
3.3.6 Asbestos door gasket .............................................................................. 34
3.3.7L-shaped thermometer .......................................................................... 35
3.3.8 HEPA filters ............................................................................................. 35
3.3.9 Humidity and gas control..........................................................................35

contents
*Chapter Four
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 36

4.2 Practical procedure ..................................................................... 37

• HEATER ......................................................................................................... 37
• THE FAN........................................................................................................ 38
• STEAM BURNER ............................................................................................39
• DHT11 AND BMP085 sensor ....................................................................... 40
• INPUT UNIT ....................................................................................................41

4.3 The Programmed Arduino Code .................................................................... 42

4.4 Practical Application ........................................................................................44

4.5 Conditions for installation.............................................................................. 48

* CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 50

*References .................................................................... 51
 CHABTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Man was created in this world since ancient times, and with his presence in this
world And Man developed his life throughout history, seeking different ways to
sleep His pension and multiple requirements, and his need for different materials
has increased The great expansion of his places of life and lifestyle that varied
with him The causes of disease and calamity, and the sick person at the time was
dying During his illness or impairment throughout his life without treatment, which
prompted him Searching in nature for ways and means to get rid of disease and
calamity With the development of science and the introduction of knowledge, many
scientists and inventors appeared.

Throughout history, which was one of the most important fruits of the efforts of
these scholars is The microscope through which a person can now know thecause
of the disease And the scourge, which are the microorganisms that contain viruses
A virile and other, and know the way of life for these nurses He knewtheir
antibodies that limit their spread and worked to multiply them from During the use
of incubators, and with the development of the learned scientific effort For our
time incubators have been obtained for these germs they provide The right
environment for its growth and reproduction within the required conditions. It
became used for artificial fertilization of human reproductive cells And animal. It is
also used as a dry lawyer to incubate the samples before performing the tests. It is
intended to secure the same natural conditions that it was in.

The presence of the incubator in the laboratories was of great importance and not
necessary Indispensable. On the other hand, for use in the laboratory to clean tools
F slip bacterial accumulations on it in addition to use Basic in hospitals, clinics and
operating rooms. The laboratory supervisor was buying sterilizer (air-oven) Hot
(which is similar to the air incubator in principle of action. This official used to hug
the bacteria during the day and sterilize the tools at night which prompted us to
think about this device to be the subject of our project where we decided.
Implementing his idea in practice, based on the simplicity ofits principle and its
great importance. This newborn machine is produced by the hot air oven and the
incubator In addition to saving Physical and spatial in the laboratory or wherever
it exists. We hope that we have succeeded in accomplishing this project

1
1.2 Aim of the work
The main objective of this research work is to design and implementation of laboratory
incubator with low cost and low malfunctions provides the ideal mediumfor growth
and reproduction of bacterial and bacterial specimens stimulatingfavorable conditions.
Reducing risks and obtaining results with more chances of success and keeping pace
with scientific development

1.3 Statement of the problem

Low availability in laboratories, high import costs, obsolescence of old models and the
provision of alternative sources of heat and humidity and removable and made of materials
widely available and low costs and can be used in all laboratories and maintains
temperatures for 24 hours and not affected by ambient temperature and consumes energy
Little electricity through which the temperature, humidity, and CO2are easily controlled
to reach better results, through a set of steps systematically arranged to identify bacteria
behavior, reproduction, and growth in different conditions. Hence, making an easy-to-use
laboratory incubator, suitable size, greater accuracy in temperature and humidity, high
efficiency and widely available

1.4 Laboratory Incubator

An incubator comprises a transparent chamber and the equipment that regulates

its temperature, humidity, and ventilation. For years, the principle uses for the
controlled environment provided by incubators included hatching poultry eggs and
caring for premature or sick infants, but a new and important application has
recently emerged, namely, the cultivation and manipulation of microorganisms for
medical treatment and research. This article will focus on laboratory (medical)
incubators.

The first incubators were used in ancient China and Egypt, where they consisted of
fire-heated rooms in which fertilized chicken eggs were placed to hatch, thereby
freeing the hens to continue laying eggs. Later, wood stoves and alcohol lamps were
used to heat incubators. Today, poultry incubators are large rooms, electrically
heated to maintain temperatures between 99.5 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.5
and 37.8 degrees Celsius). Fans are used to circulate the heated air evenly over the
eggs, and the room's humidity is set at about 60 percent to minimize the
evaporation of water from the eggs. In addition, outside air is pumped into the
incubator to maintain a constant oxygen level of 21 percent, which is normal for
fresh air. As many as 100,000 eggs may be nurtured in a large commercial
incubator at one time, and all are rotated a minimum of 8 timesa day throughout
the 21-day incubation period.

During the late nineteenth century, physicians began to use incubators to help save
the lives of babies born after a gestation period of less than 37 weeks (an optimal
human pregnancy lasts 280 days, or 40 weeks). The first infant incubator, heated
by kerosene lamps, appeared in 1884 at a Paris women's hospital.

2
In 1933, American Julius H. Hess designed an electrically heated infant incubator
(most are still electrically heated today). Modern baby incubators resemble cribs,
save that they are enclosed. Usually, the covers are transparent so that medical
personnel can observe babies continually. In addition, many incubators are made
with side wall apertures into which long-armed rubber gloves can be fitted,
enabling nurses to care for the babies without removing them. The temperature
is usually maintained at between 88 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit (31 to 32 degrees
Celsius). Entering air is passed through a HEPA (high efficiency purified air) filter,
which cleans and humidifies it, and the oxygen level within the chamber is adjusted
to meet the particular needs of each infant. Incubators in neonatal units, centers
that specialize in caring for premature infants, are frequently equipped with
electronic devices for monitoring the infant's temperature and the amount of
oxygen in its blood.

Laboratory (medical) incubators were first utilized during the twentieth century,
when doctors realized that they could be could be used to identify pathogens
(disease-causing bacteria) in patients' bodily fluids and thus diagnose their
disorders more accurately. After a sample has been obtained, it is transferred to
a Petri dish, flask, or some other sterile container and placed in a rack inside the
incubator. To promote pathogenic growth, the air inside the chamber is humidified
and heated to body temperature (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius).
In addition, these incubators provide the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide
or nitrogen necessary for the cell's growth. As this carefully conditioned air
circulates around it, the microorganism multiplies, enabling easier and more
certain identification. A related use of incubators is tissue culture, a research
technique in which clinicians extract tissue fragments from plants or animals, place
these explants in an incubator, and monitor their subsequent growth. The
temperature within the incubator is maintained at or near that of the organism
from which the explant was derived. Observing explants in incubators gives
scientists insight into the operation and interaction of particular cells; for example,
it has enabled them to understand cancerouscells and to develop vaccines for
polio, influenza, measles, and mumps. In addition, tissue culture has allowed
researchers to detect disorders stemming from the lack of particular enzymes.
Incubators are also used in genetic engineering, an extension of tissue culturing in
which scientists manipulate the genetic materials in explants, sometimes
combining DNA from discrete sources to create new organisms. While such
applications as sperm banks, cloning, and eugenics trouble many contemporary
observers, genetic material has already been manipulated to measurable positive
effect—to make insulin and other biologically essential proteins, for example.
Genetic engineering can also improve the nutritional content of many fruits and
vegetables and can increase the resistance of various crops to disease. It is in the
field of bio-technology that incubators' greatest potential lies.

3
1.5 The purpose of the project device
The device is used to grow and maintain of course microbiological cultures or cell
cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions
such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside.
Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology, microbiology
and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well as eukaryotic
cells.

What we accomplished, in addition to a general medical overview on matters related

to the work of this device, and we provide it. The following are the most important
aspects and most prominent headings included in the theoretical study of this project.
In the second chapter, we will provide a general study on the laboratory incubator and
its evolution over a time, as well as a summary of microorganisms that include viruses,
bacteria, and germs.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

2.1 Introduction
Incubators are used in modern research laboratories on a stable environment for
processes such as the cells in which they live, microbiological cultures, and the
incubation of antibodies and cells for the microscope [1].

The simplest incubators are a little more than controlled temperature furnaces, able
to reach temperatures ranging from 60 to 65 degrees Celsius, but they are used at
around 36 to 37 degrees Celsius. However, most modern incubators are also able to
generate cryogenic temperatures, control humidity and carbon dioxide levels. Many
incubators also offer features like automatic vibration, measured at revolutions per
minute.

Laboratory incubators were first introduced correctly during the second half of the
twentieth century, when doctors realized that they could be used to determine
pathogens from the bodily fluids of patients. In this application, a sample is
transferred to a Petri dish, placed on a shelf inside the incubator and heated to body
temperature (37°C). An appropriate amount of carbon dioxide or N2 is then provided
in the atmosphere needed for cell growth, which encourages microorganisms to
reproduce, making identification easier and more specific [2].

2.2 History of a laboratory incubator

• Nineteenth century: In the nineteenth century, researchers began to search

for the ideal environment in the laboratory to conserve cell stocks. The first CO2
incubator consists of a simple bell jar containing a lit candle. Cultures were placed
under the jar lid next to the lit candle, before the jar was transferred to a hot dry
oven. This system can be considered the first "air coated" CO2 incubator [3].

5
 fig 2.1 Examining The first CO2 incubator

• 1960s
During the late 1960s, the first CO2 incubators were developed. During this time,
New Brunswick Scientific (NBS) introduced a range of incubator products including
psychotherapy, first cryogenic incubator shaker, G25 large capacity console style
incubator shaker, and G76 water bath shaker. These models canstill be found
working in laboratories around the world as shown in figure 2.2 [1].

Fig.2.2

• 1984
In 1984, SHEL LAB introduced an innovative general purpose incubator, which
proved to be popular in the market. This incubator offers a unique warm air
cover design, a heated exterior door, and five strategically placed heating elements
to deliver unmatched temperature consistency, with no hotspots [1].

6
• 1990
During the late 1990s, Torrey Pines Scientific developed the first Peltier-based
incubators capable of cooling and heating [3].

Fig 2.3 Peltier-based incubators

• 2001
In 2001, a patent was granted to a system for controlling ambient temperature
stability for laboratory incubators. This device was able to effectively maintain
the incubator temperature within the required range and precisely control the
rate of heat loss from the incubator with an ambient temperature rise [1].

Fig 2.4

7
• 2003
In 2003, NBS started the global distribution of a new line of CO2 incubators
characterized by direct fan-less design. These incubators were lighter than
traditional water-coated designs, and on more sophisticated CO2 controllers ever,
complete with on-board diagnostics, auxiliary menu and automatic foundation
reset.
Also in 2003, a high-efficiency microplate plate incubator was issued. This incubator
provides superior temperature cohesion and stability through a simple structure in
which multiple incubation rooms are stacked to save lab space. Multiple incubation
rooms can be controlled electronically by one set temperature control in a main
incubator. An external water tank can be provided inside the room [1].

• 2006
In 2006, NBS introduced two new carbon dioxide incubators - Innova CO-170 and
Excella CO-170 - which offered more interior space without increasing the external
volume. In the same year, NBS also introduced 14 new shakers, including four
typical seat shakers and a new flooring, two stackable space- saving incubator
shakers I-26 and I26R and the new Excella® line [1].

• 2008
In 2008, CARON introduced a new large-capacity IR-CO2 incubator, the industry's
first and only large-capacity access incubator IR-CO2 with an automatic wet heat
disposal cycle that cleaned the unit overnight. This incubator also provides user-
configurable interior design that can support shakers, cell rollers and optional
environmentally friendly water recycling system [1].

• 2009
In 2009, Available in industry H2O2 - Sterisonic ™ GxP, MCO-19AIC (UVH) Cell
Culture Incubator - described as the most complete cell culture solution for
highly regulated or traditional incubation applications. This was considered the
ew standard for nursery technology. This incubator used the industry's first
H2O2 rapid sterilization system. A three-hour decontamination process that is
still the faster method [1].

8
 Fig 2.5GxP, MCO-19AIC (UVH) Cell Culture Incubator
• 2010

In 2010, BINDER launched a group to use BINDER Gas, which increased user
comfort by automatically changing the supply source to a gas bottle once the
first gas bottle was empty. This prevented researchers from needing the
laboratory at night or over the weekend to change the gas bottle. The group also
includes an audible and light alarm function that also outputs a probability-free
alarm for external reporting system [1].

• Nowadays

Laboratory incubators developed steadily during the latter part of the twentieth
century, and an important piece of laboratory equipment remained. Experts believe
that in the future the incubator market will derive most of its growth from the
biotechnology industry. As our knowledge and medical technology improves, and
researchers become increasingly strict, it is believed that incubators of a growth- room
type will be stretched. Another potential area of growth for incubators is in

Fig 2.6 the modern incubator

9
the field of genetic engineering, where scientists manipulate genetic material in
explorers, and sometimes collect DNA from separate sources to create new organisms.
Although genetic engineering is a controversial topic for many, this technology has
already achieved tangible benefits, including the manufacture of insulin and other vital
essential proteins. Genetic engineering has also been shown to improve the
nutritional content of fruits and vegetables and increase disease resistance to some
crops. Genetic engineering is heavily dependent on the use of a well-adjustable and
controlled nursery, and is among the field of biotechnology that some experts believe
lies in the incubator's greatest potential [1].
Actually the most important thing in this treatment process is to keep the incubator
clean. This is because a dirty tool is of course a nest of bacteria and fungi which can
harm the growth process of the bacteria you are culturing.
Therefore, it is very important that you do the treatment process so that the bacterial
incubation process can run smoothly and normally. In the process of caring for this tool,
you can use a disinfectant to clean the inside area. This disinfectant plays a very
important role in eliminating and killing organisms that you don't want.
You can spray this disinfectant on the shelves or shelves. Before cleaning it, you first
remove all the materials or media that are in it. Not only that, in this tool there is also
a chamber or container filled with water. Try to keep this water clean. If it's dirty, you
should replace it with a new one.Also clean the handle on the incubator door to avoid
sticking substances or organisms that you don't want. Occasionally, also check the
power supply section to make sure the device is connected to the power supply or not.
Try to unplug this tool's power supply when you are finished using it.
Finally and most importantly, place the incubator in a safe place on a flat surface. It
would be even better if you keep this tool away from vibration sources such as shakers
because it can affect performance later. [1].

2.3 Overview of some microorganisms and blood

• Blood
A body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as
nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products awayfrom
those same cells [4].

In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma,

which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume) and contains
proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main
medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin
is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure
of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes),
white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) and platelets (also called
10
 thrombocytes). The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These
contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by
reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. In
contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion
transported in plasma.
Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, based largely on white blood cells.
White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the
clotting of blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their
immune system [4].
Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the
heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues
of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism
produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.

2.3.1 Blood Functions

Blood performs many important functions within the body, including [4]:
1. Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells(
2. Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the
blood or bound to plasma proteins (e.g., blood lipids((
3. Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
4. Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of
foreign material by antibodies
5. Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a
liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding
6. Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue
damage
7. Regulation of core body temperature
8. Hydraulic functions

• Blood is classified as a connective tissue and consists of two main components [4]:
1. Plasma, which is a clear extracellular fluid.
2. Formed elements, which are made up of the blood cells.
3. and platelets
The formed elements are so named because they are enclosed in a plasma membrane
and have a definite structure and shape. All formed elements are cells except for the
platelets, which are tiny fragments of bone marrow cells.
Formed elements are:
1. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
2. Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs)
3. Platelets

11
2.3.2 Blood types

Blood types are important when it comes to transfusions. If you get a transfusion that
does not work with your blood type, your body’s immune system could fight the
donated blood. This can cause a serious or even life-threatening transfusion reaction.
(See “Possible risks of blood transfusion(”.To be sure no mistakes are made, donated
blood is carefully tested to find out what type it is [5].
This is done when it’s taken from the donor and again once it’s received by the hospital
lab. The blood bag is labeled with the type of blood it contains. When a person needs
a blood transfusion, a blood sample is drawn from them and testedthe same way.
All blood has the same components, but not all blood is the same. People have different
blood types, which are based on substances called antigens on a person’s blood cells.
[5]

The two most important antigens in blood typing are called A, B, O, and Rh.Each person
has an ABO blood type − either A, B, AB, or O − which means antigen A, antigen B,
both antigens (type AB), or neither antigen (type O) is found on theirblood
cells.Each person also is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative (you either have Rhor you

12
 2.3.3 Blood properties

1. Color: The blood is distinguished by its red color, due to the presence of hemoglobin,
and the color of the blood in arteries differs from that in the veins, where it is bright
red in the arteries because of the presence of oxygen, while it is dark in the veins due
to the presence of carbon dioxide [6].

2. Temperature: The body temperature is considered constant, with some slight

differences in the temperature of the organs, depending on the organ's need for heat
that enables it to perform its main functions, for example the brain temperature is
less than 39 degrees Celsius, while the liver temperature is about 40to 41 ° C [6].

3. Density: Density depends on the presence of dissolved substances in the blood plasma,
such as the presence of protein and red blood cells. The blood density inmen
ranges between 1.057 to 1.067 g/cubic centimeter, and in women it is about (1.051 to
1.061) g / cubic centimeter [6].

4. Viscosity: The force of blood contact with the walls of arteries and veins, to maintain
blood pressure, and depends mainly on the proteins present in the plasma, and the
viscosity in men ranges from about 4.7, and in women 4.3.

5. Osmotic pressure: Osmotic pressure is caused by the presence of salts and crystals
in the plasma, and its function is to maintain the equalization of water and saloutside
the cell in the arteries and blood vessels.
Colloidoid pressure is osmotic: produced because of the presence of proteins [6].

2.4 The Virus

It is a biological agent that reproduces within the cells of a living host. When infected
with a virus, the host cell is forced to produce thousands of identical copies of the
original virus at an unusual rate. Unlike most organisms, viruses do not have divisible
cells; new viruses are collected in the infected host cell. But unlike infection protein
molecules, viruses contain genes, which give them the ability to mutate and develop
[7]. More than 5,000 virus viruses have been detected. The
origins of the viruses are still unclear: some have evolved from plasmids - partsof
DNA that can be transmitted between cells - while others have evolved frombacteria.
The virus consists of two or three parts: genes made from DNA or RNA, molecules that
carry genetic information, and a protein layer that protects the genes. In some viruses,
the virus envelope around the protein layer is used and used with specific receptors to
enter a new host cell. Viruses differ in shape from simple helical and twenty simple
surfaces to the most complex phage. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometers.

13
Viruses spread in several ways. Also, many viruses are very specific to the host species
or tissues that attack them, and each type of virus depends on a specific method of
spread. Plant viruses are often spread from plants to plants by insects and other
organisms, known as vectors. Some animal viruses, including humans, are spread by
exposure to infected bodily fluids. Viruses such as influenza spread through the air
with drops of moisture when people cough or sneeze. Viruses such as Norovirus are
transmitted by the oral-anal route, which includes contamination of hands, food and
water. The rotavirus is often spread through direct contact with infected children. HIV
is transmitted through bodily fluids that are transmitted during sex. Other types,
such as the dengue virus, include blood-sucking insects [7]. Viral infections can
cause disease in humans, animals, and even plants. However, it is usually eliminated by
the immune system, which gives the host a lifelong immunity against this virus.
Antibiotics do not affect viruses, but antiviraldrugs have been developed to treat life-
threatening infections. Vaccines that produce lifelong immunity can prevent some viral
infections

Fig. 2.8 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

2.5 Types of Germs

2.5.1 Bacteria

Bacteria (bak-TEER-ee-uh) are tiny, single-celled organisms that get nutrients from their
environments. In some cases, that environment is your child or some other living being
[7].

14
Some bacteria are good for our bodies — they help keep the digestive system in working
order and keep harmful bacteria from moving in. Some bacteria are used to make
medicines and vaccines. But bacteria can cause trouble too, as with cavities, urinary tract
infections,ear infections or strep throat. Antibiotics are used to treatbacterial infections.

2.5.2 Viruses

Viruses are even smaller than bacteria. They aren't even a full cell. They are simply
genetic material (DNA or RNA) packaged inside of a protein coating. They need to use
another cell's structures to reproduce, which means they can't survive unless they're
living inside something else (such as a person, animal, or plant) [7].

Viruses can only live for a very short time outside other living cells. For example, viruses
in infected body fluids left on surfaces like a countertop or toilet seat can live there for a
short time, but quickly die unless a live host comes along.

Once they've moved into someone's body, though, viruses spread easily and can make
a person sick. Viruses are responsible for some minor sicknesses like colds, common
illnesses like the flu, and very serious diseases like smallpox or HIV/AIDS. Antibiotics
are not effective against viruses. Antiviral medicines have been developed against a
small, select group of viruses.

2.5.3 Fungi

Fungi (FUN-guy) are multicelled, plant-like organisms. A fungus gets nutrition from
plants, food, and animals in damp, warm environments. Many fungal infections, such
as athlete's foot and yeast infections, are not dangerous in a healthy person. People
who have weakened immune systems (from diseases like HIV or cancer), though,
may develop more serious fungal infections.

2.5.4 Protozoa

Protozoa (pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. But they are bigger
than bacteria and contain a nucleus and other cell structures, making them more
similar to plant and animal cells.

Protozoa love moisture, so intestinal infections and other diseases they cause, such as
amebiasis and giardiasis, often spread through contaminated water. Some protozoa are
parasites, which means that they need to live on or in another organism (like an
animal or plant) to survive. For example, the protozoa that causes malaria grows
inside red blood cells, eventually destroying them. Some protozoa are encapsulated in
cysts, which help them live outside the human body and in harsh environments for
long periods of time [7].

15
Approximate chemical composition of a bacterium, yeast and mammalian cell

2.6 Reproduction of germs

2.6.1 Sexual reproduction by direct division

Bacteria are asexual. This means that they are not like us, as they do not need a partner
to multiply. A bacterium can become two bacteria all by itself. Then those two bacteria
can each multiply again on their own and so, they become four bacteria [8].

16
The process that the bacteria used to multiply is called Binary fission. Binary fission
literally means, splitting in half.

STEP 1
The bacterium starts as just one cell.

STEP 2

In order to become 2 cells, the bacterium starts to

replicate all of the internal parts of the cell – the
mechanics of the cells that we talked about earlier, the
cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA. As it does this the
size of the cell gets bigger, so it also makes extra cell
wall, capsule layer and more of the plasma membrane
– you can see in this picture as the cell gets bigger it
starts to separate as it starts to look more like 2 cells
stuck together [8].

STEP 3

With all the internal parts of the cell complete, the

internal parts of the cells divide completely. The cell
now just has to complete the production of the outer
elements [8].

STEP 4

And when this is complete, the bacteria divide

completely. One has now become two.

So how long does this take?

The speed at which a bacterium can divide, is a really key point for us when we are
trying to manage food safety [8]. There are many factors which affect the speed at
which a bacterium can divide. And it is these factors, that we use to our advantage to

17
stop them from dividing and growing to unsafe levels.In the right conditions, a
pathogenic (remember pathogens are the baddies) bacterium can divide every 10 to 20
minutes. This means if you start off with 1 bacterium, even with a multiplication timeof
20 minutes, after 4 hours you would have over 8,000 bacteria.

2.6.2 Bacterial growth

Bacteria common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) constitutes a large domain of

prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a
number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among
the first life forms to appear on earth and are presented in most of its habitats [9].
Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions
of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants
and animals. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million
bacterial cells in a milliliter of fresh water. There are approximately 5 × 1030 bacteria
on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are
vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on
these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and
putrefaction.
In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria
provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such
as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported
data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a
depth of up to 11 kilometers is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other
researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 meters
below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometers of ocean off the coast of the northwestern
United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere
- they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are." Most
bacteria have not been characterized, and only about halfof the bacterial phyla have
species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as
bacteriology, a branch of microbiology. There are approximately ten times as many
bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest
number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The
vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective
effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial[9].

- The growth of germs depends on the following conditions which are being met:

• The heat
• Time
• PH
• The degree of oxidation and return
• The nature of the medium
• The type of body studies

18
2.6.3 The internal structure of the cell
The bacterial cell encapsulates the sebaceous membrane (known as the cellular
membrane or plasma membrane) [10] [11]. This membrane protects the components
of the cell. What are prokaryotes, usually bacteria? It lacks a real nucleus, mitochondria,
green and organoplastic in the eukaryotic cells. Instead of the nucleus proteins are
concentrated at specific locations within the cytoplasmic and it has been discovered that
bacteria are considered to be of some complexity. This substrate is organized by
"enlarged bacterial structures".
Microscopic spheres such as carboxymes provide an additional level of regulation, while
these chambers within bacteria are surrounded by multifaceted protein structures that
will not from the lipid membrane. These "multifaceted organelles" are performed
exclusively and partitioned

Many biochemical reactions (such as energy generation) are used including bacteria most
often do not have internal membranes, and the reaction such as the transfer of electrons
takes place through the cell membrane of the cytoplasm and the space surrounding the
cytoplasmHowever [11]. The plasma membrane is in a number of bacteria that use it.
The aggregates of light can form lipid-coated entities in palekorosomes in green sulfur
bacteria. Where other proteins transport food.

Medium or Culture Medium: It is a liquid medium that is either liquid or solid in the
form of a generation used for the development of microorganisms, cells [1] and even
small plants [10]. These cultures also differ according to the purpose of development in
addition to the object to be developed. There are two main types of cultures:

1- Cell culture: It uses several types of cells prepared from animals or plants.

2- Microbiological culture: used to grow germs and yeasts. The microbiota are either
in the form of a nutritious broth or solid dishes from agar. Some microorganisms are
sensitive and require complex environments from nutritional needs. For example,
viruses are forced to live parasitically within cells and require nutria [10].

19
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction.

The incubator consists of a transparent chamber and equipment that regulates

temperature, humidity and ventilation. For years, the primary uses of the controlled
environment provided by incubators have included hatching poultry eggs and caring
for premature or sick babies, but a new and important application has recently emerged,
which is the cultivation and manipulation of microorganisms for medical treatment and
research.

The incubator is based on the principle that microorganisms require a certain set of
criteria for their growth and development. All incubators are based on the concept that
when organisms are provided with the optimum state of temperature, humidity, oxygen
and carbon dioxide levels, they grow and divide to form more organisms.

In the incubator, the thermostat maintains a constant temperature that can be read from
the outside via the thermometer. The temperature is maintained by using the heating
and no heating cycles.

During the heating cycle, the thermostat heats the incubator, during the non-heating
period the heating is stopped, and the incubator is cooled by radiating heat to the ambient.
Insulation from the outside creates an isolated condition inside the cabinet, allowing
microbes to thrive effectively.

Likewise, other parameters such as humidity and airflow are also maintained by various
mechanisms that create an environment similar to the natural environment of living
organisms. Likewise, they are provided with adjustments to maintain carbon dioxide
concentration to balance the pH and moisture needed for the growth of organisms.

An incubator variety such as the vibration incubator is also available, allowing the
continuous movement of the culture required for cell aeration and solubility studies.

20
 3.2 Electronic circuit design

3.2.1 The component

Fig. 3.1 The circuit basic component

An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell

cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions
such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential
for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and
are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.

Louis Pasteur used the small opening underneath his staircase as an incubator. Incubators
are also used in the poultry industry to act as a substitute for hens. Thisoften results
in higher hatch rates due to the ability to control both temperature and humidity. Various
brands of incubators are commercially available to breeders

The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up
to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more
than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such asthe
frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C (99
°F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions.

21
For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal

More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via
refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels. This is important in the
cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative humidity is typically >80% toprevent
evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 levelof 5%.

In our project we use a some of electrical components such as sensors, heater, fan, Water
vapor, transformers and sensors, three of which are the temperature sensor, the second is
the humidity sensor, and the third the pressure sensor connects these sensors with the
Arduino and also connects the control circuit consisting of three variable resistors to
control temperature, pressure and humidity.

Table 3.1 shows the name and the quantity of the components which are implemented
within the electronic circuit design of the accomplished project device.

Table 3.1

NO. NAME QUANTITY

1 ARDUINO 1
2 DHT11 1
3 VARIABLE RESISTOR 3
4 RELAY ARDUINO 5V 3
5 FAN 2
6 HETER 2
7 STEAM MACHINE 2
8 AIR SENSOR 2

22
• Arduino

Fig. 3.2 Arduino microcontroller

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available onthe
Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are
also available. Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under
copy left licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino tobe
exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission.
The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is
open to incorporating work by others into the official product.[24] Several Arduino-
compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using
various names ending in –Arduino [12]. An early Arduino board [13] with an RS-
232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black,
lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower
right, and the power connector at the lower left. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel
8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, [14] ATmega168, ATmega328,
ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and
features [15]. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced
in 2012 [16]. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. Thesemay connect
with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be
individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a5 V linear regulator
and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the Lily
Pad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-
factor restrictions. Arduino microcontrollers are pre- programmed with a boot loader that
simplifies uploading of programs to the on- chip flash memory. The default
bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader [17]. Boards are loaded
with program code via a serial connection

23
to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert
between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current
Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using
USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model
Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-
serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via itsown ICSP header. Other variants,
such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial
adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used. An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions
of the I/O locations. The Arduino board exposesmost of the microcontroller's
I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current
Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated
signals, and six analog inputs, which canalso be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins
are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in
application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-
compatible Bare Bones Board [18] and Boarduino [19] boards may provide male header
pins on the underside of the boardthat can plug into solderless breadboards. Many
Arduino-compatible and Arduino- derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by
adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies
and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor,
sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use
different processors, of varying compatibility.

24
 • DHT11

Fig. 3.3 DHT11

This DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor
complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital- signal-
acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity
measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and
connects to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast
response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness [19].

Each DHT11 element is calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate on

humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programmers in the OTP
memory, which are used by the sensor's internal signal detecting process. The single-wire
serial interface makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power
consumption and up-to-20 meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various
applications, including those most demanding ones. The componentis 4-pin single row
pin package. It is convenient to connect and special packages canbe provided according
to users' request

25
 • Relay

Fig. 3.4 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single
or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have
any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts,
or combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power
signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first
used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming
in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations [20].
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but
other operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use
semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays.
Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch
persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with
opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no
effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should
not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.

26
 • Variable Resistor

Fig. 3.5 Variable resistor

This article is about the electrical component. For the measuring instrument,see
Potentiometer (measuring instrument). A potentiometer is a three- terminal
resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider [20].
If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts asa variable resistor
or rheostat.

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used

for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the
same principle, hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls
on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position
transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control
significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer.

27
3.2.2 The electronic circuit

• Steam burner

Fig. 3.6 Steam burner

Water vapor is water that is in the form of a vapor, or gas. It is a part of the water
cycle. When liquid water is heated to boiling point, 100 degrees Celsius (212 F), it
turns into vapor. Water vapor can also be produced directly from ice; this is

28
called sublimation. Steam is water vapor, but clouds are liquid water. The amount of
water vapor in air is called humidity and it affects weather conditions. In the cold,
breathing out causes the water vapor in the breath to freeze.
Water vapor weighs less than air, thus slightly reduces the lift produced by an aircraft
wing. Water vapor is transparent. The small droplets that look white like mist are actually
liquid. Water vapor is a big cause of the greenhouse effect. Water vapor is invisible but
when it condenses it makes visible water.
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the
[12]
gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the
likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. The amount of water vapor needed
to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a
parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point

without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel
of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 28
grams of water per cubic meter of air at 30 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter
of air at 8 °C.
Three primary measurements of humidity are widely employed: absolute, relative and
specific. Absolute humidity describes the water content of air and is expressed in either
[13] [14]
grams per cubic meter or grams per kilogram . Relative humidity,
expressed as a percentage, indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a
maximum humidity given the same temperature. Specific humidity is the ratio of water
vapor mass to total moist air parcel mass.
Humidity plays an important role for surface life. For animal life dependenton
perspiration (sweating) to regulate internal body temperature, high humidityimpairs
heat exchange efficiency by reducing the rate of moisture evaporation fromskin
surfaces. This effect can be calculated using a heat index table, also known asa
humidex.

29
 • Heater

Fig. 3.7 Device heater

Electric heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted to heat energy.

Common applications include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial
processes. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current
[12]
into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is an electrical resistor,
and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing through a resistor
will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices
use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses
nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.

Alternatively, a heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a refrigeration cycle, that draws
heat energy from a source such as the ground or outside air and directs that heat into the
space to be warmed. Some systems can be reversed so that the interior space is cooled
and the warm air is discharged outside or into the ground.

30
 • BMP085 sensor

Fig. 3.8 BMP085 sensor

The BMP180 is the function compatible successor of the BMP085, a new generation
of high precision digital pressure sensors for consumer applications. The
ultra-low power, low voltage electronics of the BMP180 is optimized for use in mobile
phones, PDAs, GPS navigation devices and outdoor equipment. With a low altitude noise
of merely 0.25m at fast conversion time, the BMP180 offers superior performance. The
I2C interface allows for easy system integration [13][12] with a microcontroller.
The BMP180 is based on piezo-resistive technology for EMC robustness, high accuracy
and linearity as well as long term stability. The BMP180
chip only accepts 1.8V to 3.6V input voltage, however It contains a built-in stabilivolt
(3.3V), thus being able to work under 5V. Therefore, it can be usedon Arduino
without any debugging。The schematic
diagram of the module is shown in the figure as follows:

31
 • The Fan

Fig 3.9 The device fan

A fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas, such
as air. A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades, which act on the air.
The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor, or runner.
Usually, it is contained within some form of housing, or case [12]. This may direct the
airflow, or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most
fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including
hydraulic motors, hand cranks, and internal combustion engines.
Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane, or vanes used for producing currents
of air. Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higherthan
ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a
comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air fluid
stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines,
often have designs similar to that of a fan.
Further information: centrifugal compressor
Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort (e.g., an
electric table or floor fan), vehicle engine cooling systems (e.g., in front of a radiator),
machinery cooling systems (e.g., inside computers and audio power amplifiers),
ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff of cereal grains),
removing dust (e.g. sucking as in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with
a heat source) and providing draft for a fire.
While fans are often used to cool people, they do not actually cool air (electric fans
may warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors), but work by evaporative cooling
of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding air, due to the airflow from
the fans. Thus, fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is
near body temperature and contains high humidity. A fan blade is generally made of
wood, plastic, or metal.

32
 3.3 The outer cover of the incubator

Fig 3.9 Outer cover components

A microbial incubator is made up of various units, some of which are [21]:

3.3.1 The cabinet

• The cabinet is the main body of the incubator consisting of the double-walled
cuboidal enclosure with a capacity ranging from 20 to 800L.
• The outer wall is made up of stainless steel sheets while the inner wall is made up of
aluminum.
• The space between the two walls is filled with glass wool to provide insulation to the
incubator.
• The insulation prevents heat loss and in turn, reduces the electric consumption,
thereby ensuring the smooth working of the device.
• The inner wall of the incubator is provided with inward projections that support the
shelves present inside the incubator [21].

33
 3.3.2 The cabinet door

• A door is present in all incubators to close the insulated cabinet.

• The door also has insulation of its own. It is also provided with a glass that enables
the visualization of the interior of the incubator during incubation without disturbing
the interior environment.
• A handle is present on the outside of the door to help with the maneuvering of the door
[21].

3.3.3 The control Panel

• On the outer wall of the incubator is a control panel with all the switches and indicators
that allows the parameters of the incubator to be controlled.
• The control panel also has a witch to control the thermostat of the device [21].

3.3.4 Thermostat

• A thermostat is used to set the desired temperature of the incubator.

• After the desired temperature is reached, the thermostat automatically maintains the
incubator at that temperature until the temperature is changed again [21].

3.3.5 Perforated shelves

• Bound to the inner wall are some perforated shelves onto which the plates with the
culture media are placed.
• The perforations on the shelves allow the movement of hot air throughout the inside
of the incubator.
• In some incubators, the shelves are removable, which allows the shelves to be cleaned
properly [21].

3.3.6 Asbestos door gasket

• The asbestos door gasket provides an almost airtight seal between the door and the
cabinet.
• This seal prevents the outside air from entering the cabinet and thus, creating an isolated
hot environment inside the cabinet without being interrupted by the external environment
[21].

34
 3.3.7 L-shaped thermometer

• A thermometer is placed on the top part of the outer wall of the incubator.
• One end of the thermometer provided with gradations remains outside of the
incubator so that temperature can be read easily.
• The next end with the mercury bulb is protruded slightly into the chamber of the
incubator [21].

3.3.8 HEPA filters

• Some advanced incubators are also provided with HEPA filters to lower the possible
contamination created due to airflow.
• AN air-pump with filters creates a closed-loop system so that the air flowing inside
the incubator generates less contamination.

3.3.9 Humidity and gas control

• The CO2 incubators are provided with a reservoir underneath the chamber that
contains water.
• The water is vapourised to maintain the relative humidity inside the chamber.
• Similarly, these incubators are also provided with gas chambers to give the desired
concentration of CO2 inside the incubator [21].

35
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter explains in specific details the results generated from this work based on
the performed methodologies that are mentioned in Chapter Three. We will mention
the method of connecting a circuit which attached to the pictures, linking the
temperature and humidity sensors that provide the appropriate conditions for cell
growth and reproduction.
The method of linking the heater that is the source of heat in the project laboratory
incubator and the fan that helps to circulate the heat inside the incubator and the rest
of the circuit. As well as recording the values of temperature and humidity before the
incubator is turned on and also during its operation as well as upon arrival for required
temperature or humidity because the bacterial cells must have an appropriate degree in
terms of temperature and humidity. The internal incubator environment reaches the
required magnitudes corresponding to appropriate temperature and humidity for any
material that should save in a laboratory incubator and these values can be provided and
determined by a code which must be programmed inside the device microcontroller.
The meter within the device will give a counter to stop the operation.

36
4.2 Practical procedure

• HEATER

Fig 4.1 (a) Fig 4.1 (b)

Its electrical capacity of 1500 watts is fed by city current that the relay allows it to
reach to the heater as shown in Fig. 4.1 (a). The used heater is made of tungsten and has
been utilized to ensure the temperature ranges between 22-42 ° C inside room of the
incubator.

Where it is preferable to place or install it at the bottom base of the incubator from the
inside space in the middle precisely to ensure equally temperature distribution of all parts
of the incubator as shown in figure 4.1 (b).

37
 • THE FAN

Fig 4.2 (a) Fig 4.2 (b)

The project implemented incubator works at electrical source of 5 volts, which is

controlled by the used relay to be connected from the source, and this is shown in figure
4.2 (a). The incubator fan is located in a position near the heater in order to distribute the
generated heat by the heater inside the room because the temperature will be greatest
near the heater. This is shown in the figure 4.2 (b).

38
 • STEAM BURNER

Fig 4.3 (a) Fig 4.3 (b)

The steam aroma is already used to increase the required humidity inside the incubator
room according to the needs of the sample and according to the humiditythat we can
enter inside the incubator. As it evaporates the water quickly and at the same time it does
not increase the water temperature (i.e. raising the humidity inside the incubator space
without influencing the temperature).

The steam burner operates at a voltage source of 220 V, where the used controlling relay
to be connected from the city source through a special transformer and this is as shown
in the figure 4.3(a).

The scoop is placed inside a special container and submerged by water, then the
vessel is installed outside the incubator room to prevent the influence of high temperature
inside the incubator on both the aroma and the temperature of the water. When the circuit
is turned on, after a specific time the steam is transferred through a special tube from the
container to the inside of the room through a small sealed hole at the side of the
incubator at a level that ensures the distribution of steam. The fan isused to distribute
the heated air in all corners of the incubator room as shown in the figure 4.3(b).

39
 • DHT11 AND BMP085 sensor

Fig 4.4 (a) Fig 4.4 (b)

The DHT11 (temperature and humidity sensor) and BMP085 sensor (pressure sensor)
are connected to the control panel, which is installed in the ceiling of the incubator room
inside. The sensors are connected in parallel with the heat lines emitted from the heater
and the air stream emanating from the fan, which carries the water vapor emitted from
the incense burner. Thus, we ensure the polarization of good for the sensors and this is
as shown in figure 4.4 (b).

As these sensors read the amount of temperature, humidity, and pressure inside the
incubator room on a continuous basis and then transfer the readings to the incubator
control unit represented by the Arduino microcontroller which is programmed by the
attached installed code that shown in section 4.3 and the implemented sensors are shown
in figure 4.4 (a) and its place within the incubator as shown in figure 4.4(b).

40
 • INPUT UNIT

Fig 4.5 (a) Fig 4.5 (b)

- The input unit consists of three variable resistors as show in figure 4.5(a)
which are clarifies by the following items:

1. Green: refer to pressure

2. Blue : refer to humidity
3. Yellow : refer to temperature

Each of the three input units is connected to the heater, the humidifier and the fan through
the relays and control unit represented by the Arduino controller as shown in figure
4.5(b). These units work to receive the input values and regulate the work of those related
components according to the installed code in proportion to those valuesin order to
obtain a suitable atmosphere represented by temperature, humidity and pressure inside
the incubator room.

41
4.3 The Programmed Arduino Code
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_BMP085.h>
#include <SimpleDHT.h>
int pinDHT11 = 2;
SimpleDHT11 dht11(pinDHT11);
/***************************************************
This is an example for the BMP085 Barometric Pressure & Temp Sensor

Designed specifically to work with the Adafruit BMP085 Breakout

----> https://www.adafruit.com/products/391

These displays use I2C to communicate, 2 pins are required to

interface
Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code,
please support Adafruit and open-source hardware by purchasing
products from Adafruit!

Written by Limor Fried/Ladyada for Adafruit Industries.

BSD license, all text above must be included in any redistribution
****************************************************/

// Connect VCC of the BMP085 sensor to 3.3V (NOT 5.0V!)

// Connect GND to Ground
// Connect SCL to i2c clock - on '168/'328 Arduino Uno/Duemilanove/etc thats Analog 5
// Connect SDA to i2c data - on '168/'328 Arduino Uno/Duemilanove/etc thats Analog 4
// EOC is not used, it signifies an end of conversion
// XCLR is a reset pin, also not used here

Adafruit_BMP085 bmp;
void setup() {
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
pinMode(11,OUTPUT);
pinMode(12,OUTPUT);
pinMode(A0,INPUT);
pinMode(A1,INPUT);
pinMode(A2,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
if (!bmp.begin()) {
}
}
void loop() {

byte temperature = 0;
byte humidity = 0;
int err = SimpleDHTErrSuccess;
if ((err = dht11.read(&temperature, &humidity, NULL)) != SimpleDHTErrSuccess) {
return;
}

float a=analogRead(A0);
float b=analogRead(A1);
42
 float c=analogRead(A2);
float d=a*120;
float e=b/17;
float f=c/10;
float g=bmp.readTemperature();
float j=bmp.readPressure();
float i =humidity;
if(g>e)
{
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
}
else{digitalWrite(11,LOW);}

if(j>d)
{
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
}
else{digitalWrite(12,LOW);}
if(i>f)
{
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
}
else{digitalWrite(10,LOW);}
Serial.print("humidity=");
Serial.println(i);
Serial.print("Temperature=");
Serial.println(g);
Serial.println("Pressure");
Serial.print(j);
delay(3000);
}

43
4.4 Practical application

As we explained previously how to design and connect the electrical circuit of the
incubator, Bina and Dhayef the tasks of each of its main parts. How to enter the
values digitally and treat them to obtain heat, humidity and pressure in the form
of actual values. So, we are now implementing a simple practical application that
includes entering the following values through the input unit:

• Temperature: 48 ° C
• Pressure: 30%
• Humidity: 36
The project outputs are as shown in the table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1

Time(minute) humidity Pressure(%) Temperature(c)

0 17 12 27
3 18 17 28
6 18 22 30
13 22 27 35
26 28 30 44
32 36 30 48

44
 The villages

Initially: When starting the operation, the current flows from the source to the
electrical circuit, where the test starts working, the sensors and the input unit.

The heater, the humidity dryer and the fan are in a state of stoppage or prepared
for the operation process for a period of time, at which the temperature, pressure
and humidity inside the incubator are about (27, 17, 12), respectively which represent
the natural conditions captured by the sensors inside the incubator room.

After 6 minutes : We note that the temperature value begins with a gradual rise
up to about 30 ° C, which is observed by the temperature sensor installed inside

45
 the suppressor, indications that the controller began to give an order to the Heater
to operate

At the same time, we notice that there is an amount of steam emitted from the tube,
indicating that the aroma of humidity appears at work, as it causes an increase in
the degree of humidity inside the incubator to about 18, which increases gradually
simultaneously, and we note this increase occurring throughthe humidity sensor
installed inside the incubator room

We also notice that the fan starts to rotate and distributes heat and moisture inside
the incubator, leading to an increase in the pressure inside the incubator to
approximately 22%, which is monitored by the pressure sensor installed inside the
incubator chamber.

After 26 minute:
We note the continuation of the increase in temperature, which reachesapproximately
44 ° C, as it is considered very close to the required temperature, where the glow of
the heat inside the tank is pronounced as shown in figure 4.6.

Fig 4.6

At the same time, the degree of humidity is high and then increases significantly, which
is reaching nearly 28 degrees, as a result of the continuous operation of the humidity
diffuser, as shown in figure 4.7.

46
 Fig 4.7

An increase in the amount of air pressure is also observed inside the incubator room,
reaching approximately 30%, which represents the required amount of pressure, as
this increase occurs due to the fan continuing to rotate until the required pressure is
obtained, as shown in figure 4.8.

Fig 4.8

47
 At the 32nd minute of starting : the operation, the temperature, humidity, and
pressure reach the required degree, reaching what is called a steady state, i.e.
approximately (temperature 48 ° A, pressure 30, humidity 36), where the sensor sends
signals to the controller to in turn stop the work of the heater, the fan and the humidity
odor to reduce the increase And keep the temperature, humidity and pressure at
constant degrees and in a stable state inside the incubator.

4.5 Conditions for installation

The following instructions should be taking into consideration when installing the
incubator:

1- You should avoid placing inflammable materials inside the device and make sure
of the effect of this heat on the materials2-
Fumes and dust must be avoided inside and around the device to ensure work
3 - Be careful while the device is operating at high temperatures4-
The feed outlet must be removed before removing the device cover when necessary 5-
The device must be fed with an alternating voltage of 220 volts at a frequency of 50 hertz
6- Before operating the device, you must make sure of the correct installation of the
temperature sensor in a position because it can slip during vibration7
- The device must be placed in an external medium at a temperature of 5 to 31 degrees
Celsius so that the room is air-conditioned in order to avoid any rise intemperature
8- The doctor must wear sterile gloves while taking the sample
9 - The addition and sterilization of the laboratory should be maintained by considering
any sample inside the laboratory as a germ sample in order to avoid diseases

The final design of the incubator is illustrated in figure 4.9 below.

48
Fig 4.9

49
 CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion
The success of the incubator depends on the effective implementation of the services
provided by the incubator to the clients. Even though all the listed factors are important,
their role in influencing the success of the incubator depends on the ownership, nature
of the incubator, objectives, age, number of incubates, number of incubates graduated
and the incubator governance.
The ability to achieve its objectives depends on clear understanding of the strengths and
weaknesses of the incubator and designing an implementation framework within which
it extends its services to the clients effectively and thereby maximize its success
probability.
The financial support from the government is very critical for maintaining the operations
of the incubators and to ensure the sustenance. The results imply that innovation centers
and incubator programs that provide continuing tangible and intangible services are able
to add value to the companies they support. The incubators have recently emerged as an
important role in the laboratory environment for the reproduction and growth of
microorganisms and then providing them with heat humidity and suitable condition for
their reproduction and growth. The laboratory incubator has achieved great results in its
use in the laboratory and has been widely resonated in the laboratory one of the
developments that takes place in the laboratory incubator is that it is connected via the
internet. So that the incubator is controlled by controlling the temperature humidity and
pressure via the internet praise be to God almighty who succeeded in presenting this
research and here are the last drops in the research process the research was talking about
the laboratory incubator we have made every effort to get the research out in this way.

50
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Published In NOVEMBER 2010 Volume 5 - Issue 10

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51