Pengantar SIG

Barandi Sapta W., M.Si. (Disaster), M.Sc.(Remote Sensing)

barandi@ugm.ac.id
History (1)
• The first known use of the term "geographic information system“ was by Roger
Tomlinson in the year 1968 in his paper "A Geographic Information System for
Regional Planning". Tomlinson is also acknowledged as the "father of GIS".
• E. W. Gilbert's version (1958) of John Snow's 1855 map of the Soho cholera
outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854
• Previously, one of the first applications of spatial analysis in epidemiology is the
1832.
• This was one of the earliest successful uses of a geographic methodology in
epidemiology.
• The early 20th century saw the development of photozincography, which allowed
maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for
water. This was particularly used for printing contours
History (2)
• The year 1960 saw the development of the world's first trueoperational GIS
in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada by the federal Department of Forestry and
Rural Development. Developed by Dr. Roger Tomlinson, it was called the
Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) and was used to store,
analyze, andmanipulate data collected for the Canada Land Inventory.
• By the late 1970s two public domain GIS systems (MOSS and GRASS GIS)
were in development.
• GRASS GIS- It can handle raster, topological vector, image processing, and
graphic data.
• MOSS- open source GIS development - predating the better known GRASS
by 5 years. MOSS utilized a polygon based data structure in which point,
line, and polygon features could all be stored in the same file
History (3)
• By the early 1980s, M&S Computing along with Bentley Systems Incorporated for the
1. CAD platform
2. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
3. CARIS (Computer Aided Resource Information System)
4. MapInfo Corporation and
5. ERDAS (Earth Resource Data Analysis System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS software,
successfully incorporating many of the CGIS features, combining the first generation approach to
separation of spatial and attribute information with a second generation approach to organizing attribute
data into database structures.

• In 1986, Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first desktop GIS product
emerged for the DOS operating system. This was renamed in 1990 to MapInfo for
Windows when it was ported to the Microsoft Windows platform. This began the
process of moving GIS from the research department into the business environment.
Definitions
• Geographic, because data collected is associated with some location
in space.
• Informational, because attributes, or the characteristics (data), about
the space is what we want to learn about.
• System, because there must be a tie from the information to the
geography in a seamless operation.
GIS--What is it? No easy answer anymore!
• Geographic/Geospatial Information
• information about places on the earth’s surface
• knowledge about “what is where when”
(Don’t forget time!)
• Geographic/geospatial: synonymous

• GIS--what’s in the S?
• Systems: the technology
• Science: the concepts and theory
• Studies: the societal context

Briggs, 2010
Geographic Information Technologies
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
• a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100 meter to
sub-cm.) location on the earth’s surface (in lat/long coordinates or equiv.)
• Remote Sensing (RS)
• use of satellites or aircraft to capture information about the earth’s surface
• Digital ortho images a key product (map accurate digital photos)
• Geographic Information Systems (GISy)
• Software systems with capability for input, storage, manipulation/analysis and
output/display of geographic (spatial) information
GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GISy.
A GISy provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

Briggs, 2010
GI Systems, Science and Studies
Which will we do?

• Systems
• technology for the acquisition and management of spatial information
• Science
• comprehending the underlying conceptual issues of representing data and
processes in space-time
• the theory and concepts behind the technology
Introduce enough of the science to apply the systems correctly and understand
their capabilities and limitations
• Studies
• understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with the
application of GISy and GISc
Defining Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• The common ground between information processing and the many

fields using spatial analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972)
• A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming,
and displaying spatial data from the real world. (Burroughs, 1986)
• A computerised database management system for the capture,
storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial (locationally defined)
data. (NCGIA, 1987)
• A decision support system involving the integration of spatially
referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988)
An Inelegant Definition for GISy
A system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to-end processing
(capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, display) of data using location
on the earth’s surface for interrelation in support of operations
management, decision making, and science.
• set of integrated tools for spatial analysis
• encompasses end-to-end processing of data
• capture, storage, retrieval, analysis/modification, display
• uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data
• aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations and scientific inquiry
Geographic Information System:
intuitive description
• A map with a database behind it.
• A virtual representation of the real world and
its infrastructure.
• A consistent “as-built” of the real world,
natural and manmade
Which is
• queried to support on-going operations
• summarized to support strategic decision
making and policy formulation
• analyzed to support scientific inquiry
How GIS differs from Related Systems
• DBMS--typical MIS data base contains implicit but not explicit locational information
• city, county, zip code, etc. but no geographical coordinates
• is 100 N. High around the corner or across town from 200 E Main?
• automated mapping (AM) --primarily two-dimensional display devices
• thematic mapping (choropleth,etc such as SAS/GRAPH, DIDS, business mapping software) unable to relate different
geographical layers (e.g zip codes and counties)
• automated cartography--graphical design oriented; limited database ability
• facility management (FM) systems--
• lack spatial analysis tools
• CAD/CAM (computer aided design/drafting)--primarily 3-D graphic creation (engineering design) & display
systems
• don’t reference via geographic location
• CAD sees the world as a 3-D cube, GIS as a 3-D sphere
• limited (if any) database ability (especially for non-spatial data)
• scientific visualization systems--sophisticated multi-dimensional graphics, but:
• lack database support
• lack two-dimensional spatial analysis tools
Examples of Applied GIS • Civil Engineering/Utility
• Locating underground facilities
• Designing alignment for freeways, transit
• Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Urban Planning, Management & Policy
• Business
• Zoning, subdivision planning
• Demographic Analysis
• Land acquisition • Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
• Economic development • Site Selection
• Code enforcement
• Housing renovation programs • Education Administration
• Attendance Area Maintenance
• Emergency response
• Enrollment Projections
• Crime analysis
• School Bus Routing
• Tax assessment
• Real Estate
• Environmental Sciences • Neighborhood land prices
• Monitoring environmental risk • Traffic Impact Analysis
• Modeling stormwater runoff • Determination of Highest and Best Use
• Management of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests, aquifers
• Health Care
• Environmental Impact Analysis
• Epidemiology
• Hazardous or toxic facility siting
• Needs Analysis
• Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking • Service Inventory
• Political Science
• Redistricting
• Analysis of election results
• Predictive modeling
 What GIS Applications Do:
manage, analyze, communicate
• make possible the automation of activities involving geographic data
• map production
• calculation of areas, distances, route lengths
• measurement of slope, aspect, viewshed
• logistics: route planning, vehicle tracking, traffic management
• allow for the integration of data hitherto confined to independent domains (e.g property maps
and air photos).
• by tieing data to maps, permits the succinct communication of complex spatial patterns (e.g
environmental sensitivity).
• provides answers to spatial queries (how many elderly in Richardson live further than 10 minutes
at rush hour from ambulance service?)
• perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for transportation planning, disaster
planning, resource management, utility design)

Briggs, 2010
GIS Application (4M)
1. Measurement
2. Mapping
Planning and
3. Monitoring Decision
4. Modelling
(Estes, 1990)

Real World
GIS System Architecture and Components

Data Input

Query Input Geographic Database

Output: Display and Transformation and

Reporting Analysis
 Knowledge Base for GIS
Computer
Science/MIS
graphics
visualization Application Area:
database public admin.
GIS planning
system administration
security geology
mineral exploration
forestry
site selection
Geography marketing
and related: civil engineering
cartography criminal justice
geodesy surveying
photogrammetry
landforms The convergence of technological fields and
spatial statistics. traditional disciplines.

Briggs, 2010
THE REAL WORLD
• In many ways GIS presents a simplified view of the real world
• Perception of the real world depends on the observer
• Moreover, the real world may be described in terms of countless phenomena
• The systematic structuring of the data determines its
• The real world can be described only in terms of models
• The process of interpreting reality by using a real world model and data model is
called data modeling
GIS Application Object
Geographic Computer
Visualitations
phenomena representations

Aplication
Real world Simulation world
computing
GIS as Representations of Reality
• Perhaps we should use the acronym gIs, rather than GIS for geographic information systems. These are really
geographic INFORMATION systems. It is the information they contain that makes them so valuable. The
database is also important because its creation will often account for up to three-quarters of the time and
effort involved in developing a geographic information system. Once an organization compiles this
information, the database may be maintained for ten to fifty years. For this reason, shortcuts are not
recommended.
• It is important, however, to view these GIS databases as more than simple stores of information. The
database is used to abstract very specific sorts of information about reality and organize it in a way that will
prove useful. The database should be viewed as a representation or model of the world developed for a very
specific application.
• One of the reasons that there are so many software and hardware systems employed for GIS is because
each system allows users to represent and model certain types of phenomena.
 Translation Flow
Physical Real World Data Model Database Maps/
reality Model Reports
Actual Entity Object Object symbol line text
Phenomenon -type -type -Type
-Properties -Attributes -Attributes -Attributes
-connections -relationships -Relationships -Relationships
-Geometry -Geometry
-quality -quality

(Cederholm, Petterson, 1989 in Benhardsen, 1992 : 32)

Geographic information and spatial data
types

Contents:
• Geographic phenomena
• Computer representations

• Justification:
• Any geographic phenomenon can be represented in various ways
• Choice depends on: available data, sort of data manipulation
Geographic phenomena
• Defining a geographic phenomenon
• It can be named and described
• it can be georeferenced (it has a position in space)
• it is / was present during a certain time (interval)

• Relationship between objects?

Perubahan Real World → Basis Data
Data Pengukuran / Kelas Data
4 Step of Computer GIS Data
Data Capture Manipulation
Management Presentation
and Preparation and Analysis
• Data capture and Database
preparation Format
transformation
Management
System
Classification
Cartography
Processing

• Data management Geometric

Data Model
Overlay
Data Spatial

(storage and transformation

(Raster /
Vector)
Functions
Presentation
Technique

maintenance)
Map Neighborhood Printing and
Data Structure
• Data manipulation Projection Functions Visualization

and analysis Edge Matching

Connectivity
Etc.
Functions
• Data Presentation
Graphic
Element
Editing

Coordinate
Thinning
Penyusunan Basis Data Spasial, sebagai Input
Data dalam GIS
• Sumber data spasial
• Citra penginderaan jauh
• Peta
GEOGRAPHIC DATA
• GNSS (GPS, Glonass)
• Dll
• Data Spasial
• Grafis

TIME 3
• Tabular

TIME 2
TIME 1
Computer representations
• Two main approaches:

• Tessellation

• Vector-based representation
Spasial Data Model
Spasial Adjusment dan Georeferencing

Various Types of Geometric Distorsions

Data Spasial untuk Analisis Spasial
• Ingat Data Spasial merupakan data yang berorientasi pada lokasi dan
waktu, → What, Where dan When.
• What, obyek tersebut dapat dideskripsikan
• Where, obyek tersebut menempati suatu ruang tertentu
• When, obyek tersebut diyakini ada pada suatu waktu tertentu
• Analisis Data Spasial mengunakan Data Spasial
• Membangun data spasial → awal dari analisis spasial
• Harus memahami sistem koordinat bumi
Analysis Components
• analyses may be applied to (use as input):
• tabular attribute data
• spatial data/layers
• combination of spatial and tabular
• results may be displayed as (produce as output):
• table subsets, table combinations, highlighted records (rows), new variables (columns)
• charts
• maps/map features:
• highlights on existing themes
• new themes/layers
• combination
Advanced and Specialized Applications:
in comparison to basic applications
Most ‘basic’ analyses are used to create descriptive models of the world, that is, representations of
reality as it exists.
Most ‘advanced’ analyses involve creating a new conceptual output layer, or in some cases table(s)
or chart(s), the values of which are some transformation of the values in the descriptive input
layer.
e.g. slope or aspect layer
Most ‘specialized’ applications involve using GIS capabilities to create a predictive model of a real
world process, that is, a model capable of reproducing processes and/or making predictions or
projections as to how the world might appear.
e.g. fire spread model, traffic projections
Analysis Options: Basic
(Table of Contents)

• Spatial Operations • Attribute Operations

Vector • record selection
• centroid determination geostatistics • tabular via SQL
• spatial measurement • ‘information clicking’ with cursor
• buffer analysis • variable recoding
• spatial aggregation • record aggregation
• redistricting • general statistical analysis
• regionalization • table relates and joins
• classification
• Spatial overlays and joins
Raster
• neighborhood analysis/spatial filtering
• Raster modeling
Analysis Options: Advanced & Specialized

Advanced
• surface analysis
• cross section creation
• visibility/viewshed
• proximity analysis
• nearest neighbor layer
• distance matrix layer
• network analysis
• routing
• shortest path (2 points)
• travelling salesman (n points)
• time districting
• allocation
• Convex Hull
• Thiessen Polygon creation
Specialized
• Remote Sensing image processing and classification
• raster modeling
• 3-D surface modeling
• spatial statistics/statistical modeling
• functionally specialized
• transportation modeling
• land use modeling
• hydrological modeling
• etc.
GIS Functions
GIS Functions to answer some questions: Descriptive, Analyze, Predictive

• What is at......? (locational questions; what exists at a particular location)

• Where is it.....? (conditional questions; which locations satisfy certain
conditions)
• Which data are related ........? (relationship questions; analyzes the spatial
relationship between objects of geographic features)
• How has it changed........? (trend questions; identifies geographic
occurrence or trends that have changed or in the process of changing)
• What if.......? (Modelling questions ; computers and displays an optimum
path, a suitable land, risky area against disasters etc. based on model)
GIS Spatial Modelling – level in Science
• Descriptive Spatial Model
Using GIS to create descriptive models of the world
--representations of reality as it exists.
• Analyze Spatial Model
Using GIS to answer a question or test an hypothesis.
Often involves creating a new conceptual output layer, (or table or chart), the values of which are
some transformation of the values in the descriptive input layer.
--e.g. malaria risk area
• Predictive Spatial Model
Using GIS capabilities to create a predictive model of a real world process, that is, a model
capable of reproducing processes and/or making predictions or projections as to how the world
might appear.
--e.g. flood models, fire spread models, urban growth models
Functions for Analysing Data
Normally two principal According To:
phases: 1. Geographic Location
1. Choice of data 2. Thematic Content
2. Analyses of the data
chosen
Operasi-operasi GIS
1. Logic Operations
2. Arithmetic Operations
3. Geometric Operations
4. Statistical Operations
Fungsi-fungsi GIS

Classification of spatial analysis functions (Albrecht 1996)

Melihat Hubungan Antar Obyek / Fitur
Limitations of GIS
Although GIS is a powerful tool that is easy to use, but its users must
recognize the limitations of software and of spatial data and make
attempts to work around those limitations. (especially for Public
Health)
1. Accuracy and completeness of spatial data
2. Accuracy and completeness of attribute data
3. Currency/ time period of data content
4. Address matching issues
5. Use of zip codes
6. Proximity vs exposure.
 Pemetaan Vektor
di Lingkup KKP
barandi@geo.ugm.ac.id
(diambil dari kegiatan pelatihan singkat KKP di Tanjungpinang)
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE OF DISEASES
Diseases are not occurring in Vacuum !!!!
• Travelling
• Antimicrobials

• New Agents
• Mutation of Existing • Climate change
Agents Insecticides • Antimicrobials
in poultry
Arti penting pemetaan dalam epidemiologi
• Pemetaan memberikan gambaran hubungan spasial antar unsur-
unsur epidemiologi
• Hubungan spasial atau keruangan ini membutuhkan perangkat yang
mampu menggambarkan secara baik dan memodelkannya dalam
pandang keruangan, karena keberadaan suatu fenomena berkaitan
dengan keberadaan fenomena lainnya.
• Peta yang saat ini berkembang sebagai GIS (geographical Information
Systems) / SIG (Sistem informasi Geografis), membantu memberikan
gambaran keberadaan objek atau fenomena dan selanjutnya dapat
melakukan analisis secara keruangan yang diujudkan menjadi model
spasial dan dikelola dan diolah secara spasial.
Pemetaan untuk Kepentingan Kesehatan, apa
yang bisa dikembangkan
• Host Ketiga Faktor Resiko ini bisa
• Manusia (pengidap penyakit) diamati dan dianalisis dengan
• Binatang (vektor dan reservoir) sistem informasi yang berbasis
• Agent spasial
• Melalui pendekatan mikrobiologi
• Environtment (ABC)
• Faktor Abiotik (A) – Suhu,
Ketinggian, Kualitas Air, dsb.
• Faktor Biotik (B) – Vegetasi, dsb.
• Faktor Culture (C) – Perilaku,
Kebiasaan, dsb.
Apa itu Data Spasial (Geospasial)
• Data spasial adalah data yang memiliki referensi ruang kebumian
(georeference) di mana berbagai data atribut terletak dalam berbagai
unit spasial.
• Perlu memahami tentang sistem koordinat sebagai dasar
menginformasikan lokasi / menempatkan suatu obyek dalam ruang
Data Spasial
• Data yang berhubungan dengan posisi atau lokasinya (di bumi) → memerlukan
suatu transformasi menjadi satu fitur data spasial tertentu yang dapat disajikan
dan diolah dalam komputer
• Berurusan dengan kemampuan komputer menyajikan infomasi spasial dalam ujud
basis raster atau basis vektor
• SIG → Bagaimana Dunia Nyata (Realworld) dapat disajikan dalam bentuk grafis
dan disimulasikan dalam komputer
Mengapa perlu Data Spasial
• Cara pandang dengan berbagai titik keuntungan terutama cara
pandang spasial / keruangan
• Ukuran spasial sebagai informasi: jarak, arah, luas, panjang, volume,
dsb. dapat diperoleh dan dianalisis untuk kepentingan informasi
penting yang berkaitan dengan ukuran spasial.
• Data Spasial merupakan bagian terpenting dalam Pemetaan dan
pengembangan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG)
Sumber Data apa yang harus dipersiapkan dalam
Pembangunan Data Spasial
• Data apa yang dibutuhkan?
• Bagaimana memperolehnya?
• Bagaimana perujudannya menjadi data?
• Untuk kepentingan Analisis yang seperti apa?

• Memahami secara baik pemodelan bidang aplikasi SIG

• Memperhitungkan kepentingan dan skala
• Memahami fungsi dan operasi-operasi SIG
Perlu pemecahan dan pemikiran
• Apakah data dapat disadap dari sumber tersebut (identifikasi,
interpretasi, interview, secondary data, fieldsurvey?)
• Bagaimana mewujudkannya menjadi data (spasial or non spasial,
klasifikasi, relasi/hubungan, temporal)
Sumber Data (Sources)
Data yang dapat digunakan dalam SIG:
• Data digital → vector, raster, berbagai database, tabel spreadsheet, data satelit,
dll.
• Data Grafis Non digital → Peta konvensional, citra fotografi, sket, diagram skema,
dan yang sejenisnya.
• Dokumen konvensional → rekaman catatan maupun berkas
• Kompilasi laporan ilmu pengetahuan
• Koleksi terhadap survei pengukuran dalam berbagai bentuk
Teknik Input Data
• SIG menggunakan komputer sebagai perangkat operasinya, sedangkan komputer
mengunakan data digital; sehingga SIG akan berurusan dengan data digital.
• Input data dalam SIG → kegiatan digitalisasi data (ingat: Geografi → berhubungan
dengan ruang, data merupakan data spasial)
• Sehingga input data dalam SIG → data digital yang berhubungan dengan spasial
→ spasial digital data
• Semua ujud data perlu diubah → data digital (data digital khusus yang
berhubungan dengan spasial → memiliki dimensi keruangan / koordinat)
berurusan dengan acuan (bereferensi) → berkaitan dengan bumi →
GEOREFERENSI
Berbagai sumber informasi data kesehatan
• Hospital Separations • Emergency Department
• Mortality • Notifiable Infectious Diseases
• Birth Registrations • Immunisation Registrar
• Mental Health • PBS
• Midwives Notifications • Health Surveys
• Cancer Registry • Community Health
Prosedur input data
Setidaknya terdiri atas:
• Manual digitizing;
• Automatic scanning;
• Entry of coordinates using coordinate geometry (CoGo); and
• the Conversion of existing digital data.
Penyajian Data
Melalui aplikasi penyajiandalam komputer, dapat disajikan:
• dua dimensi (peta) maupun 3 dimensi (3D)
• Statis maupun dinamik
• Interaktif melalui suatu Sistem Informasi
• Lokal atau Web
• dll.
What are epidemiologists doing with GIS?
The World Health Organization lists some of its key tasks:
• Determining geographic distribution of diseases
• Analyzing spatial and temporal trends
• Mapping populations at risk
• Stratifying risk factors
• Assessing resource allocation
• Planning and targeting interventions
• Monitoring diseases and interventions over time
Dukungan Pengembangan SIG untuk kesehatan ke
depan
1. Penyediaan data dasar, peta digital, dsb.
2. Penyediaan data tematik secara berkala dan rutin
3. Dokumentasi data dalam bentuk data spasial
4. Pengembangan model spasial untuk kesehatan
5. Realtime data
6. Pengembangan Informasi yang luas →Aplikasi Web Mapping
7. Partisipasi masyarakat
Basis Data

Fotogrametri
Konversi Data
- Akuisisi Data
- CAD data ke KMZ
- Bundle Adjusment

Basis Data
- Digitasi
- Pembangunan Basis Data
Contoh data
Spasial dan
Visualisasinya
(1)
Contoh data
Spasial dan
Visualisasinya
(2)
Model Simulasi dengan Basis Data 3D
selesai