Homework Solutions

MATH231

Spring 2022

1 Homework 0 2

2 Homework 1 6

3 Homework 2 10

4 Homework 3 14

5 Homework 4 17

6 Homework 5 21

7 Homework 6 24

8 Homework 7 28

9 Homework 8 30

1
Homework 0
1. Calculating Limits
x2 + x − 6
• lim
x→2 x−2
x2 + x − 6 (x − 2)(x + 3)
lim = lim = lim (x + 3) = 5.
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2 x→2

(x + h)2 − x2
• lim
h→0 h
Consider x as a “constant”
(x + h)2 − x2 x2 − 2xh − h2 − x2 2xh − h2
lim = lim = lim = lim (2x + h) = 2x.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0

 
1 1
• lim − 2
x→0 x x +x
x2 + x − x x2
 
1 1 1
lim − 2 = lim 2
= lim 2 = lim = 1.
x→0 x x +x x→0 x(x + x) x→0 x (x + 1) x→0 x + 1

2. The Chain Rule

d
• ln(x + sin x)
dx
d 1
ln(x + sin x) = (1 + cos x) .
dx x + sin x

d
• cos(x2 ex )
dx
d
cos(x2 ex ) = −(2xex + x2 ex ) sin(x2 ex ).
dx

dy
3. Implicit Differentiation: Solve for for the following implicit function.
dx
• x2 + y 2 = r2 , where r is a constant
x
Differentiate on both sides w.r.t. x gives 2x + 2yy ′ = 0. Hence y ′ = − .
y

x+y
• =x
x−y
The above is equivalent to x + y = x2 − xy. Differentiate on both sides w.r.t. x gives
2x − y − 1
1 + y ′ = 2x − y − xy ′ ⇐⇒ (1 + x)y ′ = 2x − y − 1. Hence y ′ = .
x+1

2
4. Linear Approximations and Differentials: Find the Taylor polynomials of degree two
approximating the given function centered at the given point.
• f (x) = sin(2x) at a = π
2
 π
f ′ = 2 cos(2x), f ′′ = −4 sin(2x). So f ∼ −2 x − .
2

• f (x) = ex at a = 1
e
f ′ = f ′′ = ex . So f ∼ e + e(x − 1) + (x − 1)2 .
2

5. Mean Value Theorem: Determine if the Mean Value Theorem can be applied to the
following function on the the given closed interval.
Both intervals are closed. It suffices to check that these functions are continuous on the
given interval. One can do this by computing the derivative exists.
√
• f (x) = 3 + x, x ∈ [0, 4]
Here f ′ = 1
√
2 x
.

x
• f (x) = , x ∈ [1, 3]
1+x
Here f ′ = 1
(1+x)2 .

6. L’Hospital’s Rule
x3 − 7x2 + 10x
• lim
x→2 x2 + x − 6
Check that as x → 2, x3 − 7x2 + 10x → 0 and x2 + x − 6 → 0 so L’Hospital’s rule
applies. Then
x3 − 7x2 + 10x 3x2 − 14x + 10 6
lim 2
= lim =− .
x→2 x +x−6 x→2 2x + 1 5
The last step uses division property of limits.

1
• lim (ex + x) x
x→∞

As exp and ln are continuous functions

ln(ex + x)
    
1 1
lim (ex + x) x = exp ln lim (ex + x) x = exp lim .
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞ x
Check that as x → ∞, ex + x → ∞ so L’Hospital’s rule applies.
ex + 1
 
RHS = exp lim x
x→∞ e + x
 
1−x
= exp lim 1 + x (Check that L’Hospital’s rule applies)
x→∞ e +x
 
−1
= exp 1 + lim x = e.
x→∞ e + 1

3
  
3
• lim x ln 1 +
x→∞ x

ln 1 + x3
 

3
lim x ln 1 + = lim 1 .
x→∞ x x→∞
x

Check that as x → ∞, ln 1 + x3 , x1 → 0 so L’Hospital’s rule applies.

−3/x2
1+3/x 3
RHS = lim = lim 3 = 3.
x→∞ −1/x2 x→∞ 1+ x

7. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Find the derivative of the following

Z x
1
• 3
dt
1 t +1
Apply FTC Z x
d 1 1
dt = 3 .
dx 1 t3 +1 x +1

√
Z x
• sin t dt
1
√
Let u(x) = x. Apply chain rule and FTC
Z x √
d 1 du 1 sin x
dt = sin u(x) · = sin u(x) · √ = √ .
dx 1 t3 + 1 dx 2 x 2 x

Z 2x
• t3 dt
x
Using subtraction property of integral,
Z 2x Z 2x Z x
t3 dt = t3 dt − t3 dt.
x 0 0

Apply FTC to each term

Z 2x
d
t3 dt = 16x3 − x3 = 15x3 .
dx x

4
8. Substitution Rule
Z 0
x
• √ dx
1
2
1 − 4x2
1
Take u = 1 − 4x2 , then du = −8x dx and dx = − du.
8
0 1
1 √ 1
Z Z
x 1 1
√ dx = − √ du = − u = − .
1
2
1 − 4x2 0 8 u 4 0 4

Z 1
2 cos(πx)
• dx
1
4
sin2 (πx)
1
Take u = sin(πx), then du = π cos(πx) dx and dx = − du.
8
1
1 1 √
2−1
Z Z
2 cos(πx) 1 1 
dx = √ du = −  √ = .
1
4
sin2 (πx) 2
2 πu 2 u 2
2
π

Z 1
2
• xe4x +3
dx
0

Take u = 4x2 + 3, then du = 8x dx

Z 1
1 7 u 1 √ 7 e7 − e3
Z
4x2 +3
xe dx = e du = u = .
0 8 3 8 3 8

5
Homework 1

The following solutions provide a possible way to solve the problems. Any other
reasonable solution is accepted.

1. Integration by parts (Note that the following integrals are indefinite. You need to add
constants to your final answer.) You may also need to use substitution rule.
Z
ln x
• dx [3pt]
x2
1
Take u = ln x, v = − . Then
x
Z Z   Z
ln x 1 1 1 ln x 1
2
dx = ln x d − = − ln x − − d(ln x) = − − + C.
x x x x x x

Z
• x2 sin x dx [4pt]

Take u = x2 , v = − cos x. Then

Z Z Z
x2 sin x dx = −x2 cos x − − cos x d(x2 ) = −x2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx.
Z
To evaluate x cos x dx we use integration by parts again with u = x, v = sin x.
Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C̃.

Final answer: −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C.

Z
• (ln x)2 dx [4pt]

Take u = (ln x)2 , v = x. Then

Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − x d(ln x) = x(ln x) − ln x dx.
Z
To evaluate ln x dx we use integration by parts again, with u = ln x, v = x.
Z Z Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x d(ln x) = x ln x − 1 dx = x ln x − x + C.

Final answer: x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C.

Z
• arccos x dx [4pt]

Take u = arccos x, v = x. Then

Z Z Z
x
arccos x dx = x arccos x − x d(arccos x) = x arccos x − − √ dx.
1 − x2

6
 Z
x
To evaluate √ dx we use substitution rule with u = 1 − x2 , du = −2x dx.
1 − x2
√
Z Z
x 1
√ dx = − √ du = − u + C.
1 − x2 2 u
p
Final answer: x arccos x − 1 − x2 + C.

√
Z
• e x
dx [4pt]
√
Using substitution rule with t = x we obtain
√
Z Z
e x dx = 2 tet dt

Integration by parts: take u = t, v = et . Then

√
Z  Z  √
RHS = 2 t d(et ) = 2 tet − et dt = 2(tet − et + C̃) = 2( x − 1)e x + C.

Z
2. Trigonometric integration: Evaluate the following integral of the form sinn x cosm x dx.

You need specify the values for θ, so that you can get rid of absolute values.
Z
• sin2 x cos3 x dx [3pt]

Note that
Z Z Z
sin2 x cos3 x dx = sin2 x cos2 x · cos x dx = sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) · cos x dx.

Apply substitution rule with u = sin x, du = cos x dx. So

u3 u5 sin3 x sin5 x
Z
RHS = u2 (1 − u2 ) du = − +C = − + C.
3 5 3 5

Z
• cos4 x dx [4pt]

Note that
1 1
cos4 x = cos2 x cos2 x = (1 + cos(2x))2 = (1 + 2 cos(2x) + cos2 (2x))
 4 4

1 1 3 1 1
= 1 + 2 cos(2x) + (1 + cos(4x)) = + cos(2x) + cos(4x).
4 2 8 2 8
Hence
Z Z
3 1 1
cos4 x dx = + cos(2x) + cos(4x) dx
8 2 8
Z Z Z
3 1 1
= 1 dx + cos(2x) dx + cos(4x) dx
8 2 8
3 1 1
= x + sin(2x) + sin(4x) + C.
8 4 32

7
3. Trigonometric substitution
x2
Z
• √ dx [6pt]
9 − x2
π π
Let x = 3 sin θ, − ≤ θ ≤ , then dx = 3 cos θ dθ
2 2
x2 9 sin2 θ 27 sin2 θ cos θ
Z Z Z
√ dx = p · 3 cos θ dθ = dθ
9 − x2 9 − 9 sin2 θ 3 cos θ
9(1 − cos 2θ)
Z Z
9 9
= 9 sin2 θ dθ = dθ = θ − sin 2θ + C
2 2 4
9 9
 x xr  x 2 
= (θ − sin θ cos θ) + C = arcsin − 1− +C
2 2 3 3 3
√
 x  x 9 − x2
9
= arcsin − + C.
2 3 2

Z
1
• √ dx [6pt]
25 + x2
π π
Let x = 5 tan θ, − < θ < , then dx = 5 sec2 θ dθ
2 2
5 sec2 θ 5 sec2 θ
Z Z Z
1
√ dx = √ dθ = √ dθ
25 + x2
Z 25 + 25 tan2 θ 25 sec2 θ
= sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C
√ 
 25 + x2 x
= ln  +  + C.
5 5

Z
1
• √ dx [6pt]
x2 + 2x
Note that Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx.
x2 + 2x (x + 1)2 − 1
π
Let x + 1 = sec θ, 0 ≤ θ < , then dx = sec θ tan θ dθ
2
Z Z
sec θ tan θ sec θ tan θ
RHS = √ dθ = dx
2
sec θ − 1 tan θ
Z
= sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C
 p 
= ln x + 1 + (x + 1)2 − 1 + C
 p 
= ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + C.

8
 Z p
• (x − 2)3 5 + 4x − x2 dx [6pt]

Note that
Z p Z p
3
(x − 2) 5 + 4x − x dx = (x − 2)3 9 − (x − 2)2 dx.
2

π π
Let x − 2 = 3 sin θ, −
≤ θ ≤ , then dx = 3 cos θ dθ
2 2
Z p Z
RHS = (3 sin θ)3 · 9 − 9 sin2 θ · 3 cos θ dθ = 35 sin3 θ cos2 θ dθ.
Z
To solve sin3 θ cos2 θ dθ, apply substitution rule with u = cos θ, du = − sin θ dθ.
So
Z Z Z
3 2 2 2
sin θ cos θ dθ = (1 − cos θ) cos θ sin θ dθ = − (1 − u2 )u2 du

u5 u3 cos5 θ cos3 θ
= − + C̃ = − + C̃
5 3 5 3
Final answer:
" p !5 p !3 #
5 1 9 − (x − 2)2 1 9 − (x − 2)2
3 − +C
5 3 3 3
" √ !5 √ !3 #
5 1 5 + 4x − x2 1 5 + 4x − x2
=3 − + C.
5 3 3 3

There’s another way to do this problem. We will discuss that in problem session.

9
Homework 2
Due: Friday, Feb 11, by the end of the class
1. Partial Fractions
Z
2x + 5
• 2
dx [5pt]
x + 4x + 8
We have
Z Z Z
2x + 5 2x + 4 1
dx = dx + dx =: I + II.
x2 + 4x + 8 x2 + 4x + 8 x2 + 4x + 8

Solve for I: substitution rule with u = x2 + 4x + 8, du = (2x + 4) dx. Then

Z
1
I= du = ln |u| + C1 = ln |x2 + 4x + 8| + C1 .
u
x+2 1
Solve for II: the second step uses substitution rule with u = , du = dx.
2 2
Z Z
1 1 1
II = dx = du
(x + 2)2 + 4 2 u2 + 1
1 1 x+2
= arctan u + C2 = arctan + C2 .
2 2 2
1 x+2
Final answer: ln |x2 + 4x + 8| + arctan + C.
2 2

2x2 − x + 4
Z
• dx [5pt]
(x2 + 4)(x − 1)
Update: To decompose that rational function, set

2x2 − x + 4 Ax + B C (Ax + B)(x − 1) + C(x2 + 4)

= + = .
(x2 + 4)(x − 1) x2 + 4 x−1 (x2 + 4)(x − 1)

Solving for A, B, C by comparing the coefficients gives A = 1, B = 0, C = 1.

We have
2x2 − x + 4
Z Z Z
x 1
dx = dx + dx =: I + II.
(x2 + 4)(x − 1) x2 + 4 x−1

Solve for I: substitution rule with u = x2 + 4, du = 2x dx. Then

Z
1 1 1 1
I= du = ln |u| + C1 = ln |x2 + 4| + C1 .
2 u 2 2
Solve for II:
II = ln |x − 1| + C2 .
1
Final answer: ln |x2 + 4| + ln |x − 1| + C.
2

10
 Z
x
• dx [4pt]
x4 + 2x2 + 2
Substituting u = x2 , du = 2x dx gives
Z Z
x 1 1
dx = du = arctan(u + 1) + C
x4 + 2x2 + 2 (u + 1)2 + 1 2
1
= arctan(x2 + 1) + C.
2

Z
• ln(x2 + 1) dx [4pt]

Integration by parts with u = ln(x2 + 1), v = x gives

2x2
Z Z
2 2
ln(x + 1) dx = x ln(x + 1) − dx
x2 + 1
2x2 + 2 − 2
Z
= x ln(x2 + 1) − dx
x2 + 1
Z Z
1
= x ln(x2 + 1) − 2 1 dx + 2
dx
x +1
= x ln(x2 + 1) − 2x + 2 arctan x + C.

Z
1
• √ √ dx [4pt]
x+x x
Note that Z Z
1 1 1
√ √ dx = · √ dx.
x+x x 1+x x
√ 1
Substituting u = x, du = √
2 x
dx gives

√
Z
1
RHS = 2 2
du = 2 arctan u + C = 2 arctan( x) + C.
1+u

Z
1
• √ dx [4pt]
x+ 3x
Note that Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = · √ dx.
x+ 3x x2/3 +1 3
x
2
Substituting u = x2/3 , du = √ dx gives
33x
Z
3 1 3 3
RHS = du = ln |u + 1| + C = ln |x2/3 + 1| + C.
2 u+1 2 2

11
2. Approximate Integration
Z 10
• Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 5 to approximate x2 dx. [3pt]
0
The width of each subinterval is 2. Compute the value of f and substituting into the
formula gives Z 10
x2 dx ≈ 2 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 92 = 330.


0

Z π
• Use the Trapezoidal Rule with n = 6 to approximate sin2 x dx. [3pt]
0
π−0 π
The width of each subinterval is = . Compute the value of f and substituting
n 6
into the formula gives
Z π  
π 1 3 3 1 π
sin2 x dx ≈ 0+2· +2· +2·1+2· +2· +0 = .
0 6·2 4 4 4 4 2

3. Improper Integrals: compute the following integrals or show that it diverges.

Z ∞
1
• √ dx [3pt]
1 x
Z ∞ Z t √
1 1 √ t
√ dx = lim √ dx = lim 2 x  = lim (2 t − 2).
1 x t→∞ 1 x t→∞ 1 t→∞

The limit goes to infinity, hence the integral diverges.

Z ∞
1
• dx [3pt]
1 1 + x2

Z ∞ Z t t
1 1
dx = lim dx = lim arctan x

1 + x2 1 1+x
2 
1 t→∞ t→∞ 1
π π π
= lim (arctan t − arctan 1) = − = .
t→∞ 2 4 4
So the integral converges.

Z ∞
• sin x dx [3pt]
π
Z ∞ Z t t
sin x dx = lim sin x dx = lim (− cos x)  = lim (cos π − cos t).

π t→∞ π t→∞ π t→∞

The limit does not exists, hence the integral diverges.

12
 Z ∞
1
• dx [4pt]
e x ln x
Note that
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z t t
1 1 1
dx = du = lim du = lim ln u  = lim (ln t − ln 1).

e x ln x 1 u t→∞ 1 u t→∞ 1 t→∞

1
The first step uses substitution rule with u = ln x, du = dx. The limit goes to
x
infinity, hence the integral diverges.

Z ∞
2
• xe−x dx [5pt]
−∞

Note that
Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
−x2 −x2 2
xe dx = xe dx + xe−x dx =: I + II.
−∞ −∞ 0

Let’s compute II

t 2 t 2 
e−x 1 e−t
Z  
2 1
II = lim xe−x dx = lim −  = lim − = .

t→∞ 0 t→∞ 2  t→∞ 2 2 2
0

2 1
Since xe−x is an odd function I = −II = − . Hence the original integral converges
2
to 0.

13
Homework 3
Due: Friday, Feb 25, by the end of the class
1. Arclength: for the following curves write down (do not evaluate) an integral w.r.t. x
representing the length. Then write down an integral w.r.t. y.
• y = x3 for x ∈ [1, 2]. [5pt]
s 2
Z Z 2  Z 2
dy p
L= ds = 1+ dx = 1 + (3x2 )2 dx (2pt)
C 1 dx 1
s 2 s 2
Z 8  Z 8 
dx 1 −2
= 1+ dy = 1+ y 3 dy (3pt)
1 dy 1 3

• y = ex for x ∈ [0, 2]. [5pt]

s 2
Z Z 2  Z 2
dy p
L= ds = 1+ dx = 1 + (ex )2 dx (2pt)
C 0 dx 0
s s
Z e2  2 Z e2  2
dx 1
= 1+ dy = 1+ dy (3pt)
1 dy 1 y

2. Arclength: compute determine the arclength of the following curves

x3 1
• y= + = for x ∈ [1, 3]. [8pt]
6 2x
s  2 s  4 2
dy x −1
ds = 1 + dx = 1 + dx. (2pt)
dx 2x2

Then
s 2
3
x4 − 1
Z 
L= 1+ dx
1 2x2
r
3
x8 + 2x4 + 1
Z
= dx (3pt)
1 4x4
3 Z 3 4
x4 + 1
Z
x 1
= 2
dx = 2
+ 2 dx (2pt)
1 2x 1 2x 2x
Z 3 3
3
1 2 1 x 1  28 14
= x + 2 dx = − = = . (1pt)
1 2 2x 6 2x 1 6 3

14
 • y = cosh x for x ∈ [0, ln 2]. [8pt]
ex + e−x
The hyperbolic cosine function cosh x is given by cosh x = .
2
s 2 s 2
ex − e−x
 
dy
ds = 1+ dx = 1+ dx. (2pt)
dx 2

Then
s 2
ln 2 Z ln 2 r 4x
ex − e−x e + 2e2x + 1
Z 
L= 1+ dx = dx (3pt)
0 2 0 4e2x
Z ln 2 2x Z ln 2 x
e +1 e 1
= x
dx = + x dx
0 2e 0 2 2e
x −x ln 2

e e 1 3
= −  =1− = . (3pt)
2 2 0 4 4

h πi
• y = ln(cos x) for x ∈ 0, . [7pt]
3
s  2
dy p
ds = 1 + dx = 1 + (− tan x)2 dx. (2pt)
dx

Then
π π
Z 3 p Z 3 √
L= 1 + (− tan x)2 dx = sec2 x dx (2pt)
0 0
Z π  π3
3
= sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x|  (2pt)

0 0
√ √
= ln(2 + 3) − ln 1 = ln(2 + 3). (1pt)

3. Area of a Surface of Revolution: determine the area of the surface obtained by rotating
the curve
√
• y = 9 − x2 for x ∈ [−2, 2], rotating about the x-axis. [5pt]
Since we are rotating about the x-axis
Z
S= 2πy ds.

s  2 s  2
dy x 3
ds = 1+ dx = 1+ −√ dx = √ dx.
dx 9 − x2 9 − x2
Then Z 2 Z 2
p 3
S= 2π 9 − x2 · √ dx = 6π dx = 24π.
−2 9 − x2 −2

15
• y = x2 for x ∈ [1, 2], rotating about the y-axis. [6pt]
Since we are rotating about the y-axis
Z
S= 2πx ds.

s  2
dy p
ds = 1+ dx = 1 + (2x)2 dx.
dx
Then Z 2 p Z 2 p
S= 2πx · 1 + (2x)2 dx = 2π x· 1 + 4x2 dx.
1 1

Substituting u = 1 + 4x2 , du = 8x dx we have

17
π
Z 1 √ π 2 3  π √ √
RHS = 7 u du = · u 2  = (17 17 − 5 5).
4 5 4 3  6
5

(x2 + 2)3/2
• y= for x ∈ [1, 2], rotating about the y-axis. [6pt]
3
Since we are rotating about the y-axis
Z
S = 2πx ds.

s  2 q
dy p
ds = 1+ dx = 1 + (x x2 + 2)2 dx
dx
p
= 1 + x2 (x2 + 2) dx = (x2 + 1) dx.

Then
Z 2  2
2 1 4 1 2
S= 2πx · (x + 1) dx = 2π x + x

4 2

1 
1
 
1 1 21π
= 2π 4 + 2 − − = .
4 2 2

16
Homework 4
Due: Friday, Mar 4, by the end of the class
1. Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges. If it converges, find the limit.
3 + 5n2
• an = [2pt]
n + n2
3 + 5n2 3/n2 + 5
The sequence converges since lim = lim = 5 < ∞.
n→∞ n + n2 n→∞ 1/n + 1

2n4 − 11n + 5
• an = [2pt]
4n − 1
2n4 − 11n + 5 2 − 11/n3 + 5/n4
The sequence diverges since lim = lim = ∞.
n→∞ 4n − 1 n→∞ 4/n3 − 1/n4

n2 − 2n − 1
• an = [2pt]
n3 + 3
n2 − 2n − 1 1/n − 2/n2 − 1/n3
The sequence converges since lim = lim = 0 < ∞.
n→∞ n3 + 3 n→∞ 1 + 3/n3
 n
2
• an = 1 + [5pt]
n
 n
2
The sequence converges because lim 1 + = e2 .
n→∞
 nn
1 n
Solution 1: Using the fact that lim 1 + = e. Let m = 2 then
n→∞ n
 n  2m  m !2
2 1 1
lim 1+ = lim 1+ = lim 1+ = e2 .
n→∞ n m→∞ m m→∞ m

Solution 2: Compute the limit directly

 n !
2  2 n
lim 1+ = lim exp ln 1 + (exp and ln functions are inverses.)
n→∞ n n→∞ n
 !
ln 1 + n2
!
 2
= exp lim n ln 1 + = exp lim 1 .
n→∞ n n→∞
n

To compute the limit inside exponential, apply L’Hopital’s rule (x is used because
we need the function to be differentiable, but n is discrete)
 
ln 1 + x2 − 1+1 2 · x22 2
x
lim 1 = lim 1 = lim = 2.
x→∞ x→∞ − x2 x→∞ 1 + 1
x x

So the final answer for the limit is e2 .

17
2. Computing Series
∞
n
X
• 9− 2 21+n [4pt]
n=0

∞ ∞  n ∞  n
X n
X 1
X 1
9− 2 21−n = 9− 2 2 · 2n = 2 · 2n
n=0 n=0 n=0
3
∞  n
X 2 1
=2· =2· 2 = 6.
n=0
3 1− 3

∞
X 3
• [5pt]
n=5
n2 − 7n + 12
∞ ∞ ∞
X 3 X 3 3 X 1 1
2 − 7n + 12
= − = 3 · − .
n=5
n n=5
n − 4 n − 3 n=5
n − 4 n − 3
∞
X 1 1 1
Similar to the example , let’s call bn = − and compute
n=1
n(n + 1) n − 4 n − 3
partial sum for n ≥ 5:

sN = b5 + b6 + b7 + · · · + bN
1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
= − + − + − + ··· −
1 2 2 3 3 4 N −4 N −3
1
=1− .
N −4
Hence
∞ ∞
X 3 X  1 
= 3 b n = 3 lim 1 − = 3.
n=5
n2 − 7n + 12 n=5
n→∞ N −3

3. The Divergence Test: prove the following series diverges.

∞  
X nπ
• cos [3pt]
n=2
2
 
nπ
lim cos does not have a limit (cos is oscillating). So the series diverges.
n→∞ 2

∞
X 1
• [3pt]
n=1
4 + e−n
1 1
Here lim = ̸= 0, so the series diverges.
n→∞ 4 + e−n 4

18
 ∞
X en
• [3pt]
n=0
n3 + n
en
To compute the limit of an = we need to apply L’Hopital’s rule. To make
n3 + n
ex
sense of the derivatives, we consider the function f (x) = 3 , then
x +x
ex ex ex ex
lim = lim = lim = lim =∞=
̸ 0.
x→∞ x3 2
+ x x→∞ 3x + 1 x→∞ 6x x→∞ 6
The series diverges.

4. The Integral Test: determine if the following series converges or diverges.

∞
X n4
• [5pt]
n=1
en

x4
Let f (x) = . Note that f is a positive and continuous function defined on [1, ∞)
ex
and lim f (x) = 0. Moreover (2pt)
x→∞

x3 (4 − x)
f ′ (x) = =⇒ f ′ (x) ≤ 0 when x ≥ 4, (1pt)
ex
and
∞ ∞ ∞
x4 x4
Z Z Z
1
dx ≤ dx = dx (converges by the integral test, 1pt)
4 ex 4 x6 4 x2
∞
n4 X
This shows that for an = , an < ∞. Hence
en n=4

∞ ∞
X n4 X
= a1 + a2 + a3 an < ∞. (Converges. 1pt)
n=1
en n=4

∞
X n
• 3+1
[5pt]
n=1
n
x
Let f (x) = . Note that f is a positive and continuous function defined on
+1 x3
1
[1, ∞) and lim f (x) = lim = 0. Moreover (2pt)
x→∞ x→∞ 3x2
r
′ 1 − 2x2 ′ 1
f (x) = 3 2
=⇒ f (x) < 0 when x > , (2pt)
(x + 1) 2

and
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
x x 1
dx ≤ dx = dx (converges by the integral test, 1pt)
1 x3 + 1 1 x3 1 x2

19
 ∞
X 1
• for p > 1 (and for p ≤ 1 respectively). [11pt]
n=2
n(ln n)p
1
Let f (x) = . Note that for all p, f is a positive and continuous function
x(ln x)p
defined on [2, ∞) and lim f (x) = 0. Moreover (3pt)
x→∞

f ′ (x) = −p(x ln x)−p−1 (ln x + 1) < 0, when x ≥ 2. (3pt)

Finally (
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1 converges if p > 1
dx = du = (3pt)
2 x(ln x)p ln 2 up diverges if p ≤ 1
By the integral test the series converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1. (1pt)

20
Homework 5
Due: Friday, Apr 1, by the end of the class
1. Comparison Test for Sequence
∞
X 3n − 2
• [5pt]
n=1
2n3 + 5
3n − 2 3n 3
Comparison test: let an = and bn = 3 = 2 so that an ≤ bn for all n > 0.
2n3 + 5 n n
Then comparison test says (3pt)
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 3 X
bn = 2
converges =⇒ an converges. (2pt)
n=1 n=1
n n=1

∞
X 1
• n + n2
[5pt]
n=1
e
1 1
Comparison test: let an = and bn = 2 so that an ≤ bn for all n > 0. Then
en + n2 n
comparison test says (3pt)
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X
bn = converges =⇒ an converges. (2pt)
n=1 n=1
n2 n=1

2. Limit Comparison Test

∞
X n2 − n + 5
• [6pt]
n=1
n3 − 3n + 6

n2 − n + 5 1
Limit comparison test: let an = 3
and bn = . Then (2pt)
n − 3n + 6 n

an n3 − n2 + 5n 1 − n1 + n52
lim = lim = lim = 1. (2pt)
n→∞ bn n→∞ n3 − 3n + 6 n→∞ 1 − 32 + 63
n n

The limit is finite and not zero, so comparison test applies. Hence
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X
bn = diverges =⇒ an diverges. (2pt)
n=1 n=1
n n=1

∞
X 1
• √ [6pt]
n=1
n n+1
1 1
Limit comparison test: let an = √ and bn = √ . Then (2pt)
n n+1 n n
√ r s
an n n n 1
lim = lim √ = lim = lim 1 = 1. (2pt)
n→∞ bn n→∞ n n + 1 n→∞ n + 1 n→∞ 1 + n

21
 The limit is finite and not zero, so comparison test applies. Hence
∞ ∞ ∞
X X 1 X
bn = √ converges =⇒ an converges. (2pt)
n=1 n=1
n n n=1

Caution: The limit comparison test requests the limit to be positive. We need to
1
take the dominated part of the sequence. Consider b̃n = , you can check that
n
an
lim = 0. We may not apply the limit comparison test with b̃n .
n→∞ b̃
n

3. Alternating Series: determine the following series converges absolutely, conditionally or

diverges.
∞
X (−3)n n2
• [6pt]
n=1
n!
Ratio test:  
 (−3)n+1 (n+1)2  2
(n+1)!  = lim 3(n + 1) = 0 < 1.
 
L = lim  (−3)n n2 2
n→∞
 n→∞ n (n + 1)

 n!

By the ratio test, the series converges absolutely.

∞
X (−2)2n
• [6pt]
n=1
nn
Root test: 1/n
(−2)2n

4
L = lim = lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ nn n→∞ n
By the root test, the series converges absolutely.

∞
X (−1)n
• [8pt]
n=1
n2/3
∞
1 2 X 1
Consider bn := |an | = 2/3
. By p-test with p = ≤ 1, the series 2/3
diverges.
n 3 n=1
n
∞
X
Hence the original series an does not converge absolutely. (3pt)
n=1
Now using the alternating series test to check conditional convergence:
– bn ≥ 0.
1
– lim bn = lim = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n2/3

– n2/3 < (n + 1)2/3 implies {bn } is a decreasing sequence for all n.

∞
X
By alternating series test, the original series an converges conditionally. (5pt)
n=1

22
 ∞
X (−1)n (ln n)2
• [8pt]
n=1
n
∞
(ln n)2 1 X 1
Consider bn := |an | = . Since |an | > for n > e and diverges. Break
n n n=1
n
the series into two parts gives
∞
X ∞
X
bn = b1 + bn .
n=1 n=2

The first term is finite and the second term is divergent. So the series with absolute
∞
X (−1)n (ln n)2
value is divergent. We conclude does not converges absolutely. (3pt)
n=1
n
Now consider the alternating series test:
– bn ≥ 0.
1
– 0 ≤ lim bn ≤ lim = 0 implies lim bn = 0.
n→∞ n→∞ n n→∞

– To show {bn } is a decreasing sequence for n > e2 : check

!′
(ln x)2 2(ln x)(1/x) · x − (ln x)2 (2 − ln x) · (ln x)
= = < 0 =⇒ ln x > 2.
x x x

Now using the fact that e2 < 9, we can break the series into two parts
∞
X 8
X ∞
X
an = an + an .
n=1 n=1 n=9

The first term is finite and the second term is convergent by alternating series
test. This implies the alternating series is convergent.
∞
X
By alternating series test, the series an converges conditionally. (5pt)
n=1

23
Homework 6
Due: Friday, Apr 8, by the end of the class
1. Power Series: determine the radius of convergence R and interval of convergence I.
∞
X (x − 3)n
• (−1)n [5pt]
n=1
n · 5n
Compute the limit
 
(x−3)n+1 
 (−1)n+1 (n+1)·5n+1 
  
 n(x − 3)  |x − 3|
L = lim 

(x−3)n  = n→∞
 lim 
 = .
n→∞
 (−1)n n·5n  5(n + 1)  5

The inequality L < 1 gives |x − 3| < 5. Hence R = 5 and the series converges when
−2 < x < 8. (3pt)
Now consider the boundary cases: x = −2 and x = 8:
∞ ∞
X (−5)n X1
– When x = −2, we have (−1)n = , which is divergent.
n=1
n · 5n n=1
n
∞ ∞
X 5n X 1
– When x = 8, we have (−1)n n
= (−1)n , which is convergent.
n=1
n · 5 n=1
n

This implies I = (−2, 8]. (2pt)

∞
X (x + 2)n
• [7pt]
n=2
2n ln n
 
 (x+2)n+1 
 2n+1 ln(n+1)  |x + 2| ln n
L = lim  (x+2)n  = lim (apply L’Hopital’s rule)
n→∞
 2n ln n  2 n→∞ ln(n + 1)

|x + 2| 1/n |x + 2| n+1 |x + 2|
= lim = lim = .
2 n→∞ 1/(n + 1) 2 n→∞ n 2

The inequality L < 1 gives |x + 2| < 2. Hence R = 2 and the series converges when
−4 < x < 0. (4pt)
Now consider the boundary cases: x = −4 and x = 0:
∞ ∞
X (−2)n X 1
– When x = −4, we have n ln n
= (−1)n , which is convergent. To see
n=1
2 n=1
ln n
1
why, apply the alternating series test: is a positive, continuous and decreasing
ln n
sequence for n ≥ 2.
∞ ∞
X 2n X 1
– When x = 0, we have n ln n
= , which is divergent by the comparsion
n=1
2 n=1
ln n
1
test with bn = .
n
This implies I = [−4, 0). (3pt)

24
 ∞
X n2 x2n
• [5pt]
n=1
(2n)!
 
 (n+1)x2n+2 
(n + 1)2 x2
 
 (n+1)! 
 = x2 · 0 = 0 < 1.
 
L = lim  n2 x2n  = lim  2
  
n→∞
 n→∞ n (2n + 2)(2n + 1)

 (2n)!

Note that the limit is identically zero, i.e. does not depend on x. By ratio test it is
converges for all x. Hence R = ∞, and I = (−∞, ∞).

2. Functions as Power Series: find the power series representations using substitution, term-
by-term integration and differentiation.
• arctan(x) [6pt]
1
We know derivative of arctan x is . There are two ways to do the problem.
1 + x2
Solution 1: Using FTC, so that the constant term is given by arctan(0).
Z x Z x
1 1
arctan x − arctan(0) = 2
dt = 2)
dt (FTC, 1pt)
0 1 + t 0 1 − (−t
Z xX ∞ ∞
X Z x
2 n n
arctan x = (−t ) dt = (−1) t2n dt
0 n=0 n=0 0
(substituting u = −t2 )
∞
X x2n+1
= (−1)n . (4pt)
n=0
2n + 1

Note that substitution may change the range whereas integration will not. Here we
used u = −x2 . Then |u| = | − x2 | < 1 gives |x| < 1. So the above expression is valid
only for x ∈ (−1, 1). (1pt)
∞
X x2n+1
Final answer: arctan(x) = (−1)n when |x| < 1.
n=0
2n + 1
Solution 2: Using indefinite integral, then we will have to determine the constant
term later.
Z ∞ 2n+1
1 X
n x
arctan x = dx = (−1) + C.
1 + x2 n=0
2n + 1
(Similar computation as above, but we have to add a constant C.)

To figure out what the constant is: take x = 0, then LHS = arctan 0 = 0 and
RHS = C, so C = 0.
Computing the range for x is similar as above and we get the same answer.

25
 !
1+x
• ln [7pt]
1−x
Again, there are two ways to do the problem.
Solution 1: Using FTC, so that the constant term is given by ln(1). Correction: the
second integral should have a plus sign, because of chain rule.
!
1+x
ln − ln(1) = ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)
1−x
! Z
x Z x
1+x 1 1
ln = dt + dt (FTC 1pt, and substitution)
1−x 0 1 + t 0 1 − t
Z xX ∞ Z xX∞
n
= (−t) dt + tn dt
0 n=0 0 n=0
∞
X Z x ∞ Z
X x
= (−1)n tn dt + tn dt
n=0 0 n=0 0
(Note that odd terms cancelled with each other, even terms are the same. 3pt)
∞ Z x ∞
X
2n
X 2
= 2 t dt = x2n+1 . (2pt)
n=0 0 n=0
2n + 1
Note that substitution may change the range whereas integration will not. Here we
used u = −x. Then |u| = | − x| < 1 gives |x| < 1. So the above expression is valid
only for x ∈ (−1, 1). (1pt)
∞
!
1+x X x2n+1
Final answer: ln = (−1)n when |x| < 1.
1−x n=0
2n + 1
Solution 2: Using indefinite integral, then we will have to determine the constant
term later. Similar computation gives
∞
! Z Z
1+x 1 1 X 2
ln = dx + dx = x2n+1 + C.
1−x 1+x 1−x n=0
2n + 1
To figure out what the constant is: take x = 0, then LHS = ln 1 = 0 and RHS = C,
so C = 0. Substitute C into the power series gives the same answer.

7x − x
• [6pt]
3x2 + 2x − 1
!
7x − x 3 1 1
= − (substitute u1 = −x and u2 = 3x)
3x2 + 2x − 1 2 1 + x 1 − 3x
∞ ∞
!
3 X
n
X
n
= (−x) − (3x)
2 n=0 n=0
∞ 
3 X 
= (−1)n − 3n xn . (3pt)
2 n=0
To find the range of x: Note that we used u = −x and u = 3x. So there are two
inequalities |u1 | = | − x| < 1 and |u2 | = |3x| < 1. Both of them should be satisfied.
 1 1
So the above expression is valid only for x ∈ − , . (3pt)
3 3
∞
7x − x 3 X n n
 1
Final answer: = (−1) − 3 xn when |x| < .
3x2 + 2x − 1 2 n=0 3

26
3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series: find the power series representation for by computing the
n-th derivative f (n) (0).
π
• f (x) = sin(x) centered at . [4pt]
2
f ′ = cos x, f ′′ = − sin x, f (3) = − cos x, f (4) = sin x, and the sequence repeats
π π π
Using the formula for Taylor series with a = , we have cos = 0, ± sin = ±1.
2 2 2
Hence
∞ 2n
x − π2


X
f (x) = (−1)n for all x.
n=0
(2n)!

• f (x) = (1 + x)k centered at 0. [4pt]

f ′ = k(1 + x)k−1 , f ′′ = k(k − 1)(1 + x)k−2 , f (3) = k(k − 1)(k − 2)(1 + x)k−3 ,
k!
· · · f (i) = (1 + x)k−i
(k − i)!
Here the series actually is a finite sum since the k + 1-th derivative is zero and all
higher order derivatives are zero. Using the formula for Taylor series with a = 0, we
have
k k  
X k! k−i
X k
f (x) = x = (1 + x)k−i .
i=0
(k − i)! i! i=0
i
 n+1  |1 − k/n|
a 
Now L = lim  = |x| = |x| suggests that |x| < 1.
n→∞ an 1 + 1/n

4. Applications:
• Using the Maclaurin series for f (x) = ex and the alternating series estimation theo-
Z 1
2
rem in 11.5 to approximate e−x dx with error R < 0.04. [6pt]
0
Power series expansion of ex implies
∞ ∞
x2n x2n+1
Z Z X
2 X
e−x dx = (−1)n = (−1)n + C.
n=0
n! n=0
(2n + 1)n!

So the definite integral is just the power series evaluated at x = 0 and x = 1. That is
Z 1 ∞
2 X (−1)n
e−x dx = . (3pt)
0 n=0
(2n + 1)n!

To ensure R < 0.04, we need the estimation for alternating series:

1
|RN | ≤ |aN | = < 0.04.
(2n + 1)n!
Check that
1 1 1 1 1 1
|R1 | ≤ , |R2 | ≤ = , |R3 | ≤ = <
3 5·2 10 7·6 42 25
Hence we can take N = 3, and
Z 1 3
−x2
X (−1)n 1 1 30 − 1 − 3 26 13
e dx ≈ =1− + = = = . (3pt)
0 n=0
(2n + 1)n! 3 10 30 30 15

27
Homework 7
Due: Friday, Apr 22, by the end of the class

Thorough out this solution x′ and y ′ means derivatives with respect to t.

1. Curves Defined by Parametric Equations: Draw or describe the following curves on the
x, y-plane.
• x = 2t + 3, y = 3t − 4 [3pt]
3
A straight line with slop .
2
• x = t2 − 3, y = 2t − 1 [3pt]
A parabola opens to the right.

• x = 3 − cos t, y = sin t + 1 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π [3pt]

A unit circle centered at (3,1).
√ 1
• x= t + 1, y = [3pt]
t+1
1
Note that this is y = 2 .
x

dy
2. Derivatives: compute for the following parameterizations.
dx
• x = 2t + 1, y = t3 − 3t + 4 [4pt]
dy y′ 3t2 − 3
x′ = 2, y ′ = 3t2 − 3 so = ′ = .
dx x 2
• x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t + 1 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π [4pt]
dy y′ 3 cos t
x′ = −3 sin t, y ′ = 3 cos t so = ′ = = − cot t when t ̸= 0, π, 2π.
dx x −3 sin t
• x = te−t , y = 2t2 + 1 [4pt]
dy y′ 4t
x′ = e−t − te−t , y ′ = 4t so = ′ = −t when t ̸= 1.
dx x e (1 − t)

d2 y
3. Second order derivatives: compute for the following parameterizations.
dx2
• x = t2 , y = t3 [5pt]
x′ = 2t, y ′ = 3t2 so
dy y′ 3
= ′ = t.
dx x 2
and then by chain rule when t ̸= 0,
3 ′


d2 y
   
d dy d 3 2t 3/2 3
= = t = = = .
dx2 dx dx dx 2 x′ 2t 4t

28
 • x = 3t2 , y = t4 − 8t2 [5pt]
x′ = 6t, y ′ = 4t3 − 16t so
dy y′ 2t2 − 8
= ′ = .
dx x 3
and then by chain rule
2t2 −8 ′


d2 y d 2t2 − 8
   
d dy 3 4t/3 4 2
= = = = = = .
dx2 dx dx dx 3 x′ 6t 18 9

• x = e−t , y = t3 + t + 1 [5pt]
x′ = −e−t , y ′ = 2t2 + 1 so
dy y′ 3t2 + 1
= ′ = = −(3t2 + 1)et .
dx x −e−t
and then by chain rule

′
d2 y − (3t2 + 1)et
 
d dy d  2 t

= = − (3t + 1)e =
dx2 dx dx dx x′
−(6t)e−t − (3t2 + 1)et
= = (3t2 + 6t + 1)e2t .
−e−t

4. Arclength with Parametric Curves: Compute the length of the curve

• x = 2 cos2 t, y = 2 cos t sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ π [6pt]
s 2  2
Z π  Z πq
dx dy
L= + dt = (−4 cos t sin t)2 + (2 cos2 t − 2 sin2 t)2 dt
0 dt dt 0
(2pt)
Z πp
=2 4 cos2 t sin2 t + cos4 t − 2 cos2 t sin2 t + sin4 t dt
0
Z πq Z π
2 2 2
=2 (cos t + sin t) dt = 2 1 dt = 2π. (4pt)
0 0

• x = t − sin t, y = 1 − cos t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π [5pt]

s 2 2
Z 2π  Z 2π
dx dy
q
L= + dt = (1 − cos t)2 + sin2 t dt (2pt)
0 dt dt 0
Z 2π p Z 2π √
2
= 1 − 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin t dt = 2 − 2 cos t dt
0 0
 t 2π

2π 2π
Z r t Z t
= 4 sin2 dt = 4 sin dt = −4 cos  = 8. (3pt)

0 2 0 2 2 
0

29
Homework 8
Due: Friday, Apr 29, by the end of the class
1. Surface area with Parametric Curves: Compute the length of the curve.
• x = t2 + 3, y = 2t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 rotating about x-axis. [6pt]
s 2  2
dx dy p p
ds = + dt (2t)2 + 4 dt = 2 t2 + 1 dt.
dt dt
Here R = y = 2t, so
Z Z 1 p Z 2 √
S = 2π · 2t ds = 8π t t2 + 1 dt = 4π u du (substitute u = t2 + 1)
0 1
2 3 2 8π √
= 4π u 2  = (2 2 − 1).
3 1 3

t
• x = et − t, y = 4e 2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 rotating about y-axis. [8pt]
s 2  2
dx dy
q
t 2
ds = + dt = (et − 1)2 + (2e 2 ) dt
dt dt
p
= e − 2e + 1 + 4et dt = (et + 1) dt.
2t t

Here R = x = et − t, so
Z Z 1
t
S = 2π(e − t) ds = 2π (et − t)(et + 1) dt
0
Z 1
= 2π e2t − tet + et − t dt
(Integration by parts for the second term.)
0
!
1 2t 1 1 Z 1 1 1 1
t  t t 2
= 2π e  − e t + e dt + e  − t 
2 0 0 0 0 2 0
!
1 2 1 1
= 2π (e − 1) − e + et  + (e − 1) −

2 0 2
!
= π (e2 − 1) − 2e + 4(e − 1) − 1 = π(e2 + 2e − 6).

2. Polar curves: Convert the following curves to Cartesian coordinates. Then describe the
curve.
• r = 5 cos θ [3pt]
 5 2 25
r2 = 5r cos θ =⇒ x2 + y 2 = 5x =⇒ x− + y2 = .
2 4
5  5
The above is the circle centered at , 0 with radius .
2 2
• r = 5 sec θ [3pt]
r cos θ = 5 sec θ cos θ =⇒ x = 5, which is a line.

30
 π
• θ= [3pt]
3 √
π y
tan θ = tan = =⇒ y = 3x, which is a line.
3 x

• r2 cos(2θ) = 1 [3pt]

r2 cos(2θ) = r2 cos2 θ − r2 sin2 θ = 1 =⇒ x2 − y 2 = 1, which is a hyperbola.

dy
3. Derivatives: compute for the following polar curves.
dx
Here r′ means derivative with respect to θ.
• r = cos(2θ) [4pt]
dy r′ sin θ + r cos θ
Using = ′ , we have
dx r cos θ − r sin θ
dy −2 sin(2θ) sin θ + cos(2θ) cos θ
= .
dx −2 sin(2θ) cos θ − cos(2θ) sin θ

• r = θ sin(θ) [4pt]

dy (sin θ + θ cos θ) sin θ + (θ sin θ) cos θ sin2 θ + θ sin(2θ)

= = 1 .
dx (sin θ + θ cos θ) cos θ − (θ sin θ) sin θ 2 sin(2θ) + θ cos(2θ)

4. Set up (no need to evaluate) the area enclosed.

• r = 4 + 3 sin(θ), in the first quadrant [4pt]
Z b Z π2
1 2 1
Using A = r dθ, area is given by (4 + 3 sin θ)2 dθ.
a 2 0 2

• r2 = 4 + cos(2θ), in the upper half plane [4pt]

Z π
1
(2 + cos(θ)) dθ.
0 2

5. Set up (no need to evaluate) the arc length for the following polar curves.
• r = 6 sin(θ) [4pt]
s 2
Z b 
2
dr
Using L = r + dθ, arc length is given by
a dθ
Z πp Z π
36 sin2 θ + 36 cos2 θ dθ = 6 dθ.
0 0

• r = 1 + sin θ [4pt]
√
Z 2π q Z 2π
(1 + sin2 θ)2 + cos2 θ dθ = 2 + 2 sin θ dθ.
0 0

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