FInal Graduation Report Class of 2021

DEDICATION
To my family
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report constitutes the whole of the work relating to the training course carried out at Saint-
Gobain Côte d'Ivoire. We would like to express our gratitude to all those who contributed in any
way to the acquisition of the course and to its smooth running.
We would like to thank in particular:
- Mr. MOUSSA KADER DIABY, current Director General of the INPHB who gave us the
opportunity to make our defence within the institute in order to acquire the diploma of higher
technician in STGP option industrial chemistry;
- Mr. QUENTIN STAHL, General Manager of Saint-Gobain Ivory Coast, for giving us the
great opportunity to do our internship at Saint-Gobain Ivory Coast;
- Mr. ETEKOU HERMANN, Plant Manager at Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire for hissimplicity,
patience, kindness, and determination to communicate his knowledge and know-how in
relation to the theme that was assigned to us;
- Dr.Ing. KOUWELTON KONE PATRICK, for his pedagogical supervision and his relevant
advice for the good writing of this internship report.
- We also want to thank :
- Pr. TANOH AKA, Director of graduate school of industry for the means he makes available
for the good training of the students that school;
- Dr. FANOU GUY DIDIER, Director of Studies at the GCAA for his availability to the
students and the wonderful student-teacher intermediary that he is;
- Mr GBAGO HYPOLITE and his wife, my dearest aunt, for their financial support for
my higher education and their attitude of parenthood that they have always shown towards
me;
- Mr. DESSI DIEUDONNE for his advice and encouragement, through which he never
stopped encouraging me to cultivate excellence.
- The entire Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire team for their warm welcome to me.
- The Christian musical group DÉLICES ÉTERNELLES chaired by Mr. BROU HERVE for
its assistance and its family character shown towards me.
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FOREWORD
Effective training includes the development of an entrepreneurial spirit capable of

driving and effectively supporting a country's development policy. Indeed, training high
performance executives is a challenge that Côte d'Ivoire has taken up since independence.
To achieve this, the Ivorian state created several training centres, including the National
Higher School of Public works, the National Higher Institute of Technical Education,the
National Higher School of Agronomy, and the Agricultural Institute of Bouake (IAB).
These four higher schools merged to create the Polytechnical National Institute Félix
Houphouët- Boigny by decree n°96-068 of 4 September 1996.
To ensure its missions of initial and continuous training, applied research, assistance,
and production for the benefit of companies and administrations, the INP-HB is
structured in nine major schools: School of Continuing Education and Management
Development; the Higher School of Agronomy; the Higher School of Business and
Administration; the Graduate School of Industry; the Higher School of Mining and
Geology; the Higher School of Public Works. In addition to these schools, there are now
three other schools, including the Preparatory Classes, the Doctoral Polytechnical School
and the Higher School of Petroleum and Energy, which was created on 13 November 2019.
Established since the existence of INP-HB, the Advanced Technician in Industrial
Chemistry cycle trains technicians in the field of process engineering sciences and
technologies so that they are capable of applying chemical transformation processes on an
industrial scale. Theduration of the course is three years and leads to the award of the
Higher Technician diplomaafter defending the graduation project report. To this end, an
internship in 3rd year of study is required in order to present the results before a jury. It is
within this framework that we carried out an internship from November 29th of 2021 to
January 28th of 2022 at Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire on the theme 'Admixture-cement
correlational study in the concrete (case of polycarboxylates and polynaphthalenes)'.
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ABBREVIATIONS
PC Polycarboxylate
PNS Polynaphthalene Sulfonate
DCT Dynamic Cross Tabs
BHP High Performance Concrete
Mpa Mega Pascal
SGCI Saint-Gobain Ivory Coast
ACI 211 American Concrete Institute 211
Dmax Top size of aggregate
Percentage of dry content

% DC
Mechanical strength at 28 days
Rc28jrs
ε Optimum dosage of superplasticizer solids
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of Saint-Gobain's production sites around the world............................................... 4
Figure 2 : Some Saint-Gobain subsidiaries ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 3: Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire Zone 3 ................................................................................. 5
Figure 4 : Saint Gobain Côte d'Ivoire production plant Zone 3 ...................................................... 6
Figure 5 : Admixture production line .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 6 : Webercol production line................................................................................................ 8
Figure 7 : Appearance of fresh concrete according to consistency class [38] ............................... 12
Figure 8 : Example of aggregates for concrete.............................................................................. 14
Figure 9 : Example of a cement name ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 10 : Recommended dosage of admixtures (in relation to cement) [34] ............................. 18
Figure 11 : Typical isothermal calorimetry curve of a cement [13] .............................................. 21
Figure 12: Bleeding and segregation of fresh concrete................................................................. 23
Figure 13 : Measurement of fresh concrete slump with Abram’s cone ......................................... 24
Figure 14 : Influence of the W/C ratio on the compressive strength of concrete [30] .................. 24
Figure 15 : Evolution of the mechanical strength of concrete over time [5] ................................. 25
Figure 16 : Creep diagram for concrete [3]. ................................................................................. 26
Figure 17 : Chemical structure of a Polynaphthalene sulphonate α and β [1]............................... 27
Figure 18 : Schematic structure of a polycarboxylate, a "comb" type polymer [1] ..................... 28
Figure 19 : Double couche électrochimique d’une particule colloïdale positivement chargée .... 29
Figure 20 : Évolution du potentiel lors de l’adsorption de superplastifiants de type PNS [37] ... 30
Figure 21 : Dispersion of cement grains by steric hindrance [1] ................................................. 31
Figure 22 : Dispersion of cement grains by steric hindrance [1] .................................................. 31
Figure 23 : Samples of cement produced by Lafarge Holcim Côte d'Ivoire ................................. 34
Figure 24 : Superplasticizers used for the correlation study .......................................................... 35
Figure 25 : Aggregates used for concrete formulation .................................................................. 36
Figure 26 : Control scale s.p.a 0630/30 ........................................................................................ 37
Figure 27 : KERN FKB 16K0.05 electric scale ............................................................................ 37
Figure 28 : Cubic moulds and vibrating needle ............................................................................ 38
Figure 29 : slump measurement equipment .................................................................................. 38
Figure 30 : SODAMCO M03 concrete mixer ............................................................................... 39
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Figure 31 Control wizard auto concrete press .............................................................................. 40
Figure 32 : Concrete mixer containing aggregates ........................................................................ 50
Figure 33 : Slump measurement .................................................................................................... 51
Figure 34 : Echantillonnage et cure du béton ................................................................................ 51
Figure 35 : Measurement of 28-day strengths by destructive testing ............................................ 52
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LIST OF TABLES
Table1 : Products manufactured at Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire ...................................................... 6
Table2: Classification of compressive strength of ordinary and heavyweight concretes. [2] ....... 11
Table3: Compressive strength classification of lightweight concrete [2] .................................. 11
Table4: Classification of concretes according to Abram’s cone slump value [3] ......................... 12
Table5 : Characteristics of different aggregate families [6] ......................................................... 15
Table 6 : Characteristics of the Flow 510, Flow 410, CF 333HR and CF 90N ............................ 35
Table7 : Characteristics of aggregates used for concrete formulation........................................... 36
Table8 : Relationship between slump, Dmax and water content of concrete [25] ........................ 41
Table9 : Relation entre E/C et la résistance mécanique à 28 jours de cure des éprouvettes
cylindrique [25] .............................................................................................................................. 42
Table10 : Relationship between MF, Dmax and the volume of gravel required for 1 m3 of concrete
........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Table11 : Formulation of 1m3 ordinary concrete according to the ACI 211 method .................... 46
Table12 : Standard proportions of the constituents of an ordinary concrete [3] ................ 47
Table13 : Caractéristiques des bétons formulés selon la méthode ACI 211 ................................. 47
Table14 : Concrete formula CPA 52.5N for 1m3 of concrete ....................................................... 48
Table15 : Concrete formula CPA 42.5R; CPJ and CHF 42.5N for 1m3 of concrete ..................... 48
Table16 : Weights of superplasticizer to be weighed for 0.015m3 of concrete (CPA 52.5N) ........ 49
Table17 Weights of superplasticizer to be weighed for 0.015m3 of concrete ............................... 49
Table18 : Slump values for the CPA 52.5N formula..................................................................... 54
Table19 : Resistance values for the CPA 52.5N formula .............................................................. 55
Table20 : Slump values of the CPA 42.5R formula ...................................................................... 55
Table21 : Resistance values for the CPA 42.5R formula .............................................................. 56
Table22 : Slump values for the CPJ 42.5N formula ...................................................................... 57
Table23 : Resistance values for the CPJ 42.5N formula ............................................................... 57
Table24 Slump values of the CHF 42.5N formula ........................................................................ 58
Table25 : Resistance values of the CHF 42.5 N formula .............................................................. 59
Table26 : Table of optimal dry content dosages of superplasticizer (ε) ........................................ 60
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LIST OF GRAPHICS
Graph 1 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPA 52.5N formula ..................... 54
Graph 2 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistance of the CPA 52.5N formula ..... 55
Graph 3 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPA 42.5R formula..................... 56
Graph 4 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistance’s of the CPA 42.5R formula . 56
Graph 5 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPJ 42.5N formula ...................... 57
Graph 6 : Graphical illustration of the variation in resistance of the CPJ 42.5N formula ............ 58
Graph 7 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CHF 42.5N formula .................... 59
Graph 8 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistances of the CHF 42.5N formula ... 59
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ABSTRACT
Superplasticizers are compounds that are increasingly used in the field of civil engineering,
particularly for the formulation of more manageable concretes that consume less water. The
incorporation of these polymeric substances into concrete makes it possible to have concretes that
are easy to work with and very resistant in the hardened state. However, it is very important to
control the dosage at which these substances must be incorporated into the concrete. The present
study was therefore carried out to determine the dosage (ε) of dry superplasticizer extracts required
to formulate an ordinary S4 concrete of strength C25/30 or C 30/37. The concretes tested were
formulated using the American method ACI 211. The superplasticizers involved in this study were
Flow 410, Flow 510, CF 333HR and CF 90N. The experimental design was designed to keep the
concrete formulations constant by varying the dosage of each superplasticizer at 0.1%, 0.2%,
0.3% and 0.4% DC. The application of this experimental design gave the following results: 0.2%
DC < ε < 0.3% DC from Flow 410 and Flow 510 for the CPA 52.5N formulation; 0.1% DC < ε <
0.2% DC from Flow 510 for the CPA 42.5R formulation; 0.1% DC <ε < 0.2% DC from Flow 410,
0.1% DC < ε ≤ 0.3% DC and 0.3% DC < ε < 0.4% DC from Flow 510 for the CPJ 42.5N
formulation; 0.1% DC < ε < 0.2% DC from Flow 510 and 0.2% DC < ε < 0.3% DC from Flow 410
for the CHF 42.5N formulation. These results indicate the values of the dry matter dosages of Flow
410 and Flow 510 resulting in a concrete with the desired characteristics. The dosages of CF 333HR
and CF 90N resulted in concretes with very low slump. However, these very low slumps can be
improved by adding a reasonable amount of alkali sulphate containing calcium to the mix design.
Key words: Concrete, superplasticizers, dry extracts, experimental design, strength class, slump.
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SUMMARY
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... ii
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ iii
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF GRAPHICS ................................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................ix
SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................... x
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER I : GENERALITIES .................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER II : MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................ 33
CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 53
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 64
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Because of its excellent properties in the fresh and hardened state, concrete has always been a
very popular material in civil engineering. This workable cementitious material is capable of
developing a compressive strength of around 250 MPa (this is the case for HPC). With concrete,
it is possible to build strong and durable architectural structures. From a structural point of view,
concrete is nothing more than an assembly in which aggregates are bound together by cement.
Indeed, this bonding is only possible through a cement hydration mechanism that consumes a
quantity of water approximately 30% of the quantity of cement used in the formulation of the
concrete [1] . However, the workability of concrete for placing operations requires additional water.
Moreover, the addition of extra water to the concrete causes a drop in strength.
The problem that arises is to formulate a concrete that is both workable and resistant after
hardening; hence the development of superplasticizers after much scientific research. These
substances make it possible to formulate a more malleable, resistant concrete with less water and
cement. Consequently, superplasticizers make it possible to have a more economical and ecological
concrete.
However, depending on the dosage of superplasticizer in the concrete, segregation, bleeding

oreven ineffectiveness of the superplasticizer within the concrete may occur. In view of all these
realities, it is necessary to study the correlation between superplasticizers and cement in order to
control the dosage of these compounds in the formulation of concrete. It is thus in this perspective
that our work falls within the scope of the theme: 'Admixture-cement correlational study in the
concrete (case of polycarboxylates and polynaphthalenes).
The main objective of our work is to highlight the correlation between four superplasticizers of
Saint-Gobain Ivory Coast and four different types of cements. This study will be done by designing
two concrete formulas by the ACI 211 method. For the same concrete formula, we will vary the
dosage in dry content of superplasticizer from 0.1 to 0.4% at consecutive values. The analysis of
the results of the experimental design will be done by CDT on the Excel spreadsheet.
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This document begins with an introduction and is divided into three parts. The first part is
devoted to general information. The second part deals with the materials and methods used to
address the problematic of the assigned topic. The results and discussion will be summarised in the
third part. Finally, a conclusion will complete our report.

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CHAPTER I : GENERALITIES

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I.1. PRESENTATION OF SAINT-GOBAIN
I.1.1. History
SAINT-GOBAIN is a French company that originated from the royal mirror factory founded
in 1665 by JEAN-BAPTISTE COLBERT. It has become an international group since the merger
with the Pont-à-Mousson company (world leader in cast iron pipes) in 1970. It is present in 72
countries around the world (Figure 1) and employs approximately 167,000 people in 2020. With
a turnover of 38.1 billion euros in 2020, it is one of the world leaders in the field of building
materials and includes several subsidiaries such as Chryso, Weber, Placo, Isover, etc. (Figure 2).
SAINT-GOBAIN shares are listed on compartment A of Euronext Paris and are included in the
calculation of the CAC 40 and the Euro Stoxx 50. This group, whose current CEO is BENOIT
BAZIN, is one of the hundred largest industrial companies in the world. This French multinational
also aims to be the reference in the housing and sustainable construction markets
Figure 1: Map of Saint-Gobain's production sites around the world
Figure 2 : Some Saint-Gobain subsidiaries

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I.1.2. Vision and mission
Saint-Gobain's purpose is to make the world a better home. To achieve this, it aims to offer
innovative solutions in response to today's major challenges of growth, energy efficiency and
environmental protection. Its mission is mainly focused on two areas:
• Developing construction and renovation solutions for professional clients

• Ensure that buildings are energy efficient, comfortable, healthy, and aesthetically superior
while conserving natural resources.
I.1.3. Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire (SGCI)

Established in Côte d'Ivoire since 2016, the Saint-Gobain company existed only in the form of
a representative office located in Abidjan in the commune of plateaux . Since 2020, it has been
redeveloped and moved to Zone 3 in the commune of Treichville, more precisely on driller street,
opposite Graphicolor (Figure 3). Its new ground plan includes an administration and a production
plant. SGCI also owns another factory in Jacqueville; it is this factory that supplies it with treated
sand for the production of Webercol. From a representative office, it has thus become a commercial
structure intended to produce and sell local products.
Figure 3: Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire Zone 3

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I.1.4. Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire plants and products
The plant in Zone 3 (Figure 4) consists of an analytical laboratory, a storage area and two
production lines. The first line is dedicated to the production of tile adessive, the second to the
production of Webercol . The storage of products and raw materials is carried out by palletization.
The products manufactured by SGCI are listed in Table 1.
Figure 4 : Saint Gobain Côte d'Ivoire production plant Zone 3
Table1 : Products manufactured at Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire
Product types Trade names
WEBERCOL DUR
WEBERCOL FLEX
Webercols
WEBERCOL PLUS
WEBERCOL PRO
PNS plasticizer CP445
CF90N
PNS Superplasticizers
CF100
CF333 HR

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Product types Trade names
FLOW 510
FLOW 410
PC superplasticizers PC 490
(3rd generation) PC 408

HP 520
XRF 1000
Setting retarders CR 152
CR 152M
SEC E
Latex admixtures 225 MB
(White products) CURE Y40
DEM 22
I.1.4.1. Admixture production line

Installed in October 2020, this production line comprises two mixers with capacities of
10,000 litres and 3,000 litters respectively (Figure 5). These two mixers are installed in parallel in
the production line. The 3000-litre mixer is only used for the production of latex admixtures, the
second one for the production of other types of admixtures. After production, the admixtures are
packed in IBCs and palletized for storage. However, an analysis of the physical parameters (pH,
dry extracts, volume density) is carried out on the production before packaging for a possible
correction of the formulation. Concrete tests are carried out for admixtures other than latex
admixtures the day after production. The production mode of this line is discontinuous and depends
on the demand.

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Figure 5 : Admixture production line
I.4.1.2. Webercol production line

This line with a maximum capacity of five (5) tons per hour was installed in October 2021
and is in operation five (5) days a week for approximately eight (8) hours per day. Through this
line (figure 6), Webercol hard, plus, pro and flex in white or grey colour are produced. Once the
mixing is done for a batch, the Webercol is packed in paper bags covered with plastic bags. A
representative sample is analysed during production to confirm the quality of the product and the
production is stored after palletisation.
Figure 6 : Webercol production line

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I.1.5. Specifications
To carry out our study, the following steps need to be completed:
• Design of two ordinary concrete formulas for suitability testing;

• Literature review on concrete and polycarboxylate and Polynaphthalene superplasticizers;
• Design and implementation of the experimental plan for our topic
• CDT analysis and discussion of experimental design results
I.1.6. Objectives and interest of the topic

This topic was assigned to us in order to determine the optimum dosage (ε) in dry extracts of
superplasticizer to formulate an ordinary S4 concrete of class C30/37 or C25/30 from a minimum
quantity of cement. These superplasticizers are Flow 510, Flow 410, CF 90N, CF 333HR; the
cements are CPA CEM I 52.5N and 42.5R, CPJ CEM II/ B-P 42.5N and CHF CEM III 42.5N.
I.1.7. Working methodology

In order to answer the problematic arising from our theme, we will follow the steps below:
• Bibliographical research on concrete, polycarboxylates and polynaphtalene superplasticizers

• design of two ordinary concrete formulations, one for CPA 42.5R, CPJ, CHF 42.5N and
another for CPA 52.5N by the ACI 211 method;
• design and execution of the experimental design ;
• EST analysis and discussion of the results of the experimental design.
I.2. Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (sand, gravel, chippings), usually
admixtures and fibers. This material, governed by standards, has a malleable appearance after
homogenisation of the constituents (fresh state) and a hardened appearance after a certain time.
The NF EN 206-1 standard establishes classifications according to the physical characteristics of
concrete.

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I.2.1. Classification of concrete according to NF EN 206-1
I.2.1.1. Density classes
The NF EN 206-1 standard covers concretes with normal or ordinary density (2000 to 2600 Kg/m3
), heavy concretes (density greater than 2600 Kg/m3 ) and light concretes (density between800 and
2000 Kg/m3 ).
I.2.1.2. Compressive strength classes

The strength of cured concrete at 28 days can be measured on cylindrical or cubic specimens and
can therefore be defined by the following two values.
• fck-cyl: characteristic compressive strength of concrete determined on

cylindrical specimens. The three cylinders’ sizes used are [2]:
ø = 150 mm – H = 300 mm ;
ø = 160 mm – H = 320 mm ;
ø = 110 mm – H = 220 mm .
• fck-cube: characteristic compressive strength of concrete determined by testing on cubic

specimens (side: 100 or 150 mm) [2] .
Standard NF EN 206-1 proposes two families of strength classes according to the density of the
concrete, which correspond to the characteristic strength that the concrete must achieve at 28 days:
• The compressive strength class of ordinary and heavyweight concrete is

designated by the letter C ('Concrete') followed by the values fck-cyl and
fck-cube ;
• The strength class of lightweight concrete is designated by the letters LC ("Lightweight
Concrete") followed by the values fck-cyl and fck-cube.
This standard defines sixteen strength classes for ordinary and heavyweight concretes and
fourteen classes for lightweight concretes.

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Table2: Classification of compressive strength of ordinary and heavyweight
concretes. [2]
Compressive strengthclass Minimum characteristic strength Minimum characteristic strength

on cylinders (Mpa) on cubes (Mpa)
C8/10 8 10
C12/15 12 15
C16/20 16 20
C20/25 20 25
C25/30 25 30
C30/37 30 37
C35/45 35 45
C40/50 40 50
C45/55 45 55
C50/60 50 60
C55/67 55 67
C60/75 60 75
C70/85 70 85
C80/95 80 95
C90/105 90 105
C100/115 100 115
For example, strength class C30/37 corresponds to a characteristic strength of 30 MPa on a

cylindrical specimen and 37 MPa on a cubic specimen at 28 days.
Table3: Compressive strength classification of lightweight concrete [2]
Class Minimum characteristic Minimum characteristicstrength

strength on cylinders on cubes (Mpa)
(Mpa)
LC 8/9 8 9
LC 12/13 12 13
LC 16/18 16 18
LC 20/22 20 22
LC 25/28 25 28
LC 30/33 30 33

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LC 35/38 35 38
LC 40/44 40 44
LC 45/50 45 50
LC 50/55 50 55
LC 55/60 55 60
LC 60/66 60 66
LC 70/77 70 77
LC 80/88 80 88
I.2.1.3. Consistency classes

Standard NF EN 206-1 defines five consistency classes for ordinary concrete (Table 5). The
consistency can also be specified by :
• VEBE time (in seconds): 5 VEBE classes;

• the tightening index: 4 tightening classes;
• the spreading diameter (in mm): 6 spreading classes.
Table4: Classification of concretes according to Abram’s cone slump value [3]
Class Consistency ofconcrete Settlement (in mm) atAbrams

cone
S1 Farm 10 - 40
S2 Plastic 50 - 90
S3 Very plastic 100 - 150
S4 Fluid 160 - 210
S5 Very fluid ≥ 220
Figure 7 : Appearance of fresh concrete according to consistency class [38]

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I.2.2. Constituents of concrete
The basic composition of concrete is water, aggregates, and cement; these are the main
constituents of concrete. Depending on the desired properties of the concrete, it may contain one
or more admixtures and fibers.
I.2.2.1. Mixing water

Mixing water plays a very important role in the formulation of cement-based concrete. This
substance plays two Essential roles in the formulation of concrete:
• It triggers the hydration of the cement which leads to the setting and hardening of the
concrete through the formation of hydrated constituents which have binding properties;
• It ensures the workability of the fresh concrete to facilitate its implementation.
The water content, expressed as the W/C ratio (water/cement), is a key parameter for the
porosity, strength, and durability of concrete. The lower the W/C ratio, the better these properties
are. As a rule, the W/C ratio should be between 0.4 and 0.6 [4].
To limit the amount of water in the concrete mix, it is necessary to use water-reducing
admixtures such as plasticisers and superplasticizers.
Given the importance of water in the formulation of concrete, it is necessary to state that it must
meet certain criteria. According to NBN EN 1008, the water used for mixing must not contain large
quantities of substances that can react with the cement. These substances can lead to:
• accelerating or slowing down the setting and hardening process (e.g., sugars, humicacids);
• excessive uncontrolled air entrainment, thus loss of resistance (e.g., oils, fats,suspensions,
and some mineral salts);

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This standard recognises the principle that drinking water can be used without any particular
control for concrete formulation [5]. For water from other sources (surface water, groundwater,
process water), it must be clear and odourless, free of organic matter with a pH ≥ 4 and it must
not form a persistent foam after stirring. The following chemical characteristics are also checked
[5]:
Chloride content:
• ≤ 500 mg/L for prestressed concrete

• ≤ 1 000 mg/L for reinforced concrete
• ≤ 4 500 mg/L for unreinforced
concrete alkali content ≤ 1 500 mg/L
Sulphates content ≤ 2 000 mg/L.
I.2.2.2. Aggregates
An aggregate consists of a set of mineral grains, which, depending on its size (between 0 and125
mm), can be classified as a filler, sand, gravel, or ballast.
Figure 8 : Example of aggregates for concrete

They are obtained:
• by exploiting alluvial, terrestrial, or marine deposits of sand and gravel;

• by crushing solid rock;
• or by recycling products such as demolition concrete.

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Aggregates are classified according to the size distribution of their constituent grains. This
distribution is determined by granulometric analysis using specific sieves. Thus, an aggregate is
designated by its granular class expressed by the couple d/D or 0/D with :
d: lower dimension of the aggregate
Dmax: upper dimension of theaggregate
Table5 : Characteristics of different aggregate families [6]

Families Dimensions Features
Fillers 0/D D < 2 mm with at least 85% passing at 1.25 mm and70%
passing at 0.063 mm
Sablons 0/D D ≤ 1 mm with less than 10% passing at 0.063 mm
Sands 0/D 0 mm < D≤ 4 mm

Serious 0/D D < 6.3 mm
Gravel d/D d ≥ 2 mm and D ≤ 63 mm
Ballasts d/D d ≥ 31.5 mm and D = 50 or 63 mm
As far as sands are concerned, they can also be classified according to another parameter
which is the fineness modulus. The numerical value of the modulus of fineness (MF) is all the higher
that the analysed aggregate is rich in fine elements. Its calculation is carried out following the
passage of the aggregate through a standardized series of sieves. According to the French standard
NFP 18-540, it is equal to 1/100e of the sum of the cumulative refusals expressed in percentages
on the sieves of the series 0.16 - 0.315 - 0.63 - 1.25 - 2.5 - 5 mm [7]. When MF is between [7]
• 1.8 and 2.2: the sand is said to be fine;

• 2.2 and 2.8: The sand is said to be preferential or intermediate;
• 2.8 and 3.3: the sand is said to be coarse; it will give resistant but less workable concrete.
I.2.2.3. Cement
Cement is a hydraulic binder, i.e., a substance capable of hardening when mixed with water (this
is the phenomenon of non-congruent dissolution). Cement paste is able to harden both in air and
under water. It is this compound that gives concrete its strength and mechanical resistance.

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I.2.3.a. Classification according to composition
According to NF EN 197-1, common cements are subdivided into five types according to the
nature and proportion of the constituents. They are rated EMC and numbered from 1 to 5 in Roman
numerals in their European notation (the French notation is indicated in brackets):
• CEM I: Portland cement (CPA);

• CEM II: Compound Portland Cement (CPJ);
• CEM III: Blast Furnace Cement (CHF);
• CEM IV: Pozzolanic Cement (CPZ);
• EMC V: Dairy Ash Cement (DAC).
There are also equivalent binders, i.e., binders consisting of CPA cement and a standardised
addition that partially replaces the cement. This addition can be fly ash, limestone, ground
vitrified blast furnace slag, silica filler or silica fume. For this purpose, there are twenty-seven sub-
classes of cements divided into the following classes CEM I to CEM V (Appendix 2). Thus, a
cement may have a more detailed name such as that shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 : Example of a cement name
I.2.2.3.b. Chemical nomenclature of cement

According to this nomenclature, the composition of mineral phases is not represented by the
chemical formula but by an abbreviated form. This is based on an abbreviation of the formula of
the oxides and expressed as a sum [8]: the tricalcium silicate for example, Ca3SiO5, is usually
written as 3CaO.SiO2. It is usual to abbreviate the formulae of common oxides to a single letter,
such as C for CaO or S for SiO2. Tricalcium silicate is then written C3S. The most common
abbreviations are as follows [9]:

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Oxides : Anhydrous components
S = SiO2 C3S = Tricalcium silicate (alite): 3CaO.SiO2
A = Al2O3 C2S = Dicalcium silicate (bélite): 2CaO.SiO2
F = Fe2O3 C3A = Tricalcium aluminate (célite) : 3CaO.Al2O3
C = CaO C4AF = Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (férite) : 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
S̅ = SO3 CC̅ = Calcite.
C̅ = CO2
Hydrated components
CH = Portlandite;
C-S-H = calcium silicate hydrate;
C6AS̅3H32 = Ettringite (AFt);

AFm phase group
C4AS̅H12 = Monosulfoaluminate (Ms);
C4AC̅H11 = Monocarboaluminate (Mc);
C4AC̅0.5H12 = Hemicarboaluminate (Hc).
I.2.2.4. Admixtures
An admixture is a product whose incorporation in small doses (less than 5% of the mass of the
cement) into concretes, mortars or grouts, during mixing or before implementation, causes changes
in the properties of the mixture, in the fresh or hardened state. These chemical compounds are
classified into three main categories according to the NF EN 934 standard:
1st category: admixtures modifying the workability of concrete
• water-reducing plasticizers ;
• high water-reducing superplasticizers.

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2nd category: setting and hardening modifiers
• setting accelerators ;
• hardening accelerators ;
• setting retarders.
3rd category: admixtures modifying certain properties of concrete
• air trainers ;
• mass water repellents ;
• water retentive.
Figure 10 : Recommended dosage of admixtures (in relation to cement) [34]
Each cement has its own reactivity to admixtures. When formulating a concrete for a given
application, it is therefore necessary to carry out a compatibility study of the cement- admixture
pair and to optimise this pair. A method based on the concept of Equivalent Concrete Mortar (ECM)
allows to validate efficiently and simply the compatibility of cement and admixture.
I.2.3. Hydration of Portland cement

Portland cement consists mainly of four mineral phases including tricalcium aluminate(C3A),
tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S) and Tetracalcium ferialuminate (C4AF).

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The chemical reactions between the four phases of cement and water lead to the formation of
the cement paste. All these reactions constitute a complex process in which new insoluble
compounds are formed, leading to the setting and progressive hardening of the concrete. In order
to better understand the hydration mechanism of Portland cement, we will briefly explain the
hydration of the silicate and aluminate phases, using the chemical nomenclature of cement to
explain the resulting balance equation.
I.2.3.1. Hydration of silicates

The hydration reactions of C3S and C2S are similar. Their hydration reactions result in the formation
of the same products, however, the hydration of C3S is much faster than that of C2S and proceeds
according to variable kinetics [1]. Moreover, C3S allows the development of the early strength of
the concrete. Belite, on the other hand, promotes the long-term strength of concrete [1]. In a
simplified way, the chemical reactions that take place can be translated into the following balance
equation [10]:
(Hydration of C3S) 2 C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3CH Equation 1
(Hydration of C2S) 2 C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + CH Equation 2
I.2.3.2. Hydration of aluminates

The hydration of C4AF, like that of C3A, leads to different hydration products depending on
whether or not it takes place in the presence of sulphate ions. Although the C3A content is relatively
moderate, its presence significantly influences the hydration reactions of the cement. Indeed, C3A
tricalcium aluminate is the mineral with the highest reactivity with water. Therefore, this phase and
its hydration products play a very important role in the initial hydration process. C3A has the highest
enthalpy of hydration of all the minerals in clinker [1].
The hydration of the ferrite phase is not yet fully clarified. However, under similar experimental
conditions, the hydration of C4AF proceeds in a similar way to that of C3A [11], butit is slower this
time. The reactivity of the ferrite phase depends on its Aluminium to Iron ratio. The higher the iron
content, the lower the reactivity [12]. The reactions of the aluminate phases essentially take place
in three steps:

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Step 1 : Ettringite formation by reaction with gypsum sulphate [10]
C3A + CSO3H2+26H C3A.3C SO3H32 Equation 3
Step 2 : Transformation of ettringite into calcium monosulphate hydrate [10]
When the gypsum is depleted, the sulphate concentration of the solution drops. The ettringite
then becomes unstable and dissolves to form hydrated calcium monosulphate:
2C3A+ C3A.3C SO3H32 + 4H C3A.CSO3H12SO3H32 Equation 4
Step 3 : Hydration of residual Aluminates
Once ettringite is fully transformed beyond a month, reactions continue slowly with aluminate
(C3A) and aluminoferrite (C4AF) to form hydrated calcium aluminoferrite. C4AF does not appear
significantly until the gypsum is completely depleted.
I.2.3.1. Hydration mechanism

The hydration of Portland cement, as we have just seen, involves the reaction of the four mineral
phases of which it is composed. Since cement contains a large proportion of alite, the hydration of
this compound therefore controls the overall kinetics of hydration. However, there is a synergy
between the different reactions. Thus, the hydration mechanism of Portland cement takes place in
four remarkable periods (Figure 11).

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Figure 11 : Typical isothermal calorimetry curve of a cement [13]
According to Garcia Boivin [13], these periods can be described as follows:
• Period 1: Initial reactions

This period starts as soon as the water comes into contact with the cement and lasts a few minutes.
The C3S and C3A in the cement grains react immediately with the water, forming ettringite and C-
S-H (metastable): the ions enter solution.
• Period 2: dormant period
The heat release is low, no evolution of the paste seems to occur. However, chemical reactions
have started: ions are dissolved in the water during this phase (calcium ions, silicates, hydroxides,
and sulphates). When the water is saturated with ions, setting begins. The pH of the solution
increases, which slows down the dissolution of the constituents.
• Period 3: Acceleration period

This period begins when the concentration of Ca2+ and OH- ions in the solution becomes critical,
the electrical conductivity of the solution being at its maximum. This supersaturation induces the
precipitation of portlandite. The mechanisms of dissolution, nucleation and precipitation of the

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different phases then follow, allowing the formation of hydrates (ettringite, portlandite, C-S-H).
This chemical activity is very exothermic. The hydrates formed begin to entangle and thus create
a solid.
• Period 4: slowdown period
The anhydrous grains are covered by a layer of hydrates that becomes increasingly thicker. For
hydration to continue, water must diffuse through the gel pores. The heat released decreases. If the
pore network is closed, part of the cement is never reached and therefore never hydrated. It is during
this period that the ettringite type AFt dissolves to become type AFm. The complex mechanisms
by which the various hydration products, silicates, and aluminates, are created are adsorption,
hydrolysis, dissolution, solvation, and crystallisation.
I.2.3. METHODS OF CONCRETE FORMULATION

According to the literature, there are several methods of formulating concrete. The best known
and used methods are :
• Bolomey's method
• Faury's method
• Abrams' method
• The Vallette method
• The Joisel method
• The American method (ACI 211)
• The British method
• The Dreux Goriss method
The simplest and most widely used of these methods is the Dreux Goriss method. Regardless of
the mix design method used, the performance requirements for a concrete are :
• Workability, generally defined as the Abrams Cone slump;

• The strength, usually at 28 days;
• Durability, which leads to the imposition of a minimum cement dosage and a maximum
W/C ratio.

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Therefore, the concrete mix must meet the first two requirements at the lowest possible cost,usually
with the lowest possible cement content.
I.2.4. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

In order to make the best use of concrete, it is necessary to be familiar with its properties: on
the one hand, in its fresh state, when it is plastic and can be worked on; on the other hand, in its
hardened state, when its form can no longer be changed but its characteristics continue to evolve
in the short, long, and medium term.
I.2.4.1. Fresh concrete

The essential property of fresh concrete is its workability. This property allows the concrete to fill
any volume, provided that its composition has been studied accordingly and that the means of its
implementation are appropriate. Many factors such as cement type, aggregate shape, grain size,
water content and the use of admixtures influence workability. However, it should not be assumed
that the water content can be increased beyond a certain value just to improve workability. Too
much water results in bleeding (A), which is the creation of a water film on the surface of a concrete
part, which causes cracks after evaporation. Other consequences of too much water content are :
• the decrease in compactness and, consequently, in mechanical strength;

• increased porosity;
• a risk of segregation of concrete constituents (B);
• increased shrinkage after curing;
• a defective surface condition resulting in bubbling.
A B
Figure 12: Bleeding and segregation of fresh concrete

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The quantity that characterises workability is consistency; its measurement can be carried
outby the Abrams cone or slump test (Figure 13), which is a slump test of a volume of concrete in
the shape of a truncated cone.
Figure 13 : Measurement of fresh concrete slump with Abram’s cone
I.2.4.2. Hardened concrete

I.2.4.2.a. Compressive strength
This property of hardened concrete depends on a number of parameters, in particular the type
and dosage of cement, the porosity of the concrete and the water-cement ratio (W/C) [3].
Figure 14 : Influence of the W/C ratio on the compressive strength of concrete [30]

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The compressive strength of concrete evolves in a curvilinear fashion until it reaches a
stable value after 28 days of maturity. In practice, the compressive strength at the end of 7 days
of maturity must be around 70% of the nominal strength at 28 days in order to reach 100% of the
desired strength at 28 days. For example, to have a concrete with a cylindrical specimen
compressive strength of 30 MPa (Class C30/37), its strength after 7 days of maturity must be around
24 MPa.
Figure 15 : Evolution of the mechanical strength of concrete over time [5]

The mechanical strengths of concrete are checked by destructive tests where the concrete has
to be destroyed in order to measure its strength, and non-destructive tests where the concrete is
not damaged. The destructive test consists of compressing the specimen with increasing force until
cracks appear in order to determine its compressive strength and thus whether the concrete material
is capable of withstanding the expected load. Compression machines or specimen presses are used
to perform this test The pressure exerted by the machine at the time of cracking corresponds to the
strength of the concrete at the time of the test
I.2.4.2.b. Deformations under long-term load: creep

Above a certain load (approximately half the ultimate compressive strength), concrete
behaves like a plastic body. After the load has been removed, a permanent residual
deformation remains, the so-called creep phenomenon.

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Figure 16 : Creep diagram for concrete [3].
I.3. SUPERPLASTICIZERS
Superplasticizers are admixtures that increase the workability of concrete. Their presence in the
composition of concrete allows the concrete to be stronger and more durable with less cement.
These polymers therefore make it possible to formulate good quality, more environmentally
friendly concrete.
There are different types of superplasticizers. From a chemical point of view, the differentiation
between superplasticizers is based on the anionic groups they carry and therepulsion mechanism
they exert between the cement particles. In any case, superplasticizers provide a technological
improvement to concretes that incorporate them in their formulation.
I.3.1. Classification and structural characteristics

Superplasticizers are classified into two categories according to the nature of the anionic
group. The first category consists of polymers containing sulphonate functions ( -SO- )3. The second
category consists of polymers with carboxylate functions (-COO- ). The category of sulphonate-
based superplasticizers includes :
• Modified lignosulphonates (MLS);

• Polynaphthalene sulphonates (PNS);
• polymelamine sulphonates (PMS).

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The second category concerns superplasticizers based on polycarboxylates (PC). For our
purposes, we will only discuss PNS and PC.
I.3.2. Polynaphthalene Sulfonates (PNS)

Polynaphthalene sulphonate (PNS) superplasticizers were developed in the late 1960s by the
Kao Soap Company in Japan after the discovery of the exceptional dispersing properties of these
molecules [14]. PNS are organic, linear, anionic polymers with sulfonate groups at regular
intervals. Their chemical structure is shown in Figure 18. A PNS molecule has hydrophilic regions,
the sulphonate groups, and hydrophobic parts, the benzene rings of naphthalene. Depending on the
position of the sulphonate group, there are two types of SNPs: α SNPs and β SNPs. The β-form,
which is thermodynamically more stable than the α-form, is essential for fluidisation, as the
α-form has almost no dispersing power . [1].
Figure 17 : Chemical structure of a Polynaphthalene sulphonate α and β [1]
I.3.3. Polycarboxylates (PC)

Polycarboxylate superplasticizers were developed after polysulphonates and are therefore
commonly referred to as new generation superplasticizers. The molecule of a polycarboxylate
superplasticizer consists of a main chain, which carriers the carboxylate functions (-COO- ) and on
which numerous side chains are grafted [15] (Figure 18).

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Figure 18 : Schematic structure of a polycarboxylate, a "comb" type polymer [1]
Successive improvements have been made to the chemical structure of polycarboxylate

superplasticizers resulting in several generations of products. As a result, there are three
generations of polycarboxylates. The most widely used polycarboxylates are those of the third
generation.
I.3.4. Mechanism of action of superplasticizers

The fluidizing power of superplasticizers is exerted by a combination of physical phenomena
that occur at the slightest contact of these compounds with the cement in the reaction medium.
These phenomena are superplasticizer adsorption, electrostatic repulsion, and sterichindrance. The
dispersion of cement particles by superplasticizers leads to changes in the rheological properties of
the concrete.
I.3.4.1. Adsorption of superplasticizers on cement particles

In order to exert their dispersing effect, the superplasticizer molecules must first adsorb to
the surface of the cementitious particles. Otherwise, they cannot influence the rheology of the
concrete. Indeed, the surface of these particles carries an electric charge due to imperfections in the
crystal structure, dissociated bonds or adsorbed ions [16] . This charge gives the cementitious
particle a surface potential, called Nernst potential and noted Ψ0. Electrolytes, present in the
aqueous phase, will then form a layer around the particle to neutralise thiselectrostatic potential
and thus stabilise the dispersion [17]. This layer is called theelectrochemical double layer and is
shown schematically in Figure 19.

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Figure 19 : Double couche électrochimique d’une particule colloïdale positivement chargée
et évolution du potentiel électrostatique [1]
The adsorption of organic polymers of superplasticizers on the surface of cement grains is based
on the electrostatic attraction between its anionic groups (-SO3- , -COO- ) and the positively
charged domains of the electrochemical double layer. It is thus a reversible adsorption mechanism
governed by coulombic interactions, Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds.
This mechanism highlights an adsorption limit called the surface saturation point
and corresponds to the amount of superplasticizer required for optimum flowability. The adsorption
of superplasticizers is influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of the cement: it is better
when the fineness of the cement is high [19].
For the superplasticizer, the different parameters of its chemical structure, such as the anionic
grouping, charge density and carbon chain length, have an impact on the adsorption mechanism
and are described below.
• The anionic group :
The anchoring of polymers to cement grains takes place via anionic groups. The carboxylate
groups adsorb more strongly than the sulphonate groups [20].

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• Charge density :
The greater the number of charged groups per molecule, the better the adsorption [21].
• The length of the carbon chains :
Polycarboxylates with a long main chain and short side chains show the highest adsorption [22].
On the one hand, the number of carboxylate groups increases with the lengthening of the main
chain, and, on the other hand, the steric hindrance generated by the long side chains may hinder
the adsorption.
I.3.4.2. Electrostatic repulsion

The dispersion caused by polysulphonates superplasticizers is mainly due to electrostatic
repulsion [23]. By binding to the cement grains, the anionic polymers change the charge of the
cement particles, as shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20 : Évolution du potentiel lors de l’adsorption de superplastifiants de type PNS [37]
Between each cement grain occupied by the polymers, a repulsive force is formed due to the
identical charges. This force causes a strong dispersion of the particles and thus prevents
flocculation of the cement particles [24].

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Figure 21 : Dispersion of cement grains by steric hindrance [1]
I.3.4.3. Steric hindrance

Steric hindrance is the type of repulsion created by polycarboxylate superplasticizers [21].
These superplasticizers adsorb onto the surface of the particles and the side chains spread out
around them. When two cement grains come together, the adsorption layers of the superplasticizers
overlap. The chain density increases, and water molecules accumulate in the solution. This results
in osmotic pressure, which keeps the cement particles separated from each other [20]. Steric
hindrance is a purely repulsive force, which only acts if the molecules are very close together [22].
Figure 22 : Dispersion of cement grains by steric hindrance [1]

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I.4. CORRELATIONAL STUDY
I.4.1. Definition
A correlational study is a type of study in which two variables are measured and the statistical
relationship between them is understood and evaluated. This study is based on experimental or
design data.
I.4.2. Types of correlation of variables in a correlational study

There are three main types of correlation between the variables being studied in a
correlation study. These correlations are :
• Positive correlation: a positive relationship exists between two variables

when an increasein one variable leads to an increase in the other variable. A
decrease in one variable will result in a decrease in the other variable;
• negative correlation: a negative correlation is literally the opposite of a
positive relationship. If there is an increase in one variable, the second
variable will show a decrease, and vice versa;
• neutral correlation: in this third type, there is no correlation between the two
variables. A change in one variable does not necessarily see a difference in
the other variable.

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CHAPTER II : MATERIAL AND METHODS

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In this chapter, the materials and methods used in the study are discussed. Therefore, this chapter
describes the chemical reagents (cement and superplasticizers), the aggregates, the technical
equipment and the methods used to carry out the experimental design.
II.1. MATERIAL USED

II.1.1. Cements
The cements used were CPA CEM I 52.N (SuperBric); CPA CEM I 42.5R (SuperPro); CPJ
CEM II/ B-P 42.5N (Extra); CHF CEM III 42.5N (Duracim). They were produced by the Lafarge
Holcim Côte d'Ivoire cement plant (Appendixes 3 to 6).
Figure 23 : Samples of cement produced by Lafarge Holcim Côte d'Ivoire
II.1.2. Superplasticizers studied

The superplasticizers used in our study were produced by the host structure (SGCI); these
superplasticizers were Flow 510, Flow 410, CF 90N and CF 333HR. Flow 510 and Flow 410 are
polycarboxylates while CF 90N and CF 333HR are polynaphthalenes sulphonates. These
superplasticizers were taken from the SGCI analytical laboratory sample pool.
Flow 510 and Flow 410 are yellow in colour with a viscous appearance; CF 90N and CF 333HR
are black, less viscous, and very dirty (Figure 24). Their characteristics are listed in Table6 below.

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Table 6 : Characteristics of the Flow 510, Flow 410, CF 333HR and CF 90N
SUPERPLASTICIZERS DENSITY (ρ ) pH D C (%)
CF90N 1.28 6.6 38.33
CF333 HR 1.232 6.2 35.12
FLOW 510 1.064 4.6 22.79
FLOW 410 1.058 4.6 21.72
DC: Dry Content or active particles contained in 100g of the superplasticizer.
CF 333 HR FLOW 410
CF 90 N FLOW 510
Figure 24 : Superplasticizers used for the correlation study
II.1.3 Aggregates and mixing water

The aggregates used for the formulation of the concrete were 0/2 sand, 0/5 sand, 5/15 gravel
and 15/22 gravel. The sand and gravel were dried. These aggregates originate from the concrete
plant of the company Elite béton.

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0/2 0/5 5/15 15/22
Figure 25 : Aggregates used for concrete formulation
The water used for the concrete mixes was that supplied by SODECI. This water, which was
neutral in pH and suitable for mixing concrete, was drawn from the tap.
Table7 : Characteristics of aggregates used for concrete formulation

BULK ABSOLUTE
DENSITY DENSITY ABSOLU FINENESS
(Kg/m3 ) (Kg/m3 ) TE MODULE
DENSITY
MIXING WATER 1000,00 1000,00 1,00 n/a
SAND 0/2
1576,09 2596,96 2,60 3,00
SAND 0/5
1809,01 2506,89 2,51 4,20
0/2 + 0/5 MIX
1754,66 2551,93 2,55 n/a
GRAVIER 5/15
1537,27 2537,50 2,54 n/a
GRAVIER 15/22
1506,21 2647,82 2,65 n/a
MIX 5/15 +15/22
1545,03 2592,66 2,59 n/a
CPA CEM I / 52.5N
n/a 3110,00 3,11 n/a
CPA CEM I / 42.5R
n/a 3060,00 3,06 n/a
CPJ CEM II/ B-P 42.5N
n/a 2990,00 2,99 n/a
CHF CEM III / 42.5N
n/a 2910,00 2,91 n/a

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II.1.4. Technical equipment
The technical material represents all the equipment used to carry out the test plan for the
correlational study.
II.1.4.1. Electronic Scales

Weighing of cement, aggregates and water was carried out using a 100e controls s.p.a 0630/30
type scale with a maximum capacity of 30Kg and a relative error of ± 0.5g was used. The unit of
measurement of the balance was the gram.
Figure 26 : Control scale s.p.a 0630/30
The superplasticizers were weighed using a 1000e balance of the KERN FKB 16K0.05 type. The
unit of measurement of this balance was the kilogram, its maximum capacity is 16000 g, and its
relative error is ± 0.05g.
Figure 27 : KERN FKB 16K0.05 electric scale

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II.1.4.2. Cubic moulds and vibrating needle
The cubic specimens were made using metal moulds (A) in the shape of a cube with sides of
150mm. The concrete in these moulds was placed with the help of a vibrating needle (B). This
needle is operated by mains current of 220V.
A B
Figure 28 : Cubic moulds and vibrating needle
II.4.2. Slump measurement equipment

The slump measuring equipment consisted of the Abrams cone (1), a metal rod (2), a 30 cm
long graduated metal ruler (3), a metal plate (4), a trowel (5) and a hand scoop (6).
(3) (2)
(1)
(5)
(4)
(6)
Figure 29 : slump measurement equipment

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II.1.1.2. Concrete mixer
The concrete mixer used in the tests was the SODAMCO M03 type. The structure of this
mixer is such that it consists of a rotating tank (1) in which the fresh concrete is homogenised. It
has two mixing pans (2) which also serve to homogenise the concrete and operates on 380 V. The
tank is supported by a mobile base with lockable wheels (3).
(2)
(1)
(3)
Figure 30 : SODAMCO M03 concrete mixer
II.1.1.3. Concrete press

The concrete press used for the destructive testing of the cubic specimens is a Controls wizard
auto type. It operates at 220V and has a maximum compression force of 3000KN. This press is
connected to a screen allowing the selection of the test parameters and the reading of themechanical
resistance value of the specimen after destruction.

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Figure 31 Control wizard auto concrete press
II.2. METHODS
II.2.1. Formulation of concretes according to the ACI 211 method
The application of this method for the design of concrete formulas required seven (7) steps
including :
• The choice of the slump (arbitrarily according to the desired handling);

• Calculation of water and air content ;
• The choice of the water-cement ratio (W/C) ;
• Calculation of the cement content ;
• Calculation of the gravel content ;
• Calculation of the sand content ;
• Adjustment after mixing tests.
The application of this method was done according to standard tables and the calculations were
made in relation to 1m3 of concrete. Some values were obtained by linear interpolation according
to the formula below:
𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦1
𝑥𝑖 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) × + 𝑥1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1

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For the calculations of the absolute volume of each component (volume proportion in 1m3 of
concrete), the following formula was used:
𝑚
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 =
𝑆 𝐺 × 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
II.2.1.1. Calculation of water, air, and cement content

The water and air content were determined according to the desired slump (between 150 and 175
mm). These contents were calculated from Table 8, which relates the water and air content and the
slump to the maximum gravel diameter (Dmax). The value of the water and air content was
calculated by linear interpolation between 19 and 25 mm because the Dmax of our gravelwas
22mm.
Table8 : Relationship between slump, Dmax and water content of concrete [25]
Quantity of water (Kg/m3 of concrete) according to the Dmax of thegravel
Slump (mm) 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 19 mm 25 mm 37.5mm 50 mm 75 mm 150 mm

25 à 50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113
75 à 100 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124
150 à 175 243 228 216 202 190 178 160
Approximate
amount of air in
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.2
non-air-entrained
concrete (%)
• Water content (WD)
22 − 19
𝑊𝐷 = (216 − 202) × + 202
25 − 19
𝑾𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑
209
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝟑
1 × 1000

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• Air content (A)
22 − 19
𝐴 = (2 − 1.5) × + 1,5
25 − 19
𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓%
For the calculation of the cement content, Table 9 relating E/C ratio and mechanical strengthat 28
days of curing by wetting of cylindrical specimens was used. According to this table, the E/C ratios
required to obtain a concrete of class C30/37 and C25/30 are 0.54 and 0.61 respectively.
Furthermore, according to ASTM C 31 [25], the mathematical expression for calculating the
cement content is as follows:
𝑊𝐷
𝐶𝐸 =
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐸/𝐶
Table9 : Relation entre E/C et la résistance mécanique à 28 jours de cure des éprouvettes
cylindrique [25]
Water-cement ratio
Mechanical strengthat 28
days (MPa) Non-air-entrained air-entrained
concrete concrete
45 0.38 0.30
40 0.42 0.34
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70

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• Cement content (CE) for C30/37
209 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑

𝐶𝐸 =
0.54
• Cement content (CE) for C25/30
209 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝑲𝒈/𝒎𝟑

𝐶𝐸 =
0.61
The density of CPA 52.5N is 3.11 so its volume proportion in 1 m3 of concrete is :
387
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝐶30/37 = 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟑
3.11 × 1000
342
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝐶25/30 = 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟑
3.11 × 1000
The average density of CHF, CPJ 42.5N and CPA 42.5R cements is about 2.98, hence :
387
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝐶30/37 = 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟑
2.98 × 1000
342
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝐶25/30 = 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑
2.98 × 1000
II.2.1.2. Calculation of gravel content
The gravel content was calculated according to the fineness modulus of our 0/2 sand, which has a
value of 3.00. From Table 10 we have made a linear interpolation between 19 and 25 mm because
the Dmax of our gravel is not listed in this table.

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Table10 : Relationship between MF, Dmax and the volume of gravel required for 1 m3 of
concrete
Maximum gravel Sand finesse modulus

diameter (mm) 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
9.5 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
22 − 19
𝐶𝐴 = (0.65 − 0.6) × + 0.6
25 − 19
𝑽𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑
Le volume VCA a été converti en masse et en proportion volumique VAbsCA pour 1 m3 de béton.
𝑚𝐶𝐴 = 0.625 × 𝜌𝐶𝐴
𝑚𝐶𝐴 = 0.625 × 1545.03 𝒎𝑪𝑨 = 𝟗𝟔𝟓. 𝟔𝟒 Kg
965.64 𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠𝐶𝐴 =
2.55 × 1000
II.2.1.3. Calculation of sand content

Sand plays mainly a filling role in concrete; in other words, it occupies the pores within the
concrete. Thus, the absolute volume of sand has been deduced from the formula below:
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1 − (𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 + 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐴)

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For the mass of sand corresponding to the absolute volume, the following formula was used:
𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝜌𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 1000
• Sand content for C30/37 (CPA 52.5N)
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1 − (0.38 + 0.209 + 0.124 + 0.0175)
𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.2695 × 2.55 × 1000

𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟔𝟖𝟕. 𝟐 𝑲𝒈
• Sand content for C30/37 (CPA 42.5R ; CPJ 42.5 et CHF 42.5N)
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1 − (0.38 + 0.209 + 0.111 + 0.0175)
𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.2825 × 2.55 × 1000

𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝑲𝒈
• Sand content for C25/30 (CPA 52.5N)
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1 − (0.38 + 0.209 + 0.110 + 0.0175)
𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.2835 × 2.55 × 1000

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𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟗 𝑲𝒈
• Sand content for C25/30 (CPA 42.5R ; CPJ 42.5R ; CHF 42.5R)
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1 − (0.38 + 0.209 + 0.115 + 0.0175)
𝑽𝑨𝒃𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.2635 × 2.55 × 1000

𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎. 𝟐 𝑲𝒈
After all these calculations four (4) concrete formulas were Established and listed in Kg/m3 of
concrete in the table below:
Table11 : Formulation of 1m3 ordinary concrete according to the ACI 211 method
C25/30 C30/37 C25/30 C30/37

(CPA 52.5N) (CPA 52.5N) (CPA ; CHF ; CPJ 42.5N) (CPA ; CHF ; CPJ 42.5R)
Sand 0/2
361.45 343.6 355.2 360.2
(50%)
Sand 0/5
361.45 343.6 355.2 360.2
(50%)
Cement 342 387 342 387
Gravel 5/15
434.54 434.54 434.54 434.54
(45%)
Gravel 15/22
531.1 531.1 531.1 531.1
(55%)
Water 209 209 209 209
The choice of the percentages of sand (0/2 and 0/5) and gravel (5/15; 15/22) in the formulations
was made arbitrarily. The formulated concretes are of the ordinary type, so the formulations were
validated after a comparison with the standard for ordinary concretes.

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Table12 : Standard proportions of the constituents of an ordinary concrete [3]
Constituents Water Air Cement Aggregates
Volume (in %) 14-22 1-6 7-14 60-78

Weight (in %) 5-9 9-18 65-85
Table13 : Caractéristiques des bétons formulés selon la méthode ACI 211

Masse volumique théorique
Granulats Ciment Water
( Kg/m3)
C25/30
2188.54
(CPA 52,5N) 75.4% 15.3% 9.3%
C30/37
2243.74
(CPA 52.5N) 73.5% 17.2% 9.3%
C25/30
2227.04
(CPA 42.5R ; CHF et CPJ 42.5N) 75.3% 15.4% 9.4%
C30/37
2282.04
(CPA 42.5R ; CHF et CPJ 42.5N) 73.9% 17.0% 9.2%
The control formulations (without superplasticizer) designed were all validated, although
the mass percentages of water slightly exceeded the standard; the densities were between 2000 and
2600 Kg/m3 . All formulations were validated as they have the characteristics of ordinary concrete.
After validation, all concrete formulations were tested, and the characteristics are recorded in the
tables in Appendix 7.
II.2.2. . Design of experiments

The results of the control tests were synthesised to reduce the number of formulations from four
(two for each class of cement) to two (one for each class of cement) while still meeting the standard
for ordinary concrete. The mass of CPA 52.5N was reduced from 387 to 310.9 Kg/m3 ; that of
CPA 42.5R; CPJ and CHF 42.5N was reduced from 342 to 340 Kg/m3 . The amount of water was
reduced from 209 Kg /m3 to 171.3 and 171.8 Kg /m3 for CPA 52.5N and CPA 42.5R; CPJ and
CHF 42.5N cements respectively. The two new formulations obtained after synthesis areshown in
the table below

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Table14 : Concrete formula CPA 52.5N for 1m3 of concrete
Consistency class: S4 W/C = Resistance class: Normal density concrete

0.55%. C25/30 or C30/37
Gravel 15/22 Gravel 5/15 Sand 0/5 Sand 0/2 CPA CEM I / 52.5 N Water
438.4 657.6 371.3 371.3 310.9 171.3
Table15 : Concrete formula CPA 42.5R; CPJ and CHF 42.5N for 1m3 of concrete
Consistency class: S4 W/C = Resistance class: C25/30

Normal density concrete
0.50%. or C30/37
CPA 42.5R, CPJ,

Gravel 15/22 Gravel 5/15 Sand 0/5 Sand 0/2 Water
CHF 42.5 N
416.5 624.7 378.9 378.9 340 171.8
The quantity of concrete mixed per test was 0.015m3 , therefore these masses above were
multiplied by 0.015m3 .
We have arbitrarily chosen four values of %DC so that these values maybe consecutives and
ranged in a dosage category (lower, medium, higher, very higher). The weighted quantifies of
superplasticizers was calculated with the formula below:
% 𝐷𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 × 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 =
% 𝐷𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟

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Table16 : Weights of superplasticizer to be weighed for 0.015m3 of concrete (CPA 52.5N)
Superplasticizers Flow 510 Flow410 CF 90N CF 333 HR

% DC
superplasticizers 22.79% 21.72% 38.33% 35.12%
% DC in concrete Quantity in Kg
0.10% 0.020 0.021 0.012 0.013
0.20% 0.041 0.043 0.024 0.027
0.30% 0.061 0.064 0.037 0.040
0.40% 0.082 0.086 0.049 0.053
Table17 Weights of superplasticizer to be weighed for 0.015m3 of concrete

(CPA; CPJ andCHF 42.5N)
Superplasticizers Flow 510 Flow410 CF 90N CF 333 HR
%DC 22.79% 21.72% 38.33% 35.12%
superplasticizers
% DC of concrete Quantity in Kg
0.10% 0.022 0.023 0.013 0.015
0.20% 0.045 0.047 0.027 0.029
0.30% 0.067 0.070 0.040 0.044
0.40% 0.090 0.094 0.053 0.058
The experimental design was made to fix the amount of aggregate and water while varying the dry
matter content in each concrete mix from 0.1 to 0.4%. Thus, the number of trials carried out
according to our experimental design was 64 rather than 128 (Appendix 8).
II.2.3. Concrete batch

To make a batch of concrete, the sand, gravel, cement, water, and superplasticizer were
weighed. With the mixer half closed, the sand and cement were poured into the mixer tank. The
gravel was then added to the sand and cement mixture and the mixer was closed. The mixer was
switched on and one third of the mixing water was added to the dry mix to moisten it. The
superplasticizer was added to the mixture off-line, i.e., about one third of its mass was mixed with
the remaining water and this water was gradually transferred to the rotating tank. To complete the
additions, the remaining two-thirds of the superplasticizer was transferred to the rotation tank

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containing the fresh concrete. The mixer was left running for approximately one minute to
homogenise the fresh concrete.
Figure 32 : Concrete mixer containing aggregates
II.2.4. Slump measurement and concrete sampling

The slump measurements were carried out in accordance with NF EN 12350-2. First, the
Abrams cone and the tray were moistened and then the cone was held on the tray. Using the
scoop hand, the cone was filled in three layers; each layer corresponding to approximately one third
of the height of the cone after stitching. Each layer was pricked 25 times with the metal rod,
distributing the blows evenly over the section of each layer. In the 3rd layer, the filling was slightly
excessive. The pitting of the 2nd and 3rd layers was done in such a way that the rod slightly
penetrated the underlying layer. By means of the trowel, the surface of the 3rd layer was levelled
in order to remove the excess concrete. With the cone still in place, the concrete that had been
poured onto the tray during the filling operations was removed. The concrete was then demoulded
within 5 to 10 seconds by vertically and smoothly raising the cone. Finally, the slump was measured
immediately after removing the cone; it was measured by determining the difference between the
height of the mould and the highest point of the slumped concrete.

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Figure 33 : Slump measurement
After measuring the slump, the hand scoop was used to fill the cube moulds with the concrete
contained in the mixer tank. The concrete filled into the cubic moulds was vibrated with the
vibrating needle to reduce the void in the concrete and make it compact. Using the trowel, the
concrete surface was removed, smoothed, and left to rest for 24 hours to harden. The day after
casting, the hardened concretes were removed from the moulds, identified, and immersed in water
tanks for a 28-day cure. For each of the 64 mixes in the experimental design, 3 cubic test pieces
were taken.
Figure 34 : Echantillonnage et cure du béton

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II.2.5. Destructive testing of hardened samples
At the end of the 28-day curing period, the specimens were removed from the water tanks and
allowed to dry for 30 minutes in the open air. At the end of the 30 minutes, the mechanical strength
of each specimen was measured. To do this, the concrete press was switched on. Once switched
on, it was adjusted according to the characteristics of the specimen to be destroyed. The specimen
was placed on one of its smooth sides in the centre of the first press platen and the opposite side
towards the second platen. The start test option was selected to proceed with the destruction of the
specimen. After selecting this option, the start button was pressed. When the first sound was heard,
the crank was lifted to allow the second platen to press the specimen.While the specimen was
being destroyed, the press display showed the value of the mechanical resistance in relation to the
force exerted by the platen on the specimen. The press stopped automatically at the slightest
internal crack in the specimen. The value of the mechanical resistance was displayed on the screen
and the value was transferred to the Excel workbook containing the experimental design.
Figure 35 : Measurement of 28-day strengths by destructive testing
The execution of the experimental design required the design of two concrete formulations. These
designs were made to reduce the amount of water and cement since the presence of superplasticizers
in the concrete affects the workability and strength of the concrete. The results ofthe experimental
design (Appendix 8) were analysed by CDT in Excel and are discussed in the next chapter.

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CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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In this chapter, the results of the CDT analysis of the 64 tests carried out will be presented and
discussed. The relationships between the variation in the dosage of superplasticizer dry matter,
slump and 28-days compressive strength will be highlighted by means of strip diagrams.
III.1. RESULTATS
III.1.1. Concrete formula CPA 52.5N
Table18 : Slump values for the CPA 52.5N formula
Slump (cm)
% DC CF 333HR CF 90N Flow 410 Flow 510
0.1 1 1 5 6
0.2 1 1 9 18.5
0.3 1 2 24.00 20
0.4 4 2 25.00 22
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
CF 333HR CF90N Flow 410 Flow 510
Graph 1 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPA 52.5N formula

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Table19 : Resistance values for the CPA 52.5N formula
Mechanical strength at 28 days (Mpa)

0.1 34.43 36.37 38.33 40.57
0.2 35.53 37.23 39.25 41.2
0.3 39.07 41.77 43.50 44.47
0.4 44.47 46.27 46.27 52.3
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 2 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistance of the CPA 52.5N formula
III.1.2. Concrete formula CPA 42.5R
Table20 : Slump values of the CPA 42.5R formula
Slump (cm)
0.1 1.00 1.00 3.00 6.00
0.2 2.50 1.50 13.50 16.50
0.3 6.50 3.50 18.00 21.00
0.4 5.50 6.00 21.50 22.00

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30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 3 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPA 42.5R formula
Table21 : Resistance values for the CPA 42.5R formula

0.1 40.70 39.60 42.50 43.67
0.2 43.67 41.30 45.40 49.87
0.3 45.30 43.57 48.60 52.13
0.4 48.60 46.60 57.60 58.40
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 4 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistance’s of the CPA 42.5R formula

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III.1.3. Concrete formula CPJ 42.5N
Table22 : Slump values for the CPJ 42.5N formula
Slump(cm)
0.1 1 1 1.5 3.5
0.2 2 1 17.5 18
0.3 1.5 2.5 22.50 20.00
0.4 1.5 3.5 22.50 21.5
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 5 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CPJ 42.5N formula
Table23 : Resistance values for the CPJ 42.5N formula

0.1 27.13 28.23 30.13 32.7
0.2 28.97 30.83 32.37 33.73
0.3 30.5 32.53 34.07 35.00
0.4 28.5 31.37 37.57 39.77

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50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 6 : Graphical illustration of the variation in resistance of the CPJ 42.5N formula
III.1.4. Concrete formula CHF 42.5 N
Table24 Slump values of the CHF 42.5N formula
Slump (cm)
0.1 1.5 1 2.5 4
0.2 1.5 2 15.5 22
0.3 3.5 2.5 21.50 24
0.4 5 4.5 24.50 24

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30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 7 : Graphical illustration of the slump variation of the CHF 42.5N formula
Table25 : Resistance values of the CHF 42.5 N formula

0.1 25.5 26.63 29.43 31.47
0.2 27.4 28.43 30.6 33.1
0.3 29.4 30.5 34.57 36.07
0.4 32.43 34.13 38.40 41.73
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Graph 8 : Graphical illustration of the variation of the resistances of the CHF 42.5N formula

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The incorporation of PC superplasticizers in the various formulations improves the workability
of the concrete. The higher the dosage of superplasticizers in dry matter, the higher the slump of
the concrete. This increase reaches a limit from 0.3% DC of Flow 410 and Flow 510 respectively
for the CPJ 42.5N and CHF 42.5N formulations. Concretes with CF 333HR and CF 90N react
differently; no slump improvement is observed, and the concrete has a dry appearance instead.
The incorporation of increasing amounts of superplasticizer leads to an increase in the

mechanical strength of the various cubic specimens. However, the opposite effect is observed for
the CPJ 42.5N formulation with the incorporation of CF 333HR and CF 90N from 0.3% DC to
0.4% DC. At these dosages, there is a drop in strength from 30.5 to 28.5 MPa and from 32.53 to
31.37 MPa for CF 333HR and CF 90N respectively.
Particularly for the CPA 52.5N and 42.5N formulations, strength class C30/37 is achieved for
0.1% DC of Flow 410 and 510.
The slump and strength values obtained after incorporation of the superplasticizers have been
used to list the optimum dosages (ε) in Table 26 below
Table26 : Table of optimal dry content dosages of superplasticizer (ε)
Consistency class Slump S4 (16 - 21)

Resistance class C 25/30 C 30/37
CF 333 HR ε does not exist ε does not exist
CPA 52.5N CF 90N ε does not exist ε does not exist
formulation
Flow 410 ε does not exist 0.2< ε <0.3% ES

CPA 42.5R CF 90N ε does not exist ε does not exist
formulation
Flow 410 ε does not exist ε does not exist
CF 333 HR Incompatible Incompatible

CPJ 42.5R CF 90N ε does not exist ε does not exist
formulation Flow 410 0.1< ε <0.2% ES ε does not exist
Flow 510 0.1< ε ≤0.3% ES 0.3< ε <0.4% ES

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Formulation CF 90N ε does not exist ε does not exist
CHF 42.5R Flow 410 0.2 < ε < 0.3% ES ε does not exist
Flow 510 0.1< ε ≤0.2% ES ε does not exist
III.2. DISCUSSION
The considerable evolution of the concretes’ slump after incorporation of PC superplasticizers in
their formulation is due to the dispersing properties of these polymers.Indeed, the deflocculation
of the cement particles is all the more intense as the dosage of PC dry content is higher, hence the
increasing evolution of the slump in each test However, at a certain dosage, called saturating
dosage, there is no more slump growth because all the cement particles have been deflocculated.
The stability of the slump from 0.3% ES of Flow 410 and 0.3% DC of Flow 510 respectively for
the CPJ 42.5N (22.5cm) and CHF 42.5N (24cm) mixtures is therefore explained by the fact that
these dosages are saturating. The opposite effect observed after incorporation of the PNS (CF
333HR and CF90N ) is justified by the strong adsorption of these on the cement particles of
different formulations. This observation agrees with the experimental results of Olga Burgos-
Montes and al [26] who demonstrated by adsorption measurements the high adsorption of PNS
compared to PC on cement particles. Moreover, this high consumption of PNS is probably due to
the incompatibility of the cement/PNS combinations studied. According to AITCIN and al [27],
the rheological behaviour of the cement/PNS combinations depends on the balance between the
active sites of the interstitial phase and the quantity of SO42- ions rapidly soluble during the
hydration of the cement. If there is a good balance between these two values, or an excess of SO42-
ions, the cement/superplasticizer combination will be compatible sinceultimately few PNS will be
adsorbed on the C3A. Thus, there will be no competitive effect between SO42- and the sulphonate
groups of the PNS.
The evolution of the different mechanical strengths induced by the increasing variation of the
dosage of superplasticizers is explained by the fact that these compounds improve the
microstructure of the cement matrix of the concrete. In fact, during the hydration of the cement,
these polymers modify the structure of the C-S-H gel. Thus, the gel thickens more as a function
of the content of superplasticizers in the reaction medium; this reduces the porosity of the concrete.

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These results match with the publication of Puertas and al [28] in which they demonstrated the
impact of the polycarboxylate content on the reduction of pores in the cementitious paste. However,
the observed drop in strength of 0.3 to 0.4% DC of CF 333HR and CF 90N in the CPJ 42.5N
formulation indicates the very likely presence of lignosulphonates in the composition of these
two superplasticizers. Indeed, at a certain content, lignosulphonates are parasites of the pozzolanic
reaction allowing to develop the mechanical strength of the concrete through the formation of C-
S-H. This confirms the claims of Kanako Toda and al [29] that when lignosulphonates are present
in large quantities in the reaction medium, they inhibit the growth of the C-S-H gel formed during
the pozzolanic reaction. It is therefore advisable to incorporate these types of superplasticizers in
low doses. For the CPA 52.5N and CPA 42.5R formulations, the high strengths developed at 0.1%
DC Flow 410 and 510 are mainly due to the intrinsic strength of the cements. It is therefore possible
to reduce the cement content of these formulations without falling below the standard value for
ordinary concrete, which is 14% by volume and 18% by mass.
The optimum dosage range (ε) for a superplasticizer has been established on the basis of the slump
and compressive strength (after 28 days curing) obtained after destructive testing. Any dosage from
0.1 to 0.4% DC that does not allow a slump between 16 and 21 is automatically eliminated. Thus,
the selective criterion for the dosage leading to S4 concrete is the mechanical strength. The strength
value of the cubic specimen (Rc28jrs) after destructive testing must be such that :
• 30 MPa ≤ Rc28jrs < 37Mpa for class C25/30 ;

• 37 MPa ≤ Rc28jrs < 45Mpa for class C30/37.
The optimum dosage is therefore the one that produces a S4 slump concrete that meets one of the
two above conditions.
The analysis by CDT of the raw values obtained after the tests were carried out made it possible to
evaluate the various formulations of admixed concrete in the fresh state (measurement of slump)
and the hardened state (measurement of mechanical resistance). Certain dosages of
superplasticizers, although favourable for obtaining a concrete of strength class C25/30 or C30/37,
do not allow concrete of consistency class S4 and vice versa. These dosages are therefore not
suitable for the desired optimum.

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GENERALE CONCLUSION
The objective of this study, as stated at the outset, is to determine the optimum dosage of
superplasticizer dry matter to formulate an ordinary S4 concrete of class C30/37 or C25/30 from
a minimum quantity of cement. To achieve this, an experimental design and two concrete formulas,
one for CPA 52.5N and another for CPA 42.5R, CPJ, CHF 42.5N cement, were designed. At the
end of this correlational study, it appears that none of the dry content dosages of CF 333HR and
CF 90N correspond to the optimum ε sought. As far as the PC are concerned, the results are such
that: 0.2% DC < ε < 0.3% DC from Flow 410 and Flow 510 for the CPA 52.5N formulation; 0.1%
DC < ε < 0.2% DC from Flow 510 for the CPA 42.5R formulation; 0.1% DC <ε < 0.2% DC from
Flow 410, 0.1% DC < ε ≤ 0.3% DC and 0.3% DC < ε < 0.4% DC of Flow 510 for the CPJ 42.5N
formulation; 0.1% < ε < 0.2% DC of Flow 510 and 0.2% < ε < 0.3% DC of Flow 410 for the CHF
42.5N formulation. In addition, formulations with the incorporation of optimally proportioned PC
would be advantageous for paving, pumpable concrete structure DC for building construction and
other architectural structured. The CF 333HR and CF 90N dosages studied in this work could be
used to make extruded concrete. However, the slumps obtained by incorporating these PNS can be
improved by adding reasonable amounts of alkali sulphate containing calcium to the formulations.

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[34] P. GIRAUD. «Infociment.» Avril 2018. [En ligne]. Available:
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[37] J. PLANK. R. SCHWERD. D. VLAD. A. BRANDL et P. CHATZIAGORASTOU. «Aspect

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APPENDIXES
Appendix 1 : Organisation chart of Saint-Gobain Côted'Ivoire ................................................... II

Appendix 2 : Twenty-seven (27) sub-classes of cements divided into classes CEMI to CEMV .. IV
Appendix 3 : CPA 52.5N data sheet ............................................................................................... V
Appendix 4 : CPA 42.5R data sheet ............................................................................................. VI
Appendix 5 : CPJ 42.5N data sheet ............................................................................................ VII
Appendix 6 : CHF 42.5 N data sheet ........................................................................................ VIII
Appendix 7 : Characteristics of the witness concretes ................................................................... X
Appendix 8 : Results of the sixty-four (64) experimental design tests ......................................... XII

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Appendix 1 : Organisation chart of Saint-Gobain Côted'Ivoire

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Main constituents 1)
Main types of cement
Designation
Portland cement
Limestone
Siliceous fly
Rating
Calcium fly
Silica fume
clinker
Natural
Dairy
Calcined
Pozzolan
ash
calcined
ash
Natural
shale
Top
K S D2) P Q V W T L LL
CEM I Portland cement CEM I 95-100
Portland slag CEM II/A- 80-94 6-20

cement
S
CEM II/B-S 21-35
Portland silica
fume cement CEMII/A- 90-94 6-10
D
CEM II/A- 80-94 6-20

CEM II Portland
cement
pozzolan
P
CEM II/B-P 65-79 21-35
CEM II/A-Q 80-94 6-20
CEM II/B-Q 65-79 21-35
Portland fly ash CEMII/A- 80-94 6-20

cement V
CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35
V
CEM II/A- 80-94 6-20
W
CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35
W
Portland cement CEM II/A-T 80-94 6-20
with calcined
shale CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35
T
CEM II/A- 80-94 6-20
Portland limestone
cement L
CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35
L
CEM II/A- 80-94 6-20
LL
CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35
LL
CEM II/A- 80-88 12-20

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Portland cement
compound3) M
CEM II/B- 65-79 21-35

M
CEM III/A 35-64 36-65

CEM III Blast furnace
cement
CEM III/B 20-34 66-80
CEM III/C 5-19 81-95

Pozzolanic CEM IV/A 65-89 11-35
CEM cement3)
IV CEM IV/B 45-64 36-55
Compound CEM V/A 40-64 18-30 18-30
CEM V cement3)
CEM V/B 20-38 31-49 31-49
Appendix 2 : Twenty-seven (27) sub-classes of cements divided into classes CEMI to CEMV

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Appendix 3 : CPA 52.5N data sheet

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Appendix 4 : CPA 42.5R data sheet

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Appendix 5 : CPJ 42.5N data sheet

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Appendix 6 : CHF 42.5 N data
sheet

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Fresh state
Volumetric mass ρ Standard
(inKg/m3 ) deviation Slump
WITNESS 1 CPA
(σ) (cm)
CEM I / 42.5 N
C25/30 Density
Theoretical Real
2188,54 2302,51 80,59 11
0.015 m3 Hardened state
(7days)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average (MPa)
28,4 29 27,5 28,3
Fresh state
Volumetric mass ρ (inKg/m3 Standard
WITNESS 2 CPA ) deviation Slump
CEM I / 52.5 R (σ) (cm)
C30/37 Density
theoretical Real
3
0.015 m
2243,77 2319,97 53,88 10
Hardened state
(7days)
34,9 34,9 34,1 34,6
Fresh state
Volumetric mass ρ (inKg/m3
Standard
) Slump
WITNESS 3 CPJ deviation (σ) (cm)
CEM II / 42.5 N Density
Theoreticall Real
C25/30
2227,04 2292,93 46,59 8
0.015 m3 Hardened state
(7days)
19,3 18,9 19,6 19,3

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Fresh state
Volumetric mass ρ (in Standard

Kg/m3 ) deviation (σ)
WITNESS 3 CPJ Slump
CEM II / 42.5 N Density (cm)

Theoreticall Real
C25/30 2227,04 2292,93 46,59 8
Hardened state
0.015 m3 (7days)
19,3 18,9 19,6 19,3
Appendix 7 : Characteristics of the witness concretes

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EXPERIMENTAL HARD
DESIGN CONCRETE
Mechanical strength at 28 days
Test Superplasticizer %DCS in Type of cement
(MPa)
concrete
Cub1
0 hours Cube2 Cube3 Average
1 Flow 510 0.1 CPA CEM I 42.5R 6 43.6 43.9 43.5 43.7
2 Flow 410 0.1 CPA CEM I 42.5R 3 42.2 42.7 42.6 42.5
3 CF90N 0.1 CPA CEM I 42.5R 1 39.9 39.5 39.4 39.6
4 CF 333HR 0.1 CPA CEM I 42.5R 1 40.4 40.4 41.3 40.7
5 Flow 510 0.2 CPA CEM I 42.5R 16.5 48.7 50 50.9 49.9
6 Flow 410 0.2 CPA CEM I 42.5R 13.5 45.4 45.5 45.3 45.4
7 CF90N 0.2 CPA CEM I 42.5R 1.5 41.5 40.8 41.6 41.3
8 CF 333HR 0.2 CPA CEM I 42.5R 2.5 43.9 43.5 43.6 43.7
9 Flow 510 0.3 CPA CEM I 42.5R 21 51.1 52.4 52.9 52.1
10 Flow 410 0.3 CPA CEM I 42.5R 18 49.3 48 48.5 48.6
11 CF90N 0.3 CPA CEM I 42.5R 3.5 43.5 43.6 43.6 43.6
12 CF 333HR 0.3 CPA CEM I 42.5R 6.5 45 45.8 45.1 45.3
13 Flow 510 0.4 CPA CEM I 42.5R 22 58.1 58.8 58.3 58.4
14 Flow 410 0.4 CPA CEM I 42.5R 21.5 57.5 57.5 57.8 57.6
15 CF90N 0.4 CPA CEM I 42.5R 6 46.3 46.6 46.9 46.6
16 CF 333HR 0.4 CPA CEM I 42.5R 5.5 49 48.3 48.5 48.6
17 Flow 510 0.1 CPA CEM I 52.5N 6 40.8 40 40.9 40.6
18 Flow 410 0.1 CPA CEM I 52.5N 5 38 38.3 38.7 38.3
19 CF90N 0.1 CPA CEM I 52.5N 1 36.1 36.3 36.7 36.4
20 CF 333HR 0.1 CPA CEM I 52.5N 1 34.2 34.1 35.0 34.4
21 Flow 510 0.2 CPA CEM I 52.5N 18.5 45.9 37.9 39.8 41.2
22 Flow 410 0.2 CPA CEM I 52.5N 9 39.4 39.1 37.4* 39.3
23 CF90N 0.2 CPA CEM I 52.5N 1 35.2 34.8 41.7 37.2
24 CF 333HR 0.2 CPA CEM I 52.5N 1 35.8 35.1 35.7 35.5
25 Flow 510 0.3 CPA CEM I 52.5N 20 44.2 44.3 44.9 44.5
26 Flow 410 0.3 CPA CEM I 52.5N 24 43.8 43.1 43.6 43.5
27 CF90N 0.3 CPA CEM I 52.5N 2 49.3 26.4 49.6 41.8
28 CF 333HR 0.3 CPA CEM I 52.5N 1 40 37.2 40.0 39.1
29 Flow 510 0.4 CPA CEM I 52.5N 21 39.9* 52 52.6 52.3
30 Flow 410 0.4 CPA CEM I 52.5N 25 49.8 49.8 49.0 49.5
31 CF90N 0.4 CPA CEM I 52.5N 2 46.7 46.5 45.6 46.3
32 CF 333HR 0.4 CPA CEM I 52.5N 4 44.2 44.3 44.9 44.5

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CPJ CEM II/ B-P
33 Flow 510 0.1 42.5N 3.5 32.7 32.9 32.5 32.7
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
34 Flow 410 0.1 42.5N 1.5 30 30 30.4 30.1
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
35 CF90N 0.1 42.5N 1 28.2 28.4 28.1 28.2
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
36 CF 333HR 0.1 42.5N 1 27.1 27.1 27.2 27.1
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
37 Flow 510 0.2 42.5N 18 33.9 33.7 33.6 33.7
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
38 Flow 410 0.2 42.5N 17.5 32.2 32.7 32.2 32.4
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
39 CF90N 0.2 42.5N 1 30.6 30.9 31 30.8
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
40 CF 333HR 0.2 42.5N 2 29 28.9 29 29.0
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
41 Flow 510 0.3 42.5N 20 34.8 35 35.2 35.0
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
42 Flow 410 0.3 42.5N 22.5 34 34.1 34.1 34.1
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
43 CF90N 0.3 42.5N 2.5 32.4 32.7 32.5 32.5
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
44 CF 333HR 0.3 42.5N 1.5 30.5 30.2 30.8 30.5
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
45 Flow 510 0.4 42.5N 21.5 39.7 39.7 39.9 39.8
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
46 Flow 410 0.4 42.5N 22.5 38 37.1 37.6 37.6
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
47 CF90N 0.4 42.5N 3.5 30.1 30.6 33.4 31.4
CPJ CEM II/ B-P
48 CF 333HR 0.4 42.5N 1.5 10.7* 28.3 28.7 28.5
49 Flow 510 0.1 CHF CEM III 42.5N 4 31 31.5 31.9 31.5
50 Flow 410 0.1 CHF CEM III 42.5N 2.5 29.4 29.6 29.3 29.4
51 CF90N 0.1 CHF CEM III 42.5N 1 26.4 26.5 27 26.6
52 CF 333HR 0.1 CHF CEM III 42.5N 1.5 25.9 25 25.6 25.5
53 Flow 510 0.2 CHF CEM III 42.5N 22 33.1 32.9 33.3 33.1
54 Flow 410 0.2 CHF CEM III 42.5N 15.5 30.9 30.5 30.4 30.6
55 CF90N 0.2 CHF CEM III 42.5N 2 28.8 28 28.5 28.4
56 CF 333HR 0.2 CHF CEM III 42.5N 1.5 27.6 27 27.6 27.4
57 Flow 510 0.3 CHF CEM III 42.5N 24 35.6 35.9 36.7 36.1
58 Flow 410 0.3 CHF CEM III 42.5N 21.5 34 37.8 31.9 34.6
59 CF90N 0.3 CHF CEM III 42.5N 2.5 30.9 30.4 30.2 30.5
60 CF 333HR 0.3 CHF CEM III 42.5N 3.5 29 29.4 29.8 29.4
61 Flow 510 0.4 CHF CEM III 42.5N 24 40.4 42.7 42.1 41.7
62 Flow 410 0.4 CHF CEM III 42.5N 24.5 38.5 38.5 38.2 38.4
63 CF90N 0.4 CHF CEM III 42.5N 4.5 33.8 34.6 34 34.1
64 CF 333HR 0.4 CHF CEM III 42.5N 5 32.7 32.4 32.2 32.4
Appendix 8 : Results of the sixty-four (64) experimental

design tests

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... ii
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ iii
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF GRAPHICS ................................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................ix
SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................... x
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER I : GENERALITIES .................................................................................................. 3
I.1. PRESENTATION OF SAINT-GOBAIN ........................................................................ 4
I.1.1. History......................................................................................................................................... 4
I.1.2. Vision and mission ....................................................................................................................... 5
I.1.3. Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire (SGCI) ............................................................................................. 5
I.1.4. Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire plants and products ........................................................................... 6
I.1.4.1. Admixture production line ....................................................................................... 7
I.4.1.2. Webercol production line ......................................................................................... 8
I.1.5. Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 9
I.1.6. Objectives and interest of the topic .............................................................................................. 9

I.1.7. Working methodology ................................................................................................................. 9
I.2. Concrete ................................................................................................................................. 9
I.2.1. Classification of concrete according to NF EN 206-1 ................................................................ 10

I.2.1.1. Density classes ....................................................................................................... 10
I.2.1.2. Compressive strength classes ................................................................................. 10

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I.2.1.3. Consistency classes ................................................................................................ 12
I.2.2. Constituents of concrete ............................................................................................................. 13

I.2.2.1. Mixing water .......................................................................................................... 13
I.2.2.2. Aggregates ............................................................................................................. 14
I.2.2.3. Cement ................................................................................................................... 15
I.2.3.a. Classification according to composition ................................................................. 16
I.2.2.3.b. Chemical nomenclature of cement ...................................................................... 16
I.2.2.4. Admixtures ............................................................................................................. 17
I.2.3. Hydration of Portland cement ..................................................................................................... 18

I.2.3.1. Hydration of silicates ....................................................................................... 19
I.2.3.2. Hydration of aluminates ......................................................................................... 19
I.2.3.1. Hydration mechanism ............................................................................................ 20
I.2.3. METHODS OF CONCRETE FORMULATION ....................................................................... 22

I.2.4. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ................................................................................................. 23
I.2.4.1. Fresh concrete ........................................................................................................ 23
I.2.4.2. Hardened concrete .................................................................................................. 24
I.2.4.2.a. Compressive strength .......................................................................................... 24
This property of hardened concrete depends on a number of parameters, in particular the

type and dosage of cement, the porosity of the concrete and the water-cement ratio (W/C)
[3]. ...................................................................................................................................... 24
I.2.4.2.b. Deformations under long-term load: creep.......................................................... 25
I.3. SUPERPLASTICIZERS ............................................................................................................... 26

I.3.1. Classification and structural characteristics ................................................................................ 26
I.3.2. Polynaphthalene Sulfonates (PNS) ............................................................................................. 27
I.3.3. Polycarboxylates (PC) ................................................................................................................ 27
I.3.4. Mechanism of action of superplasticizers ................................................................................... 28
I.3.4.1. Adsorption of superplasticizers on cement particles .............................................. 28
I.3.4.2. Electrostatic repulsion ............................................................................................ 30

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I.3.4.3. Steric hindrance...................................................................................................... 31
............................................................................................................................................ 31
I.4. CORRELATIONAL STUDY .............................................................................................. 32
I.4.1. Définition ................................................................................................................................... 32

I.4.2. Types of correlation of variables in a correlational study ........................................................... 32
CHAPTER II : MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................ 33
II.1. MATERIAL USED ............................................................................................................ 34
II.1.1. Cements .................................................................................................................................... 34

II.1.2. Superplasticizers studied........................................................................................................... 34
II.1.3 Aggregates and mixing water ..................................................................................................... 35
II.1.4. Technical equipment ................................................................................................................. 37
II.1.4.1. Electronic Scales ................................................................................................... 37
II.1.4.2. Cubic moulds and vibrating needle ....................................................................... 38
II.4.2. Slump measurement equipment ............................................................................... 38
II.1.1.2. Concrete mixer ..................................................................................................... 39
II.1.1.3. Concrete press ....................................................................................................... 39
II.2. METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 40
II.2.1. Formulation of concretes according to the ACI 211 method .................................................... 40

II.2.1.1. Calculation of water, air, and cement content ....................................................... 41
Table8 : Relationship between slump, Dmax and water content of concrete [25] ............ 41
II.2.1.2. Calculation of gravel content ................................................................................ 43
II.2.1.3. Calculation of sand content .................................................................................. 44
II.2.2. . Design of experiments ............................................................................................................. 47

II.2.3. Concrete batch........................................................................................................................... 49
II.2.4. Slump measurement and concrete sampling ............................................................................. 50
II.2.5. Destructive testing of hardened samples................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 53
III.1. RESULTATS .................................................................................................................... 54

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III.1.1. Concrete formula CPA 52.5N ................................................................................................. 54
III.1.2. Concrete formula CPA 42.5R .................................................................................................. 55
III.1.3. Concrete formula CPJ 42.5N ................................................................................................... 57
III.1.4. Concrete formula CHF 42.5 N ................................................................................................ 58
III.2. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 61
GENERALE CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 63
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 64

XVI
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XVII
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DEDICATION

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY i

We would like to thank in particular:

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY ii

Effective training includes the development of an entrepreneurial spirit capable of

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY iii

PNS Polynaphthalene Sulfonate

DCT Dynamic Cross Tabs

BHP High Performance Concrete

Mpa Mega Pascal

SGCI Saint-Gobain Ivory Coast

ACI 211 American Concrete Institute 211

Dmax Top size of aggregate

Percentage of dry content

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY iv

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY v

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY vi

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY vii

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY viii

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY ix

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF GRAPHICS ................................................................................................................ viii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER I : GENERALITIES .................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER II : MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................ 33

CHAPTER III : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 53

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY x

However, depending on the dosage of superplasticizer in the concrete, segregation, bleeding

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Figure 1: Map of Saint-Gobain's production sites around the world

Figure 2 : Some Saint-Gobain subsidiaries

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

• Developing construction and renovation solutions for professional clients

I.1.3. Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire (SGCI)

Figure 3: Saint-Gobain Côte d’Ivoire Zone 3

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Figure 4 : Saint Gobain Côte d'Ivoire production plant Zone 3

Table1 : Products manufactured at Saint-Gobain Côte d'Ivoire

Product types Trade names

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

(3rd generation) PC 408

I.1.4.1. Admixture production line

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

I.4.1.2. Webercol production line

Figure 6 : Webercol production line

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

• Design of two ordinary concrete formulas for suitability testing;

I.1.6. Objectives and interest of the topic

I.1.7. Working methodology

• Bibliographical research on concrete, polycarboxylates and polynaphtalene superplasticizers

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

I.2.1.2. Compressive strength classes

• fck-cyl: characteristic compressive strength of concrete determined on

• fck-cube: characteristic compressive strength of concrete determined by testing on cubic

• The compressive strength class of ordinary and heavyweight concrete is

GRDUATION PROJECT REPORT 3rd YEAR OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Compressive strengthclass Minimum characteristic strength Minimum characteristic strength

For example, strength class C30/37 corresponds to a characteristic strength of 30 MPa on a

Table3: Compressive strength classification of lightweight concrete [2]