GC UNIVERSITY, LAHORE.

MID TERM EXAM, 2023

NAME: SHAHBANO IRFAN.

ROLL NUMBER: 1479-BH-PSY-20.

SECTION: A2.

SUBMITTED TO: MISS ERUM MAKHDOOM.

Q.1: WRITE DETAIL ABOUT EATING DISORDERS.

ANSWER:
Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses characterized by abnormal
eating behaviors and thoughts that often lead to severe physical and emotional
problems. There are several types of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa,
bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and others.

1. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of

food intake and an intense fear of gaining weight. People with anorexia often have a
distorted body image and believe that they are overweight, even if they are severely
underweight. They may engage in excessive exercise, purging, and other behaviors to
maintain or lose weight.

2. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating

followed by purging behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
People with bulimia may feel a lack of control during their binge-eating episodes and
experience feelings of shame and guilt afterward.

3. Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes

of binge eating without purging behaviors. People with this disorder may feel a loss of
control during their binge-eating episodes and experience feelings of guilt and shame
afterward.

4. Other types of eating disorders include avoidant/restrictive food intake

disorder (ARFID), which involves restricting food intake based on the sensory
characteristics of food or a fear of adverse consequences; and pica, which involves
eating non-food items such as dirt, paper, or hair.

CONSEQUENCES:
Eating disorders can have serious physical and emotional
consequences. Physical consequences of eating disorders may include electrolyte
imbalances, dehydration, malnutrition, gastrointestinal problems, and cardiac
problems. Emotional consequences may include depression, anxiety, low self-esteem,
and social isolation.

TREATMENT:
Treatment for eating disorders often involves a multidisciplinary
approach, including therapy, medical monitoring, nutritional counseling, and
medication if necessary. It is important to seek professional help if you or someone
you know is struggling with an eating disorder. Recovery from an eating disorder is
possible with appropriate treatment and support.
Q.2 : WRITE IN DETAIL ABOUT ENCOPRESIS:

ANSWER:
Encopresis, also known as fecal incontinence, is a medical condition where
a person involuntarily passes feces in inappropriate places, such as their clothing or on
the floor, after the age when bowel control is typically established.

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA:
The diagnostic criteria for encopresis according to the DSM-5 are as
follows:
A. Repeated involuntary or intentional passage of feces in inappropriate places,
whether it's clothing or on the floor.
B. The behavior is not due to a medical condition, such as medication or a physical
illness.
C. The behavior is not due to a mental disorder, such as schizophrenia or intellectual
disability.
D. The behavior is not a result of a lack of access to or understanding of toilet
facilities.

ETIOLOGY:
The causes of encopresis can be varied and complex. One of the most common
causes is chronic constipation. When stool accumulates in the rectum, it can stretch
the rectum, leading to decreased sensitivity to the presence of stool and weakening of
the rectal muscles. This can result in leakage of stool or fecal incontinence.
Other potential causes of encopresis can include physical or sexual abuse,
developmental delays, neurological disorders, medication side effects, or
psychological factors such as anxiety or stress.

TREATMENT:
The treatment for encopresis is typically multi-faceted, involving medical,
behavioral, and psychological interventions.

Medical interventions may include bowel retraining, laxatives, or enemas to help

relieve constipation and improve bowel function.

Behavioral interventions may include establishing regular toilet routines, positive

reinforcement for appropriate toileting behavior, and punishment for inappropriate
toileting behavior.

Psychological interventions may include cognitive-behavioral therapy to help the

individual identify and challenge negative thoughts and feelings about toileting, as
well as family therapy to address family dynamics and support the individual in
making progress.
It's important to note that treatment for encopresis can take time and may require
patience and perseverance. Success in treating encopresis often involves a
collaborative effort between the individual, family members, and healthcare
providers.