Speech 1

Right now, beneath a shimmering blue sea, millions of fish are having sex.

00:09
(Cheers)

00:12
And the way they're doing it and strategies they're using looks nothing like what we see on
land.

00:19
Take parrotfish. In this species, all fish are born female, and they look like this. Then later in
life, she can transition into a male and she'll look like this. But it's not just a spectacular
wardrobe change. Her body can reabsorb her ovaries and grow testes in their place. In just a
few weeks, she'll go from making eggs to producing sperm. It's pretty impressive, and in the
ocean it's also pretty common. In fact, I bet nearly all of you have at some point had a
seafood dish made up of an individual that started life as one sex and transitioned to
another. Oysters? Grouper? Shrimp? Seeing some heads nodding, yeah.

01:09
But not all fish that change sex start as females. Those clown fish we know from "Finding
Nemo"? They're all born male. So in the real world, when Nemo's mother died, Nemo's dad
Marlin would have transitioned into Marlene –

01:30
(Laughter)

01:31
and Nemo would have likely mated with his father turned mother.

01:34
(Laughter)

01:36
You can see –

01:37
(Laughter)

01:39
Yeah. You can see why Pixar took a little creative license with the plotline, right?

01:47
(Laughter)
01:48
So sex change in the ocean can happen in either direction and sometimes even back and
forth, and that's just one of the many amazing strategies animals use to reproduce in the
ocean. And trust me when I say it's one of the least surprising.

02:04
Sex in the sea is fascinating, and it's also really important, and not just to nerdy marine
biologists like me who are obsessed with understanding these salty affairs. It matters for all
of us. Today, we depend on wild caught fish to help feed over two billion people on the
planet. We need millions of oysters and corals to build the giant reefs that protect our
shorelines from rising seas and storms. We depend on medicines that are found in marine
animals to fight cancer and other diseases. And for many of us, the diversity and beauty of
the oceans is where we turn for recreation and relaxation and our cultural heritage. In order
for us to continue to benefit from the abundance that ocean life provides, the fish and coral
and shrimp of today have to be able to make fish and shrimp and coral for tomorrow. To do
that, they have to have lots and lots of sex.

03:07
And until recently, we really didn't know how sex happened in the sea. It's pretty hard to
study. But thanks to new science and technology, we now know so much more than even
just a few years ago, and these new discoveries are showing two things. First, sex in the sea
is really funky. Second, our actions are wreaking havoc on the sex lives of everything from
shrimp to salmon. I know. It can be hard to believe. So today, I'm going to share a few details
about how animals do it in the deep, how we may be interrupting these intimate affairs and
what we can do to change that.

03:48
So, remember those sex-changing fish? In many places in the world, we have fishing rules
that set a minimum catch size. Fishers are not allowed to target tiny fish. This allows baby
fish to grow and reproduce before they're caught. That's a good thing. So fishers go after the
biggest fish. But in parrotfish, for example, or any sex changer, targeting the biggest fish
means that they're taking out all the males. That makes it hard for a female fish to find a
mate or it forces her to change sex sooner at a smaller size. Both of these things can result
in fewer fish babies in the future. In order for us to properly care for these species, we have
to know if they change sex, how and when. Only then can we create rules that can support
these sexual strategies, such as setting a maximum size limit in addition to a minimum
one. The challenge isn't that we can't think of these sex-friendly solutions. The challenge is
knowing which solutions to apply to which species, because even animals we know really
well surprise us when it comes to their sex lives.

05:00
Take Maine lobster. They don't look that romantic, or that kinky. They are both.

05:08
(Laughter)

05:11
During mating season, female lobsters want to mate with the biggest, baddest males, but
these guys are really aggressive, and they'll attack any lobster that approaches, male or
female. Meanwhile, the best time for her to mate with the male is right after she's
molted, when she's lost her hard shell. So she has to approach this aggressive guy in her
most vulnerable state. What's a girl to do? Her answer? Spray him in the face repeatedly
with her unique urine.

05:44
(Laughter)

05:47
Under the sea, pee is a very powerful love potion. Conveniently, lobsters' bladders sit just
above their brains, and they have two nozzles under their eye stalks with which they can
shoot their urine forward. So the female approaches the male's den and as he charges out
she lets loose a stream of urine and then gets the hell out of there. Only a few days of this
daily dosing is all it takes for her scent to have a transformative effect. The male turns from
an aggressive to a gentle lover. By the week's end, he invites her into his den. After that, the
sex is easy.

06:33
So how are we interrupting this kind of kinky courtship? Well, the female's urine carries a
critical chemical signal that works because it can pass through seawater and lobsters have a
smell receptor that can detect and receive the message. Climate change is making our
oceans more acidic. It's the result of too much carbon dioxide entering seawater. This
changing chemistry could scramble that message, or it could damage the lobsters' smell
receptors. Pollution from land can have similar impacts. Just imagine the consequence for
that female if her love potion should fail. These are the kinds of subtle but significant impacts
we're having on the love lives of these marine life.

07:20
And this is a species we know well: lobsters live near shore in the shallows. Dive deeper,
and sex gets even stranger. Fanfin anglerfish live at about 3,000 feet below the surface in
the pitch-black waters, and the males are born without the ability to feed themselves. To
survive, he has to find a female fast. Meanwhile, the female, who is 10 times bigger than the
male, 10 times, she lets out a very strong pheromone with which to attract mates to her. So
this tiny male is swimming through the black waters smelling his way to a female, and when
he finds her, he gives her a love bite. And this is when things get really weird. That love bite
triggers a chemical reaction whereby his jawbone starts to disintegrate. His face melts into
her flesh, and their two bodies start to fuse. Their circulatory systems intwine, and all his
internal organs start to dissolve except for his testes.

08:35
(Laughter)

08:37
His testes mature just fine and start producing sperm. In the end, he's basically a
permanently attached on-demand sperm factory for the female.

08:47
(Laughter)
08:50
It's a very efficient system, but this is not the kind of mating strategy that we see on a farm,
right? I mean, this is weird. It's really strange. But if we don't know that these kinds of
strategies exist or how they work, we can't know what kind of impacts we may be having,
even in the deep sea. Just three years ago, we discovered a new species of deep sea
octopus where the females lay their eggs on sponges attached to rocks that are over two
and a half miles deep. These rocks contain rare earth minerals, and right now there are
companies that are building bulldozers that would be capable of mining the deep sea floor for
those rocks. But the bulldozers would scrape up all the sponges and all the eggs with
them. Knowingly, and in many cases unknowingly, we are preventing successful sex and
reproduction in the deep. And let's be honest, dating and mating is hard enough without
somebody coming in and interrupting all the time, right? I mean, we know this.

09:54
So today, while I hope you will leave here with some excellent bar trivia on fish sex –

10:00
(Laughter)

10:03
I also ask that you remember this: we are all far more intimately connected with the oceans
than we realize, no matter where we live. And this level of intimacy requires a new kind of
relationship with the ocean, one that recognizes and respects the enormous diversity of
life and its limitations. We can no longer think of the oceans as just something out
there, because every day we depend on them for our food security, our own health and
wellness, and every other breath we take. But it is a two-way relationship, and the oceans
can only continue to provide for us if we in turn safeguard that fundamental force of life in the
sea: sex and reproduction.

10:56
So, like any relationship, we have to embrace some change for the partnership to work. The
next time you're thinking about having seafood, look for sustainably caught or farmed
species that are local and low on the food chain. These are animals like oysters, clams,
mussels, small fish like mackerel. These all reproduce like crazy, and with good
management, they can handle a bit of fishing pressure. We can also rethink what we use to
wash our bodies, clean our homes and care for our lawns. All of those chemicals eventually
wash out to sea and disrupt the natural chemistry of the ocean. Industry also has to play its
part and take a precautionary approach, protecting sexual activity where we know it
exists and preventing harm in the cases where we just don't yet know enough, like the deep
sea. And in the communities where we live, the places we work and the country in which we
vote, we must take bold action on climate change now.

12:02
(Audience: Yeah!)

12:03
(Applause)

12:06
Thank you.

12:07
(Applause)

o   Content:
1. What is the purpose of the speech?
To make people aware how we may be interrupting the intimate affairs of fishes and what we
can do to change that.

2. What are its main points?

Fishes are important for us, people, and the nature. But with the fishing rules we have right
now, fishers are not allowed to target tiny fish, so they target the big ones, but in parrotfish,
for example, or any sex changer, targeting the biggest fish means that they're taking out all the
males. That makes it hard for a female fish to find a mate or it forces her to change sex sooner at a
smaller size. Both of these things can result in fewer fish babies in the future.

3. What makes the message clear to the audience?

The speaker is using clear words, she is making jokes and she makes good contact with the
public.
 

o   Style:
1. What is the target audience of the speaker? Who are they and what are
their beliefs?
The target group is actually everyone who buys their own food, because she calls on people
to look more often at more sustainable brands, because that is better for the fish.
2. How does the speaker appeal to their belief to convey the message?
Near the and se says this to appeal to their belief to convey the message: ‘I also ask that you
remember this: we are all far more intimately connected with the oceans than we realize, no matter
where we live. And this level of intimacy requires a new kind of relationship with the ocean, one that
recognizes and respects the enormous diversity of life and its limitations. We can no longer think of
the oceans as just something out there, because every day we depend on them for our food
security, our own health and wellness, and every other breath we take.’ 

3. Does the speech use formal/informal register? 

The speaker is using formal register because it seems to me as if she keeps a little more
distance to me.
 

o   Structure:
1. What elements of the speech work toward a clear, well-argued speech?
A couple of good arguments are: ‘Just three years ago, we discovered a new species of
deep sea octopus where the females lay their eggs on sponges attached to rocks that are
over two and a half miles deep. These rocks contain rare earth minerals, and right now there
are companies that are building bulldozers that would be capable of mining the deep sea
floor for those rocks.’
And: ‘So this tiny male is swimming through the black waters smelling his way to a
female, and when he finds her, he gives her a love bite. And this is when things get really
weird. That love bite triggers a chemical reaction whereby his jawbone starts to
disintegrate. His face melts into her flesh, and their two bodies start to fuse. Their circulatory
systems intwine, and all his internal organs start to dissolve except for his testes.’

2. How are paragraphs built up? How does the speaker go from one sentence
to the next?
Paragraphs are built up like this: the speaker uses a lot of signal words and it’s a logical,
coherent story. She uses examples, and facts.  

3. Does the speech depart from the speech structure table given below? If so,
is it effective? In what way?
It is effective, the story of the speaker comes across well.
 

o   Language:
·                    Find at least 3 rhetorical devices and explain how they affect the message
·                      How are sentences structured in the speech?
·                      Highlight grammatical constructions you will try to use. 

Speech 2 
So when you think about a child, a close friend, or a romantic partner, the word "love"
probably comes to mind, and instantly other emotions rush in: joy and hope, excitement,
trust and security, and yes, sometimes sadness and disappointment. There might not be a
word in the dictionary that more of us are connected to than love.

00:25
Yet, given its central importance in our lives, isn't it interesting that we're never explicitly
taught how to love? We build friendships, navigate early romantic relationships, get married
and bring babies home from the hospital with the expectation that we'll figure it out. But the
truth is, we often harm and disrespect the ones we love. It can be subtle things like guilting a
friend into spending time with you or sneaking a peak at your partner's texts or shaming a
child for their lack of effort at school. 100 percent of us will be on the receiving end of
unhealthy relationship behaviors and 100 percent of us will do unhealthy things. It's part of
being human. In its worst form, the harm we inflict on loved ones shows up as abuse and
violence, and relationship abuse is something that one in three women and one in four
men will experience in their lifetime. Now, if you're like most people, when you hear those
stats, you'll go, "Oh, no, no, no, that would never happen to me." It's instinctual to move away
from the words "abuse" and "violence," to think that they happen to someone else
somewhere else. But the truth is, unhealthy relationships and abuse are all around us. We
just call them different things and ignore the connection. Abuse sneaks up on us disguised in
unhealthy love.

01:47
I work for an organization called One Love started by a family whose daughter Yeardley was
killed by her ex-boyfriend. This was a tragedy no one saw coming, but when they looked
back, they realized the warning signs were there just no one understood what they were
seeing. Called crazy or drama or too much drinking, his actions weren't understood to be
what they really were, which was clear signs of danger. Her family realized that if anyone
had been educated about these signs, her death could have been prevented. So today
we're on a mission to make sure that others have the information that Yeardley and her
friends didn't. We have three main goals: give all of us a language for talking about a
subject that's quite awkward and uncomfortable to discuss; empower a whole front line,
namely friends, to help; and, in the process, improve all of our ability to love better.

02:43
To do this, it's always important to start by illuminating the unhealthy signs that we frequently
miss, and our work really focuses on creating content to start conversations with young
people. As you'd expect, most of our content is pretty serious, given the subject at hand, but
today I'm going to use one of our more light-hearted yet still thought-provoking pieces, "The
Couplets," to illuminate five markers of unhealthy love.

03:09
The first is intensity.

03:12
(Video) Blue: I haven't seen you in a couple days. I've missed you.

03:15
Orange: I've missed you too. (#thatslove)

03:17
Blue: I haven't seen you in five minutes. It feels like a lifetime. What have you been doing
without me for five whole minutes?

03:23
Orange: It's been three minutes. (#thatsnotlove)

03:26
Katie Hood: Anybody recognize that? I don't know. I do. Abusive relationships don't start out
abusive. They start out exciting and exhilarating. There's an intensity of affection and
emotion, a rush. It feels really good. You feel so lucky, like you've hit the jackpot. But in
unhealthy love, these feelings shift over time from exciting to overwhelming and maybe a
little bit suffocating. You feel it in your gut. Maybe it's when your new boyfriend or
girlfriend says "I love you" faster than you were ready for or starts showing up everywhere,
texting and calling a lot. Maybe they're impatient when you're slow to respond, even though
they know you had other things going on that day. It's important to remember that it's not how
a relationship starts that matters, it's how it evolves. It's important in the early days of a new
relationship to pay attention to how you're feeling. Are you comfortable with the pace of
intimacy? Do you feel like you have space and room to breathe? It's also really important to
start practicing using your voice to talk about your own needs. Are your requests respected?

04:33
A second marker is isolation.

04:37
(Video) Orange 2: Want to hang out?

04:39
Orange 1: Me and my boyfriend always have Monday Funday.

04:42
Orange 2: Want to hang out?

04:43
Orange 1: Me and my boyfriend always have Monday Funday.

04:46
Orange 2: Tomorrow? Orange 1: It's our Tuesday Snooze Day.

04:49
Orange 2: Wednesday? Orange 1: No Friends Day.

04:52
KH: If you ask me, isolation is one of the most frequently missed and misunderstood signs of
unhealthy love. Why? Because every new relationship starts out with this intense desire to
spend time together, it's easy to miss when something shifts. Isolation creeps in when your
new boyfriend or girlfriend starts pulling you away from your friends and family, your support
system, and tethering you more tightly to them. They might say things like, "Why do you
hang out with them? They're such losers" about your best friends, or "They want us to break
up. They're totally against us" about your family. Isolation is about sowing seeds of
doubt about everyone from your prerelationship life. Healthy love includes
independence, two people who love spending time together but who stay connected to the
people and activities they cared about before. While at first you might spend every waking
minute together, over time maintaining independence is key. You do this by making plans
with friends and sticking to them and encouraging your partner to do the same.

05:55
A third marker of unhealthy love is extreme jealousy.

05:59
(Video) Blue 2: What are you so happy about?

06:01
Blue 1: She just started following me on Instagram!

06:04
Blue 2: What are you so nervous about?
06:06
Blue 1: She, she just started following me, like, everywhere.

06:10
(#thatsnotlove)

06:14
KH: As the honeymoon period begins to fade, extreme jealousy can creep in. Your partner
might become more demanding, needing to know where you are and who you're with all the
time, or they might start following you everywhere, online and off. Extreme jealousy also
brings with it possessiveness and mistrust, frequent accusations of flirting with other people
or cheating, and refusal to listen to you when you tell them they have nothing to worry about
and that you only love them. Jealousy is a part of any human relationship, but extreme
jealousy is different. There's a threatening, desperate and angry edge to it. Love shouldn't
feel like this.

06:52
A fourth marker is belittling.

06:54
(Video) Blue: Wanna hang out? Orange: I gotta study.

06:57
Blue: You'll get an A anyway, A for amazing. (#thatslove)

07:00
Blue: Wanna hang out? Orange: I gotta study.

07:03
Blue: You'll get an F anyway, F for, F for... stupid. (#thatsnotlove)

07:08
KH: Yeah, hmm. In unhealthy love, words are used as weapons. Conversations that used to
be fun and lighthearted turn mean and embarrassing. Maybe your partner makes fun of you
in a way that hurts, or maybe they tell stories and jokes for laughs at your expense. When
you try to explain that your feelings have been hurt, they shut you down and accuse you of
overreacting. "Why are you so sensitive? What's your problem. Give me a break." You are
silenced by these words. It seems pretty obvious, but your partner should have your
back. Their words should build you up, not break you down. They should keep your secrets
and be loyal. They should make you feel more confident, not less.

07:50
Finally, a fifth marker: volatility.

07:54
(Video) Orange 1: I'd be sad if we broke up.

07:56
Orange 2: I'd be sad too. (#thatslove)
07:59
Orange 1: I'd so depressed if we ever broke up. I'd throw myself off this step. I would! Don't
try to stop me!

08:05
(#thatsnotlove)

08:09
KH: Frequent breakups and makeups, high highs and low lows: as tension rises, so does
volatility. Tearful, frustrated fights followed by emotional makeups, hateful and hurtful
comments like, "You're worthless, I'm not even sure why I'm with you!" followed quickly by
apologies and promises it will never happen again. By this point, you've been so conditioned
to this relationship roller coaster that you may not realize how unhealthy and maybe even
dangerous your relationship has become.

08:39
It can be really hard to see when unhealthy love turns towards abuse, but it's fair to say that
the more of these markers your relationship might have, the more unhealthy and maybe
dangerous your relationship could be. And if your instinct is to break up and leave, which is
advice so many of us give our friends when they're in unhealthy relationships, that's not
always the best advice. Time of breakup can be a real trigger for violence. If you fear you
might be headed towards abuse or in abuse, you need to consult with experts to get the
advice on how to leave safely.

09:11
But it's not just about romantic relationships and it's not just about violence. Understanding
the signs of unhealthy love can help you audit and understand nearly every relationship in
your life. For the first time, you might understand why you're disappointed in a friendship or
why every interaction with a certain family member leaves you discouraged and
anxious. You might even begin to see how your own intensity and jealousy is causing
problems with colleagues at work. Understanding is the first step to improving, and while you
can't make every unhealthy relationship healthy -- some you're going to have to leave behind
-- you can do your part every day to do relationships better. And here's the exciting news: it's
actually not rocket science. Open communication, mutual respect, kindness, patience -- we
can practice these things every day.

10:04
And while practice will definitely make you better, I have to promise you it's also not going to
make you prince(ss) perfect. I do this for a living and every day I think and talk about healthy
relationships, and still I do unhealthy things. Just the other day as I was trying to shuttle my
four kids out the door amidst quarreling, squabbling and complaints about breakfast, I
completely lost it. With an intentionally angry edge, I screamed, "Everybody just shut up and
do what I say! You are the worst! I am going to take away screen time and dessert and
anything else you could possibly ever enjoy in life!"

10:39
(Laughter)

10:41
Anybody been there?

10:42
(Applause)

10:45
Volatility, belittling. My oldest son turned around and looked at me, and said, "Mom, that's not
love."

10:54
(Laughter)

10:57
For a minute, I really wanted to kill him for calling me out. Trust me. But then I gathered
myself and I thought, you know what, I'm actually proud. I'm proud that he has a language to
make me pause. I want all of my kids to understand what the bar should be for how they're
treated and to have a language and a voice to use when that bar is not met versus just
accepting it. For too long, we've treated relationships as a soft topic, when relationship skills
are one of the most important and hard to build things in life. Not only can understanding
unhealthy signs help you avoid the rabbit hole that leads to unhealthy love, but
understanding and practicing the art of being healthy can improve nearly every aspect of
your life. I'm completely convinced that while love is an instinct and an emotion, the ability to
love better is a skill we can all build and improve on over time.

11:54
Thank you.

11:55
(Applause)

o   Content:
1. What is the purpose of the speech?
To make people aware of the difference between healthy and unhealthy love.
2. What are its main points?
You always need to stay true to yourself, no matter how much you love someone.
3. What makes the message clear to the audience?
 Using examples, talking clear and it sounds logical

o   Style:
1. What is the target audience of the speaker? Who are they and what are
their beliefs?
The target audience of the speaker is people who have relationships. So basically everyone.
Because it’s not only about relationships between a girlfriend and boyfriend, but also the
relationships you have with your teachers, family, friends, your trainer, you name it.
 2. How does the speaker appeal to their belief to convey the message?
The speaker uses a lot of examples, so there’s a big chance that you recognise yourself in a
situation. That makes that you pay attention, and that your interested and then, the speaker
can make a point.

3. Does the speech use formal/informal register? 

The speaker uses informal register, because it feels like she knows me, and it feels like she
speaks directly to me.
 

o      Structure: ?
1. What elements of the speech work toward a clear, well-argued speech?
Some good arguments are: ‘100 percent of us will be on the receiving end of unhealthy
relationship behaviors and 100 percent of us will do unhealthy things. It's part of being
human. In its worst form, the harm we inflict on loved ones shows up as abuse and
violence, and relationship abuse is something that one in three women and one in four
men will experience in their lifetime’
And: ‘They start out exciting and exhilarating. There's an intensity of affection and emotion, a
rush. It feels really good. You feel so lucky, like you've hit the jackpot. But in unhealthy love,
these feelings shift over time from exciting to overwhelming and maybe a little bit suffocating’

2. How are paragraphs built up? How does the speaker go from one sentence
to the next?
The speaker uses a lot of signal words, and she uses a lot of examples from other
paragraphs.
  
3. Does the speech depart from the speech structure table given below? If so,
is it effective? In what way?
It is effective, the story of the speaker comes across well.

o   Language:
·                    Find at least 3 rhetorical devices and explain how they affect the message
·                      How are sentences structured in the speech?
·                      Highlight grammatical constructions you will try to use.