CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

This paper discusses active sentences, passive sentence, and stative passive. We will
explain a little, active sentence is a sentence where the subject does something or doing work.
Passive sentence is a type of grammatical voice in which the subject is acted upon by the
verb. In passive voice (passive sentence), the subject is the receiver of the action. And stative
passive is when we describe the ‘state’ or condition of something, using an ‘ed’ form of a
verb.

Active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive also have definition, characteristic,
function and structure.

B. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1) What is the definition of active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive?
2) What are the characteristics of active sentence, passive sentence, and stative
passive?
3) What is the function of active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive?
4) What are the active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive structure?
C. THE PURPOSE
1) To know the definition of active sentence, passive sentence and stative passive.
2) To better understand what active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive
are.
3) To know where to use active sentence, passive sentence, and stative passive.
4) To add insight to the reader about active sentence, passive sentence, and stative
sentence.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. ACTIVE SENTENCE
A. Definition

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2021:244), active voice is a sentence where the subject
does something or doing work.

According to the Evelyn (2010:238), sentence with the subject before the verb are called
active sentence (or are said to be in the active voice).

According to the Mark Brown (2016:23), active voice is a sentence in which the subject
performs an action on the object.

So, conclusion of three opinions, active sentence is a sentence in which the subject
performs an action or work.

Example:

1) He will write a letter.

2) Rajat builds houses.
3) She had watched a movie.

B. Characteristics

According to the Peter Herring (2016:749-751):

a) The subject always comes before the verb.

b) The active voice can also be without a direct object.
c) The active voice is commonly used to emphasize the importance of an subject in a
sentence. We can highlight an subject responsibility for or involvement with a
particular action.

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2016:244):

a) The subject becomes the doer of an action.

b) Active sentence always use S + V.

So, conclusion of two opinions are:

a) The subject becomes the doer of an action.

 b) Active sentence always use S+V.
c) The subject always comes before the verb.
d) The active voice can also be without a direct object.
e) The active voice is commonly used to emphasize the importance of an subject in a
sentence. We can highlight an subject responsibility for or involvement with a
particular action.

C. Function

According to the Peter Herring (2016:749):

 To expresses a clearer relationship between the verb and subject.

 Active voice form is used to explain that the subject does something.

According to the Muhammad Hasyimsyah (2020:67):

 Active voice form is used to indicate that the subject is doing an activity.

So, conclusion of two opinions are:

 To expresses a clearer relationship between the verb and subject.

 Active voice form is used to indicate that the subject is doing an activity.

Example:

1) The cat ate the biscuits.

2) Mimin planted flowers.
3) Gola plays basketball.

D. Structure

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2016:249-254):

a) Present tense
 Simple present tense : S + V1 + O
 Present continuous tense : S + To be + Ving + O
 Present perfect tense : S + have/has + V3 + O
 Present perfect continuous tense: S + have/has + been + Ving
b) Past tense
 Simple past tense : S + V2 + O
  Past continuous tense : S + were/was + Ving + O
 Past perfect tense : S + had + V3 +O
 Past perfect continuous tense : S + had + been + Ving + O
c) Future tense
 Simple future tense : S + shall/will + V1 + O
 Future continuous tense : S + shall/will + Ving + O
 Future perfect tense : S + shall/will + have + V3 + O
 Future perfect continuous tense : S + shall/will + have + been + Ving + O
d) Past future tense
 Simple past future tense : S + would/should + V1 + O
 Past future continuous tense : S + should/would + be + Ving + O
 Past future perfect tense : S + should/would + have + V3 + O
 Past future perfect continuous tense : S + should/would + have + been + Ving +
O

According to the Dr. Ali Mustadi (2016:3-4) :

a) Present tense
 Simple present tense : S + V1 + O
 Present continuous tense : S + To be + Ving + O
 Present perfect tense : S + has/have + V3 + O
b) Past tense
 Simple past tense : S + V2 + O
 Past continuous tense : S + was/were + Ving + O
 Past perfect tense : S + had + V3 + O
c) Future tense
 Simple future tense : S + shall/will + V1 + O
d) Past future tense
 Simple past future tense : S + would/should + V1 + O

So, conclusion of two opinions:

a) Present Tense
 Simple Present Tense : S + V1 +O
Example : She helps Niko.
 Present Continuous : S + To be + Ving + O
 Example : I am reading a book.
 Present Perfect Tense : S + have/has + V3 + O
Example : They have gone to Jakarta.
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense : S + have/has + been + Ving + O
Example : Rafael has been helping Rahel.
b) Past Tense
 Simple Past Tense : S + V2 + O
Example : She helped Niko.
 Past Continuous Tense : S + Were/ Was + Ving + O
Example : I were reading a book.
 Past Perfect Tense : S + had + V3 + O
Example : They had gone to Jakarta.
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense : S + had + been +Ving + O
Example : Rafael had been helping Rahel.
c) Future Tense
 Simple Future Tense : S + shall/will + V1 + O
Example : She will help Niko.
 Future Continuous Tense : S + shall/will + Ving + O
Example : I shall reading book.
 Future Perfect Tense : S + shall/will + have + V3 + O
Example : They will have gone to Jakarta.
 Future Perfect Continuous Tense : S + shall/will + have + been + Ving + O
Example : Rafael will have been helping Rahel.
d) Past Future Tense
 Simple past future tense : S + should/would + V1 + O
Example : She Would help Niko.
 Past future continuous tense : S + should/would + be + Ving + O
Example : I should be reading book.
 Past future perfect tense : S + should/would + have +V3 + O
Example : They would have gone to Jakarta.
 Past future continuous perfect tense : S + should/would + have + been +Ving
+O
Example : Rafael would have been helping Rahel.
 2. PASSIVE SENTENCE
A. Definition

According to the Max Brown (2016:23), Passive sentence is used to express what
happened to the object and by whom this action was done.

According to the Peter Herring (2016:747), passive voice is a type of grammatical voice in
which the subject is acted upon by the verb. In passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the
action.

According to the Evelyn (2010:238), sentence which do not have the subject before the
verb are called passive voice.

So, conclusion of two opinions, passive sentence is a sentence that states which the subject
is acted upon by the verb, expresses what happens to the object and does not have a subject
before the verb.

Example :

1) The warm was eaten by the bird.

2) This computer was repaired by Charley.
3) The book was broken by brother.

B. Characteristics

According to the Peter Herring (2016:747):

1) In the passive voice, subject is the receiver of the action (i.e..what would be the direct
object in an active voice).
2) Passive voice verbs are always preceded by the auxiliary verb be and are in their past
participle forms.
3) While the receiver of the action comes before the verb, the person or thing performing
the action (known as the subject) comes after the verb and is preceded by the
preposition by to form prepositional phrase.

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2016:747):

1) Intransitive verbs cannot be used in passive sentence, but transitive verbs (verbs that
require an object).
2) Verb in the passive voice must be a past participle that is preceded by
“am,is,are,was,were,be,been,being” and following “by”.
3) The subject in active voice is changed to the object in passive voice.

So, conclusion of two opinions are:

1) In the passive voice, subject is the receiver of the action (i.e.., what would be the direct
object in an active voice).
2) Passive voice verbs are always preceded by auxiliary verb be and are in their past
participle forms, that is preceded by “am,is,are,was,were,be,been,being” and following
“by”.
3) While the receiver of the action comes before the verb, the person or thing performing
the action (known as the subject) comes after the verb and is preceded by the
preposition by to form a prepositional phrase.
4) Intransitive verbs cannot be used in passive sentence, but transitive verbs (verbs that
require an object).
5) The subject in active voice is changed to the object in passive voice.

Example:

1) The lights were turned off by the janitor.

2) Final exams will be taken by students on Friday.
3) Letters to Santa are sent by children every year.

C. Function

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (201

1. Explain and describe the process.

2. Passive sentence should be used because it is unknown or unimportant to know
exactly who performs certain actions.
According to the Peter Herring (2016:747) ;
1. Passive sentence is used when we want to focus attention on the person or thing
effected by the action.

So, conclusion of two opinions :

1. Explain and describe the process.

2. Passive sentence should be used because it is unknown or unimportant to know exactly
who performs certain actions.
3. Passive sentence is used when we want to focus attention on the person or thing
effected by the action.

Example :

1. Cocoa is picked then washed and wrapped by Vina.

2. The lights were turned off by the janitor.
3. This computer was repaired by John.

D. Structure

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2016:249-254) :

a. Present tense
 Simple present tense : S + To be + V3 + by + O
 Present continuous tense : S + To be + being + V3 + by + O
 Present perfect tense : S + have/has + V3 + by + O
 Present perfect continuous tense : S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O
b. Past tense
 Simple past tense : S + was/were + V3 + by + O
 Past continuous tense : S + was/were + being + V3 + by + O
 Past perfect tense : S + had + been + V3 + by + O
 Past perfect continuous tense : S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O
c. Future tense
 Simple future tense : S + shall/will + be + V3 + by + O
 Future continuous tense : S + shall/will + be + being + V3 + by + O
 Future perfect tense : S + shall/will + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
 Future perfect continuous tense : S + shall/will + has/have + been + being + V3
+ by + O
d. Past future tense
 Simple past future tense : S + should/would + be + V3 + by + O
 Past future continuous tense : S + should/would + be + being + V3 + by + O
 Past perfect tense : S + should/would + have + been + V3 + by + O
  Past perfect continuous tense : S + should/would + have + been + being + V3 +
by + O

According to the Dr. Ali Mustadi ( 2016:3-4) :

a. Present tense
 Simple present tense : S + To be + V3 + by + O
 Present continuous tense : S + To be + being + V3 + by + O
 Present perfect tense : S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
b. Past tense
 Simple past tense : S + was/were + V3 + by + O
 Past continuous tense : S + was/were + being + V3 + by + O
 Past perfect tense : S + had + been + V3 + by + O
c. Future tense
 Simple future tense : S + will/shall + be + V3 + by + O
d. Past future tense
 Simple past future tense : S + would/should + be + V3 + by + O

So, conclusion of two opinions :

a. Present tense
 Simple present tense : S + To be + V3 + by + O
Example : The TV is turned on by Andi.
 Present continuous tense : S + To be + being + V3 + by + O
Example : Some cake are being made by my mother.
 Present perfect tense : S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
Example : His shoes have been polished by Anton.
 Present perfect continuous tense : S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by = O
Example : Rahel has been being helped by Rafael.
b. Past tense
 Simple past tense : S + was/were + V3 + by + O
Example : The TV was turned on by Andi.
 Past continuous tense : S + was/were + being + V3 + by + O
Example : Some cakes were being made by my mother.
 Past perfect tense : S + had + been + V3 + by + O
Example : His shoes had been polished by Anton.
  Past perfect continuous tense : S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O
Example : Rahel had been being helped by Rafael.
c. Future tense
 Simple future tense ; S + shall/will + be + V3 + by + O
Example : Some books will be bought by Sisca.
 Future continuous tense : S + shall/will + be + being + V3 + by + O
Example : Some cakes will be being made by my mother.
 Future perfect tense : S + shall/will + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
Example : His shoes will has been polished by Anton.
 Future perfect continuous tense : S + shall/will + have/has + been + being + V3
+ by + O
Example : Rahel will have been being helped by Rafael.
d. Past future tense
 Simple past future tense : S + should/would + be + V3 + by + O
Example : Some books would be bought by Sisca.
 Past future continuous tense : S + should/would + be + being + V3 + by + O
Example : Some cakes would be being made by my mother.
 Past future perfect tense : S + should/would + have + been + being + V3 + by +
O
Example : Rahel would have been being helped by Rafael.

E. Ways to Form Active Sentence into Passive Sentence

According to the Dr. H. Pauzan (2021:244-245) :

1. The active sentence to be changed must be a sentence containing a transitive verb (a

verb that takes an object).
2. The subject in the active voice is changed to the object in the passive voice, the object
in the active voice will become the subject in the passive voice.
3. Verbs in the passive voice must be a past participle (verb third form) preceded by ‘am,
is, are, was, were; be, been, being’ followed ‘by’.

According to the Peter Herring (2016:753) :

 1. We may only convert a sentence from the active voice into the passive voice if there is
a direct object. As we’ve seen, this direct object becomes the subject in the passive
voice.
2. If an active voice does not contain a direct object, it cannot be converted into the
passive voice, as the sentence will lack coherency without a subject.

So, conclusion of two opinions are:

1) The active sentence to be changed must be a sentence containing a transitive verb (a

verb that takes an object).
2) The subject in the active voice is changed to the object in the passive voice, the object
in the active voice will become the subject in the passive voice.
3) Verbs in the passive voice must be a past participle (verb third form) preceded by ‘am,
is, are, was, were; be, been, being’ followed ‘by’.
4) If an active voice does not contain a direct object, it cannot be converted into the
passive voice, as the sentence will lack coherency without a subject.

Example :

1) A high school track and field star won the race. (active voice)
The race was won by a high school track and field star. (passive voice)
2) Local businesses are handing out pamphlets near the mall. (active voice)
Pamphlets are being handed out by local businesses bear the mall. (passive voice)
3) My grandmother knitted this blanket. (active voice)
This blanket was knitted by my grandmother. (passive voice)

3. STATIVE PASSIVE
A. Definition
According to the Robin and Bouzer (2019:61), Stative Passive are passive past participle
can be used to describe an existing store or Participle situation.
According to the Betty Azar (2002:225), Stative passive are the passive form can be used
to describe an existing situation or state, as in (c), (f), and (i).

So, conclusion of two opinions, Stative Passive are passive form can be used to descibe an
existing state or situation.

Example:
 1) Now the door is broken.
2) Anne is married to James.
3) He is finished with is work.

B. Characteristics

According to the Betty Azar (2002:225) :

 No action is taking place; the action happened earlier.

 There is now by-phrase.
 The past participle function as an adjective.
 Prepositions other than by can follow stative passive verbs.

According to the Robin (2019:61) :

 The action took place earlier, as describe in the first sentence.

 The State of that action in the present is expressed in the second sentence of each pair.
 The Past participle Functions as an adjective.
 The stative passive is often followed by prepositions other than by.

So, conclusion of two opinions are :

 The action took place earlier.

 The past participle function as an adjective.
 The stative passive is often followed by prepositions other than by.
 The State of that action in the present is expressed in the second sentence of each pair.

Example :

1) She is statisfied with her Job.

2) March is married to Vanessa.
3) Peter broke the window two days ago. Now the window is broken.

C. Function

According to the Robin (2019:61) :

1) To describe an existing state or participle situation.

2) Used as a modifier for the active voice and passive voice.

According to the Betty Azar (2002:225) :

 1) To describe an existing situation or state.

So, conclusion of two opinions, Function of stative passive are to descibe an existing state
or participle situation.

Example :

1) The car is old.

2) The athlete was amazing.
3) The door is locked

D. Structure

According to the Robin (2019:61) :

S + Be + Past Participle (V3)

According to the Betty Azar ( 2002:225) :

S + Be + V3 (past participle)

So, conclusion of two opinions :

S + Be + Past Participle (V3)

Example :

1) This stuff is broken.

2) He is interested in watching this movie
3) I am worried.

E. How do Change Passive to Stative Passive

According to the Robin (2019:61) :

Passive The roof is being repaired by an experienced roofer.

Stativepassive The roof is repaired.

Passive The children were being spoiled by Uncle John.

Stative passive The children were spoiled.

Passive The gas is being turned off by the repairman.

Stative passive The gas is turned off.

 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Active sentence is a sentence in which the subject performs an action or work. Passive
sentence is a sentence that states which the subject is acted upon by the verb, expresses what
happens to the object and does not have a subject before the verb. Stative Passive are passive
form can be used to descibe an existing state or situation.

In the active sentence always use S+V. In the passive sentence always preceded by
auxiliary verb be and are in their past participle forms, that is preceded by
“am,is,are,was,were,be,been,being” and following “by”. And in the stative passive Be + Past
participle (V3).