PHÁT TRIỂN TỪ VỰNG

CƠ BẢN (phần 3)
BS. Nguyễn Hồ Huy Hoàng
 1. COMBINING FORMS
 carp/o means wrist bones (xương cổ tay)
 cib/o means meals (bữa ăn)
 cis/o means to cut
 cost/o means rib (xương sườn)
 cutane/o means skin (da)
 dactyl/o means fingers, toes (ngón tay/chân)
 duct/o means to lead, carry (dẫn đến, mang)
 flex/o means to bend (uốn cong)
 1. COMBINING FORMS
 furc/o means forking, branching (nhánh)
 gloss/o means tongue (lưỡi)
 glyc/o means sugar (đường)
 immun/o means protection (miễn dịch)
 morph/o means shape, form (hình, dạng)
 mort/o means death (chết)
 nat/i means birth (sinh)
 nect/o means to bind, tie, connect (trói buộc, kết nối)
 1. COMBINING FORMS
 norm/o means rule, order (quy tắc, trật tự)
 ox/o means oxygen
 pub/o means pubis (pubic bone) (xương mu); anterior (trước)
portion of the pelvic (chậu) or hipbone (xương hông)
 seps/o means infection (nhiễm trùng)
 somn/o means sleep (ngủ)
 son/o means sound (âm thanh)
 the/o means to put, place (đặt, vị trí)
 1. COMBINING FORMS
 thel/o, theli/o means nipple (núm vú)
 thyr/o means thyroid gland (tuyến giáp)
 top/o means place, position, location (vị trí)
 tox/o means poison (độc)
 trache/o means windpipe, trachea (khí quản)
 urethr/o means urethra (niệu đạo)
 2. SUFFIX
 -blast means embryonic, immature (phôi, chưa trưởng thành)
 -crine means to secrete (tiết)
 -drome means to run (chạy)
 -fusion means coming together; to pour (đến với nhau; đổ vào)
 -gen means substance that produces (chất sản xuất)
 -lapse means to slide, fall, sag (trượt, té, võng xuống)
 -lysis means breakdown, destruction, separation (phá hủy)
 -meter means to measure (đo lường)
 2. SUFFIX
 -mission means to send (gửi)
 -or means one who
 -oxia means oxygen
 -partum means birth, labor (sinh, lao động)
 -phoria means to bear, carry; feeling (mental state) (mang
theo; cảm thấy)
 -physis means to grow (lớn lên)
 -plasia means development, formation, growth (phát triển)
 -plasm means structure or formation (cấu trúc; dạng)
 2. SUFFIX
 -pnea means breathing (thở)
 -ptosis means falling, drooping, prolapse (rơi xuống, sa xuống)
 -rrhea means flow, discharge (dòng chảy, xả)
 -stasis means stopping, controlling (dừng, kiểm soát)
 -trophy means development, nourishment (phát triển, nuôi
dưỡng)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 a-, an- means no, not, without (không, thiếu)
Terminology: apnea (ngưng thở)
Terminology: anoxia (thiếu oxy)
 ab- means away from (xa)
Terminology: abnormal (khác thường)
Terminology: abductor (dạng)
A muscle that draws a limb away from the body. Memory
tip: Notice that in abductor the b faces away from the a.
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 ad- means toward (gần)
Terminology: adductor (khép)
A muscle that draws a limb toward the body. Memory tip:
Notice that in adductor, the d faces toward the a.
Terminology: adrenal glands (tuyến thượng thận)
These glands actually lie on top of each kidney
 ana- means up, apart (lên, cách nhau)
Terminology: anabolism (đồng hóa)
Terminology: analysis (phân tích)
Urinalysis (urin/o + [an]/alysis) is a laboratory
examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many
medical conditions. In this term, -lysis means separation
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 ante- means before, forward (trước, phía trước)
Terminology: ante cibum (trước khi ăn)
The notation a.c., seen on prescription orders, means
before meals
Terminology: anteflexion (trước chỗ uốn cong)
Terminology: antepartum (tiền sản)
 auto- means self, own (tự bản thân)
Terminology: autoimmune disease (bệnh tự miễn)
 bi- means two
Terminology: bifurcation (chỗ chia 2 nhánh)
Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of
the trachea to form the bronchi
Terminology: bilateral (hai bên)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 anti- means against (chống lại)
Terminology: antibiotic (kháng sinh)
Antibiotics destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
such as bacteria. Penicillin was the first antibiotic (discovered
in immature plants called molds).
Terminology: antibody (kháng thể)
Protein produced against an antigen (foreign body)
Terminology: antigen (kháng nguyên)
In this term, anti- is short for antibody. An antigen (bacterium
or virus) is a substance that produces (-gen) an antibody
Terminology: antisepsis (khử khuẩn)
An antiseptic (-sis changes to -tic to form an adjective)
substance fights infection.
Terminology: antitoxin (khử độc)
This is an antibody, often from an animal (such as a horse), that
acts against a toxin. An example is tetanus antitoxin given
against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the nervous
system.
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 brady- means slow (chậm)
Terminology: bradycardia (nhịp tim chậm)
 cata- means down (xuống)
Terminology: catabolism (dị hóa)
 con- means with, together (cùng nhau)
Terminology: congenital anomaly (dị tật bẩm sinh)
Terminology: connective (liên kết)
 contra- means against, opposite (chống lại, đối diện)
Terminology: contraindication (chống chỉ định)
Contra- means against in this term ( trái nghĩa trong TN)
Terminology: contralateral (đối bên lq giải phẫu)
Contra- means opposite in this term. A stroke affecting
the right side of the brain may cause contralateral
paralysis affecting the left arm and leg. The opposite of
contralateral is ipsilateral (ipsi- means same)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 de- means down, lack of (xuống, thiếu)
Terminology: dehydration (sự thiếu nước)
 dia- means through, complete
Terminology: diameter (đường kinh)
Terminology: diarrhea (tiêu chảy)
Terminology: dialysis (thẩm tách trong chạy thận)
Literal meaning is complete (dia-) separation (-lysis). In
hemodialysis, waste materials are separated from the
blood via a machine (artificial kidney) when the kidneys
no longer function.
 dys- means bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
Terminology: dyspnea (khó thở)
Often caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions,
strenuous exercise, or anxiety.
Terminology: dysplasia (loạn sản)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 ec-, ecto- means out, outside (ngoài)
Terminology: ectopic pregnancy (thai ngoài tử cung)
Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the
noun “pregnancy.”
 endo- in, within (trong)
Terminology: endocardium (nội tâm mạc)
Terminology: endoscope (ống nội soi)
Terminology: endotracheal (trong khí quản)
An endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the
trachea, is used for giving oxygen and in general
anesthesia procedures.
 epi- means upon, on, above (trên)
Terminology: epithelium (thượng bì)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 eu- means good, normal (tốt, bình thường)
Terminology: euphoria (hưng phấn)
Terminology: euthyroid (tuyến giá bình thường)
 ex- means out, outside, away from (ngoài, xa)
Terminology: exophthalmos (viễn thị)
Protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and
overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis
(pro- = forward, -ptosis = prolapse).
 hemi- means half (một nữa)
Terminology: hemiglossectomy (cắt bỏ ½ lưỡi)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 hyper- means excessive, above (thừa, cao)
Terminology: hyperglycemia (tăng đường huyết)
This is a sign of diabetes mellitus. Lack of insulin (type 1
diabetes) or ineffective insulin (type 2 diabetes) causes
high levels of sugar in the blood
Terminology: hyperplasia (tăng sản)
Increase in cell numbers. Hyperplasia is a characteristic of
tumor growth
Terminology: hypertrophy (phình to)
Increase in size of individual cells. Muscle, cardiac, and
renal cells exhibit hypertrophy when workload is
increased
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 hypo- means deficient, under (thiếu hụt, dưới)
Terminology: hypodermic injection (tiêm dưới da)
Terminology: hypoglycemia (hạ đường máu)
 in- means not
Terminology: insomniac (mất ngủ)
 in- means into, within
Terminology: incision (đường mổ)
 infra- means beneath, under (bên dưới)
Terminology: infracostal (hạ sườn)
 inter- means between
Terminology: intercostal (liên sườn)
Intercostal muscles lie between adjacent ribs
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 intra- means in, within, into (trong)
Terminology: intravenous (trong tm)
 macro- means large
Terminology: macrocephaly (đầu to)
 mal- means bad
Terminology: malaise (khó chịu)
This is a French word meaning discomfort. It is a
symptom of illness often marking the onset of a disease.
Terminology: malignant (ác tính)
From the Latin ignis, meaning fire. Benign (ben- = good)
is noncancerous, whereas malignant means cancerous.
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 meta- means beyond, change
Terminology: metacarpal bones (xương bàn tay)
The five hand bones lie beyond the wrist bones but before
the finger bones (phalanges).
Terminology: metamorphosis (thay đổi hình dạng)
Meta- means change in this term. The change in
development from the larval (caterpillar) stage to the adult
(butterfly) is a form of metamorphosis. Embryonic
(immature) stem cells spontaneously change (undergo
metamorphosis) to form different types of mature cells.
Terminology: metastasis (di căn)
Meta- = beyond and -stasis = controlling, stopping. A
metastasis is a malignant tumor that has spread to a
secondary location
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 micro- means small (nhỏ)
Terminology: microscope (kính hiển vi)
 neo- means new
Terminology: neonatal (sơ sinh)
The neonatal period is the interval from birth to 28 days.
Terminology: neoplasm (mới phát triển)
A neoplasm may be benign or malignant
 pan- means all
Terminology: pancytopenia (thiếu tế tất cả tế bào: HC,
BC, TC)
Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 para- means abnormal, beside, near (gần, bất thường)
Terminology: paralysis (liệt)
Abnormal disruption of the connection between nerve and
muscle. Originally from the Greek paralusis, meaning
separation or loosening on one side, describing the loss of
movement on one side of the body (occurring in stroke
patients)
Terminology: parathyroid glands (tuyến cận giáp)
Para- means beside. The four parathyroid glands are
located behind the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone
that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissues
 per- means through
Terminology: percutaneous (qua da)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 peri- means surrounding
Terminology: pericardium (màng ngoài tim)
Terminology: periosteum (vỏ xương)
 poly- means many, much
Terminology: polymorphonuclear (đa nhân)
Terminology: polyneuritis (viêm đa dây TK)
 post- means after, behind
Terminology: postmortem (sau khi chết)
Terminology: postpartum (sau sinh)
 pre- means before, in front of
Terminology: precancerous (tiền ung thư)
Terminology: prenatal (trước khi sinh)
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 pro- means before, forward
Terminology: prodrome (tiền triệu)
Prodromal signs and symptoms (rash, fever) appear
before the actual illness (such as chickenpox) and signal
its onset. Altered mood, fatigue, flashes of light, or stiff
muscles may accompany the prodromal migraine aura that
occurs before the actual headache.
Terminology: prolapse (xệ xuống)
The suffix -lapse means to slide, sag, or fall
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 pros- means before, forward
Terminology: prosthesis (bộ phận giả)
An artificial limb is a prosthesis
 re- means back, again
Terminology: relapse (tái phát)
A disease or its signs and symptoms return after an
apparent recovery.
Terminology: remission (thuyên giảm)
Signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better.
Remission may be spontaneous or the result of treatment.
In some cases a permanent remission means the disease is
cured.
Terminology: recombinant DNA (DNA tái tổ hợp)
Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA techniques
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 retro- means behind, backward (phía sau)
Terminology: retroperitoneal (sau màng bụng)
Terminology: retroflexion (sau đoạn cong)
An abnormal position of an organ, such as the uterus, bent
or tilted backward
 sub- means under
Terminology: subcutaneous (dưới da)
 supra- means above, upper
Terminology: suprapubic (lq phía trước xương mu)
The pubis is one of a pair of pubic bones that forms the
anterior part of the pelvic (hip) bone.
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 syn-, sym- means together, with (cùng nhau, với)
Terminology: syndactyly (tật dính ngón)
Terminology: synthesis (tổng hợp)
In protein synthesis, complex proteins are built up from
simpler amino acids.
Terminology: syndrome (hội chứng)
Terminology: symbiosis (cộng sinh)
Before the letters b, m, and p, syn- becomes sym-.
Terminology: symmetry (tính cân xứng)
Terminology: symphysis (growth together)
A symphysis is a joint in which the bony surfaces are
firmly united by a layer of fibrocartilage.
3. PREFIXES AND TERMINOLOGY
 tachy- means fast
Terminology: tachypnea (thở nhanh)
 trans- means across, through
Terminology: transfusion (truyền)
Terminology: transurethral (qua niệu đạo)
 ultra- means beyond, excess (quá tầm, dư thừa)
Terminology: ultrasonography (dư thừa)
 uni- means one
Terminology: unilateral (một bên)
 1. COMBINING FORM (ôn tập)
 carp/o  immun/o  the/o
 cib/o  morph/o  thel/o, theli/o
 cis/o  mort/o  thyr/o
 cost/o  at/i  top/o
 cutane/o  nect/o  tox/o
 dactyl/o  norm/o  trache/o
 duct/o  ox/o  urethr/o
 flex/o  pub/o
 furc/o  seps/o
 gloss/o  somn/o
 glyc/o  son/o
 2. SUFFIX (ôn tập)
 -blast  -mission  -pnea
 -crine  -or  -ptosis
 -drome  -oxia  -rrhea
 -fusion  -partum  -stasis
 -gen  -phoria  -trophy
 -lapse  -physis
 -lysis  -plasia
 -meter  -plasm
 2. SUFFIX (ôn tập)
 -blast  -mission  -pnea
 -crine  -or  -ptosis
 -drome  -oxia  -rrhea
 -fusion  -partum  -stasis
 -gen  -phoria  -trophy
 -lapse  -physis
 -lysis  -plasia
 -meter  -plasm
 3. PREFIX (ôn tập)
 a-, an-  de-  in-
 ab-  dia-  infra-
 ad-  dys-  inter-
 ana-  ec-, ecto-  intra-
 ante-  endo-  macro-
 auto-  epi-  mal-
 bi-  eu-  meta-
 anti-  ex-  micro-
 brady-  hemi-  neo-
 cata-  hyper-  pan-
 con-  hypo-  para-
 contra-  in-  per-
 3. PREFIX (ôn tập)
 peri-  retro-
 poly-  sub-
 post-  supra-
 pre-  syn-, sym-
 pro-  trans-
 pros-  ultra-
 re-  uni-
 4. TERMINOLOGY (ôn tập)
 apnea  bilateral  diameter
 anoxia  antibiotic  diarrhea
 abnormal  antibody  dialysis
 abductor  antigen  dyspnea
 adductor  antisepsis  dysplasia
 adrenal glands  antitoxin  ectopic pregnancy
 anabolism  bradycardia  endocardium
 analysis  catabolism  endoscope
 ante cibum  congenital anomaly  endotracheal
 anteflexion  connective  epithelium
 antepartum  contraindication  euphoria
 autoimmune disease  contralateral  euthyroid
 bifurcation  dehydration  exophthalmos
 4. TERMINOLOGY (ôn tập)
 hemiglossectomy  malignant  polymorphonuclea
 hyperglycemia  metacarpal bones  polyneuritis
 hyperplasia  metamorphosis  postmortem
 hypertrophy  metastasis  postpartum
 hypodermic injection  microscope  precancerous
 hypoglycemia  neonatal  prenatal
 insomniac  neoplasm  prodrome
 incision  pancytopenia  prolapse
 infracostal  paralysis  prosthesis
 intercostal  parathyroid glands  relapse
 intravenous  percutaneous  remission
 macrocephaly  pericardium  recombinant DNA
 malaise  periosteum  retroperitoneal
 4. TERMINOLOGY (ôn tập)
 retroflexion  unilateral
 subcutaneous
 suprapubic
 syndactyly
 synthesis
 syndrome
 symbiosis
 symmetry
 symphysis
 tachypnea
 transfusion
 transurethral
 ultrasonography