Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

ABSTRACT
A fogging machine uses heat to Convert liquid Pesticide into a fog or gas. Fogging Machine is very
favoured equipment used for mosquitoes control operation. These foggers are helpful in conserve
disease free environment. The Machine is the best for healthful living. plant protection, industries
etc. These fogging machines are modernistic designed with super excellence high performance and
efficiency. A Portable Fogging Machine have its name so because it is a device that uses heat
emission a fog without demeaning the active additive. A fogger produces droplet of changed sizes
including a multitude of very small droplets. Ultra-low-volume (ULV) and thermal fog aerosol
dispersals of pesticides have been used against mosquitoes and other insects for half a century.
Although each spray technology has advantages and disadvantages, only 7 studies have been
identified that directly compare their performance in the field. US military personnel currently
operating in hot-arid environments are impacted by perpetual nuisance and disease vector insect
problems, despite adulticide operations using modern pesticide-delivery equipment such as ULV.
None of the identified comparative studies has looked at the relative feasibility and efficacy of ULV
and thermal fog equipment against mosquitoes in hot-arid environments. In this study we examine
the impact of ULV and thermal fog applications of malathion against caged sentinel mosquitoes in
the field in a warm temperate area of Florida, followed by a similar test in a hot-dry desert area of
southern California. Patterns of mortality throughout 150 m 3 150 m grids of sentinel mosquitoes
indicate greater efficacy from the thermal fog application in both environments under suboptimal
ambient weather conditions. We discuss the implications of these findings for future military
preventive medicine activities and encourage further investigations into the relative merits of the 2
technologies for force health protection.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A fog machine, fog generator or smoke machine is a device that emits a dense vapour that appears
similar to fog or smoke. This artificial fog is most commonly created by vaporizing proprietary
water and glycol-based or glycerin-based professional entertainment applications. Smaller fog
machines are becoming common for personal use. Fog machines can also be found in use in a
variety of Domestic area, Commercial area, Agriculture or random open ground, Forest department,
Food industry applications.

Typically, fog is fluids or through the atomization of mineral oil. This fluid vaporizes or atomizes
inside the fog machine. Upon exiting the fog machine and mixing with cooler outside air the vapor
condenses, resulting in a thick visible fog.

Ultra Low Volume (ULV) fogging is used by pest control industry and cleaning companies. ULV
refers to the droplet size (between 20–30 micrometers) generated by these fog machines. This fine
droplet size is known as the optimum size for pest control.

Traditional thermal fog machine technology has difficulty reaching crawling pests such as roaches,
flea, and rodents due to the droplet size being too fine (less than 10 micrometers). It is often found
that small droplets are blocked by the "air- curtain" of insects and rodents. Cold Fogging, in contrast,
is heavy enough to penetrate these "air-curtains" as well as light enough to be evenly distributed
within aroom.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine
CHAPTER II

LITERATURE SURVEY
1. United States Department of Agriculture et.al[1]: Agricultural Research Service, Center for
Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville,
FL32608.
2. Navy Entomology Center of Excellence et.al[2]: Naval Air Station, PO Box 43, Jacksonville,
FL32212. While PAA is a product of a chemical reaction between hydrogen peroxide and
acetic acid, it is superior to hydrogen peroxide because of its lipid solubility, potent
microbicidal activity at low temperatures (Hussaini & Ruby, 1976; Jones et al., 1967), and
tolerance to organic soiling (Baldry & French, 1989; Sagripanti & Bonifacino, 1997). “The
excellent disinfecting and cold sterilization action of PAA” was reported as early as 1902 (Freer
& Novy, 1902).
3. Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District et.al[3]: 43-420 Trader Place, Indio,
CA92201.
4. Arbovirus Research Unit et.al[4]: Center for Vector borne Diseases, School of Veterinary
Medicine,University of California, and Davis, CA95616.
5. Camp Blanding Joint Training Site et.al[5]: 5629 State Road 16W, Starke, FL32091. The
system generated fine fog particles, which were almost uniform at 10 microns in size. They
used a number of disinfectants—acidic electrolyte water, alkyldiaminoethylglycine,
benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, glutaral, povidone iodine, and sodium
hypochlorite. Since that time, fogging technology has improved and is currently known as
the dry fogging system (DFS).
6. Pest Management Board 2010 et.al[6]: failure to control nuisance and vector insect problems
in recent desert military operations underscore the need to reexamine current control strategies
(Linthicum et al.2007, Cope et al. 2008, Dalton2008).

7. Consultech Engineering et.al[7]: When the temperature drops, water vapor in the environment
condenses and produces a thick white layer in the sky, making it difficult to see clearly. It does
not pose a threat to the environment. Our technology allows us to manage the particle size of
the fog, which is smaller than the particle size of liquids, allowing for more mobility and
penetration to deeper areas. This ensures thorough disinfection.
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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

8. Farrington et.al[8]: Chemical compounds that can be turned into fog may be utilized to
disinfect. Fog machines or fog generators may be used to achieve this effect. With this in mind,
we've created a fog generator that workswell.

9. Pottage, T., Richardson et.al[9]: The Covid epidemic is spreading very fast. We know Covid is
a deadly disease. The whole world is terrified of this disease and millions have died. Like
Covid-19, respiratory diseases spread rapidly through the hands. So hands should always be
kept sterile and clean to prevent the disease. Fogging machine is a good way to prevent Covid
but now the problem is that many people do not want to use foggers using within analog
method. Manual use of hand sanitizers used in analog methods may increase the risk of reverse
infection rather than reduce the risk of infection. The manual hand sanitizer is usually hand-
touched and hand-to-hand contact can help spread the infection. Moreover, the manual hand
sanitizers that are currently available in the market consume more time. On top of that, hand
sanitizer's antiseptic chemicals are harmful to young children. Since alcohol is used to make a
large number of disinfectants many large offices hire extra people to sanitize everyone in the
office. This increases the cost of any organization. Many people are reluctant to use liquid hand
sanitizer since it keeps the hands wet for a long time after use. Moreover, they run out very
quickly. On the other hand, disinfectant chemicals are a little expensive. Many people are
reluctant to use the hand sanitizers that are currently used because of high costing. The same
amount of liquid that can disinfect 5 people can be used to disinfect more people with a spray
machine. Anyone is usually attracted to using digital automated systems. People are usually
attracted to everything that is easy and where they find comfort. And with these problems in
mind, our project has been though.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

10. Four Broadway productions et.al[10]: Les Miserable, Miss Saigon, Phantom of the Opera, and
Grand Hotel) using theatrical "smoke" were selected for study. Dress rehearsals were arranged
to conduct personal breathing-zone (PBZ) and general area (GA) air sampling to quantitative
the "smoke" exposure. A questionnaire was administered to the actors; it addressed the
frequency and severity of irritant and respiratory symptoms associated with exposure to
theatrical "smoke." A small number of PBZ air samples were collected on electricians,
carpenters, and other personnel who may have been exposed to the theatrical "smoke" during a
performance. To determine if the prevalence of symptoms among actors in shows using
theatrical "smoke(s)" differed from the symptom prevalence in non-"smoke"- using productions.
NIOSH investigators administered the same questionnaire to performers in five Broadway
productions in which no theatrical "smoke" was used (Lost in Yonkers, Gypsy, Getting Married,
Once on This Island, and Six Degrees ofSeparation).

11. Watling, D., Ryle, C., Parks, M., & Christopher, M.et.al[11]: In order to examine the
published literature on theatrical smokes and fogs, a search was conducted using medical and
occupational health data bases (Medline, 1966 to the present, and Silver platter OSH ROM,
1995, which includes NIOSHTIC, HSELINE, CISDOC and MHIDAS) using terms related to
the atmospheric effects (theatrical smoke, theatrical fog, theatrical, performing arts,
pyrotechnics, and special effects) and terms related to the main agents used to create the effects
(mineral oil, glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and
butylene glycol). The search revealed that research on the topic of theatrical fog exposures and
health effects is verylimited.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

12. US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) et.al[12]: data, which
examines all industries in a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of the US population,
found that the entertainment industry was one of the main industries identified with self-
reported work-related asthma and work-related wheezing30. There have been three studies
specifically examining the health effects of theatricalfogs.

13. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) et.al[13]: conducted
a health hazard evaluation in theatrical productions in 1991, with a follow up in 1993.
Consultech Engineering (Omaha, Nebraska) conducted a mailed survey of actors in 1993. From
1997 to 1999, the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Environ International conducted a study
of exposures and irritant health effects in performers in Broadway musicalproductions.

14. Portner and Hoffman et.al[14]: The 1993 survey was designed to evaluate the relationship
between occupational asthma symptoms and theatrical fog exposures among 37 actors who had
reported symptoms consistent with asthma in 1991, and 68 asymptomatic controls. Participants
were asked to submit peak flow measurements and complete questionnaires about medical and
work histories. Only 65 subjects (62%) submitted complete or partial information.

15. Consultech Engineering et.al[15]: carried out a survey in 1993 to investigate perceived health
problems reported by actors exposed to glycol fogs. A questionnaire with 50 questions about
health problems, exposure levels, and impact of health effects on work attendance and
performance quality, and confounders was published in a monthly publication distributed to
approximately 14,000 people in the industry. Of these, 3,000 to 4,000 were believed to be
working with glycol fogging products.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH GAP

Fumigation is a widely used method for pest control in agriculture, forestry, and urban settings.
Fumigation machines are an essential tool for delivering the fumigants to the target areas.
However, despite the importance of fumigation machines, there are several research gaps in this
area that need to be addressed. Here are some potential research gaps:

1. Development of more efficient fumigation machines: While fumigation machines have been
in use for many years, there is still room for improvement in their design and efficiency.
Research could focus on developing machines that use less fumigant while still achieving the
desired pest control.

2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of different fumigants: There are many different fumigants
available, each with different properties and effectiveness against different pests. Research
could evaluate the effectiveness of different fumigants and their delivery methods to determine
the best options for different applications.

3. Study of the environmental impact of fumigation: Fumigation can have negative impacts on
the environment, including air and water pollution. Research could focus on evaluating the
environmental impact of fumigation and developing methods to mitigate these impacts.

4. Optimization of fumigation protocols: Fumigation protocols vary depending on the target

pest, the fumigant used, and the application method. Research could focus on optimizing
fumigation protocols to improve efficacy and reduce environmental impacts.

5. Safety considerations for fumigation workers and nearby communities: Fumigation workers
and nearby communities may be exposed to fumigants, which can be harmful to human health.
Research could focus on evaluating the risks and developing safety protocols to minimize
exposure.

Overall, research in these areas could lead to improvements in the efficiency, effectiveness, and
safety of fumigation machines and their use in pest control.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER IV
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of fumigation or fogging machine are
1. To design an automated fumigation machine with rotating head this covers larger area.
2. To make the machine which can operated by a single man
3. To make less harmful for human beings and animals.
4. To make an effective, convenient and eco-friendly machine.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine
CHAPTER V

METHODOLOGY

DESIG
N

IDENTIFYING THE
PROBLEM

LITERATURE
SURVEY

FABRICATI
ON

OPERATI FIELD
NG TRAILS

RESULT AND
CONCLUSION

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER VI

TIME ESTIMATION TO COMPLETE PROJECT

6.1. ACTION PLAN

ACTIVITY AND SUB-ACTIVITY WISE BREAK-UP

Title – "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE FUMIGATION MACHINE ".

ACTIONDESCRIPTION RESOURCESREQUIRED DURATION

Designing works Modeling

1-02-2023 to 15-02-2023
Material selecting Raw materials
1-02-2023 to 15-02-2023

Development works Developing model 01-03-2023 to 10-03-2023

Fabrication works Process of manufacturing 10-03-2023 to 31-03-2023

Repellents selection & testing Examine the chemical 01-04-2023 to 03-04-2023

Trails Field run 04-04-2023-09-04-2023

Final checking before present Checking the prototype 10-04-2023 to 30-04-2023

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine
CHAPTER VII

FABRICATION

7.1. DESIGN

Using “SOLID WORKS” software the above design is done .

The components used are;
1) Copper tube with aluminum casting
2) Pump assembly
3) Heating element
4) Housing
5) reservoir

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

7.2. MATERIAL SELECTION

1) COPPER TUBE WITH ALUMINIUM CASTING

Copper tube is mostly often used for heating system and as a refrigerant line HVAC (heating
ventilation and air conditioning) systems.
2) PUMP ASSEMBLY

Pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical
energy into hydraulic energy.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

3) GAS TORCH AND BUTANE CYLINDER

A gas torch is a device used to heat the objects by burning fuel present in the cylinder (here
butane is used as fuel)

4) PESTICIDES

The pesticides the chemical compounds that used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi
and unwanted plants. Over 1000 types of pesticides are used worldwide. These are also used in
Public health to kill vectors of diseases.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

7.3. IMAGES OF FABRICATING MODEL

Figure 1: Case for covering assembly

Figure 2:Coil assembly for connecting reservoir

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

Figure 3: Burner

Figure 4:Fogging Coil

Figure 5: Coil assembly

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER VIII

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

 Fog machine technology has difficulty reaching crawling pests such as roaches, flea, and
rodents due to the droplet size being too fine (less than 10micrometers). It is often found
that small droplets are blocked by the "air- curtain" of insects and rodents. By this project
we are aiming to achieve the fine droplet size to kill the pests.

 Our main aim is to obtain an eco friendly and efficient machine which should be used for multipurpose
like in industries and domestic purpose also.

 It also requires less maintenance with a comparatively longer life.

 It would be advantageous when compared to traditional machine.

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 Design And Fabrication of Multipurpose Fumigation Machine

CHAPTER IX
REFERENCES

1. "What is a fogging device?” BBC News. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-07- 02.
2. News-Bsiasmoke.htm BIA Welcomes new EuropeanStandard.

3. Fog Machines: The Optimal Pest Control Droplet Size". Mackay Pest Control. Retrieved
2016-09-22.
4. Glycerin - NIOSH ToxicityData.

5. Burr GA, Van Gilder TJ, Trout DB, Wilcox TG, Driscoll R. NOSH Health Hazard Evaluation
ETA 90-0355-2499. Actors EquityAssociation.
6. Moline JM, Golden AL, Highland JH, Walmart KR, Kao AS. Health Effects Evaluation of
Theatrical Smoke, Haze and Pyrotechnics. Prepared for Actor's Equity Pension and Health
Trust Funds. June 6,2000.
7. Weislander G, Norback D, Lindgren T. Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in
aviation emergency training: acute ocular and respiratory effects. Occupational and
Environmental Medicine. 2001 Oct; 58(10):649- 55.
8. Varughese S, Teschke K, Bauer M, Chow Y, van Netten C, Kennedy SM. Effects of
theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. American
Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2005 May; 47(5):411-8.
9. ANSI HE'.5 - 2003, Entertainment Technology - [Theatrical Fog Made With Aqueous
Solutions Of Di- And Triadic Alcohols F&S/1997-3017r7.5 Theatrical Fog Made With
Aqueous Solutions Of Di- And Trihydric Alcohols F&S/1997-3017r7.5]
10. Gregory E. Raymond,Recommended Exposure Liquid FoggingAgents Archived 2013-01-19 at
archive.today
11. TeschkeK,ChowY,vanNettenC,VarugheseS,KennedySM,BauerM. Exposures to atmospheric
effects in the entertainment industry. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.
2005May;2(5):277-84.

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 Dr Ambedkar Institute Of Technology, Bangalore.

12. "Wie funktioniert eine Nebelmaschine?". Www.nebelmaschine-check.de. Retrieved 13 June

2016.
13. R S Khurmi, J.K Gupta (2005), a textbook of MachineDesign.

14. S. S. Rattan (2009), Theory of Machines, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, National

Institute of Technology,Kurukshetra.
15. Rose RI. 2001. Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management.

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