NCM 107

ACTIVITY #1

1. Draw the Male and Female reproductive organs. Label its parts.

2. Identify techniques and procedures in assessing (physical assessment) the human reproductive
system.
Answer:
When inspecting and palpating the male reproductive organ, the skin should normally looks wrinkled
and without lesions. The dorsal vein may be apparent. The glans should look smooth. The urethral
meatus is position just about centrally. Pubic hair should not have pest inhabitants. Palpate the shaft of
the penis between thumb and two fingers and normally it feels smooth, semifirm and nontender.
Inspect the scrotum, scrotal size varies with ambient room temperature. Asymmetry is normal, with the
left scrotal half usually is lower than the right. Spread rugae out between your fingers. Lift the sac to
inspect the posterior surface. There should be no scrotal lesions except for commonly found sebaceous
cyst. These are yellowish, 1cm and are firm, nontender and often multiple. The scrotal contents should
slide easily . testes normally feel oval, firm and rubbery, smooth, and equal bilaterally and are freely
movable and slightly tender to moderate pressure. The epididymis feels discrete, softer than the testis,
smooth and nontender. Palpate each spermatic cord between your thumb and forefinger along its
length from the epididymis up to the external inguinal ring. You should feel a smooth, nontender cord.
Palpate the inguinal canal. For the right side, ask the male to shift his weight onto the left (unexamined)
leg. Place your right index finger low on the right scrotal half so you carry as much skin as possible as you
proceed. Palpate up the length of the spermatic cord, invaginating the scrotal skin as you go, to the
external inguinal ring. It feels like a triangular slitlike opening. If positioned properly, it will admit your
finger; gently insert it into the canal and ask the man to “bear down.” Normally you feel no change.
Repeat the procedure on the left side. Palpate Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Initially the woman should be sitting to establish trust and rapport before the vaginal examination. For
the examination, place the woman in the lithotomy position with the examiner sitting on a stool. Help
the woman into supine position with feet in stirrups and knees apart, and buttocks at edge of examining
table. Ask the woman to lift her hips as you guide them to the edge of the table. Leave on shoes or
socks. Or you can place an examination glove over each of the stirrups to warm the stirrups and keep
her feet from slipping. Hair distribution is in the usual female pattern of inverted triangle, although it
normally may trail up the abdomen toward the umbilicus. Labia majora normally are symmetric, plump,
and well formed. In the nulliparous woman labia meet in the midline; after a vaginal delivery the labia
are gaping and slightly shriveled. No lesions should be present, except for occasional sebaceous cysts.
These are yellowish, 1-cm nodules that are firm, nontender. Urethral opening appears stellate or slitlike
and is midline. Assess Bartholin glands. Palpate the posterior parts of the labia majora with your gloved
index finger in the vagina and your thumb outside at 5 and 7 o'clock positionsUsing your index and
middle fingers, separate the vaginal orifice and ask the woman to strain down. Normally no bulging of
vaginal walls or urinary incontinence occurs. A good technique is to dedicate one hand to the patient
and the other hand to picking up equipment in the room. For example, hold the speculum in your left
hand (the equipment hand), with the index and middle fingers surrounding the blades and your thumb
under the thumbscrew. This prevents the blades from opening painfully during insertion. With your right
index and middle fingers (the patient hand), push the introitus down and open to relax the
pubococcygeal muscle. After the blades are fully inserted, open them by squeezing the handles
together. The cervix should be in full view. Sometimes this does not occur (especially with beginning
examiners) because the blades are angled above the location of the cervix. Try closing the blades,
withdrawing about halfway, and reinserting in a more downward plane. Then slowly sweep upward.
Once you have the cervix in full view, lock the blades open by tightening the thumbscrew.

3. Draw the adult circulation. How does blood flow throughout the body?
Answer:
 The blood first enters the right atrium
 He blood the flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
 When the heart beats, the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonic valve into the
pulmonary artery
 The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it pick up the oxygen and then leaves the
lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein
 The blood enters the left atrium, then descends through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
 The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta, the artery that
feeds the rest of the body through a system of blood vessels

4. Draw the fetal circulation. Cite the flow of blood from the mother to the fetus then back to the
mother.
Answer:
 Oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood are transferred across the placenta to the fetus
through the umbilical cord.
 This enriched blood flows through the umbilical vein toward the baby’s liver. There it moves
through shunt called the ductus venosus
 This allows some of blood to go to the liver. But most of this highly oxygenated blood flows to a
large vessel called the inferior vena cava and then into the right atrium of the heart.
Here is what happens inside the fetal heart:
 When oxygenated blood from the mother enters the right side of the heart, it flows into the
upper chamber (the right atrium) most of the blood flows across to the left atrium through a
shunt called foramen ovale
 From the left atrium, blood moves down into the lower chamber of the heart (left ventricle) it
then pump into the first part of the large artery coming from the heart
 From the aorta, the oxygen-rich blood is sent to the brain and into the heart muscle itself. Blood
is also sent to the lower body
 Blood returning to the heart from the fetal body contains carbon dioxide and waste products as
it enters the right atrium. It flows down into the right ventricle, where it normally would be sent
to the lungs to be oxygenated. Instead, it bypasses the lungs and flows through the ductus
arteriosus into the descending aorta, which connects to the umbilical arteries. From there, blood
flows back into the placenta. There the carbon dioxide and waste products are released into the
 mother's circulatory system. Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred
across the placenta. Then the cycle starts again.

5. Differentiate the adult circulation from the fetal circulation.

Answer: Fetal circulation is markedly different from circulation in adults. In the fetus, the main filtration
site for plasma nutrients and wastes is the placenta, which is outside of the body cavity. In adults, the
circulation occurs entirely inside the body.

Submit on or before September 9, 2021

NOTE:
No one but YOU shall draw the organs and structures stated.