Materials Today: Proceedings 31 (2020) A117–A121

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A short review on photocatalytic water purification study using

magnetic beads detergent
Diyana Faziha Mohamad, Norzahir Sapawe ⇑
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), Lot 1988 Vendor City, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor
Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The quality of water has been growing concerns amongst people as many rivers in Malaysia facing high
Received 27 December 2020 level water contamination problems with the rapid urbanization and industrialization. Water pollutants
Received in revised form 27 December 2020 is consists of the harmful compound founded in water or river significantly give an adverse effects to
Accepted 3 January 2021
humans, wildlife and ecosystems. Either in nature or synthetics, these pollutants are highly toxic, resist
Available online 19 February 2021
to degrade, semi-volatile, bio-accumulative, and mobile over considerable distances. The modification of
magnetic nanoparticles is prepared for them to improve their affinity and capability in degradation of
Keywords:
pollutants. Indeed it able to inhibit the aggregation of particles. By applying magnetic properties, these
Magnetic bead
Water pollutant
catalyst can be easily to regenerate and recycle by applying the external magnetic field to separate them.
Photocatalysis The magnetic bead detergents have been synthesized with a few modifications. The modification of mag-
Degradation netic beads significantly improves their pore size, mechanical strength, chemical stability, hydrophilicity,
Modification and bio-compatibility. Photocatalytic technique is promising a cure to solve a problem. Previous studies
shows that degradation of pollutant can achieved with variety of skills of modifications and methods.
Photocatalytic oxidation promising approaches towards water purification in which the AOPs technology
is applied in water purification from organic pollutant degradation which the radical act as oxidizing
agent for this studies. Activity of photocatalytic are highly depending on a parameter which play the role
in order to achieve of high removal of pollutant degradation. Previous studies are compared in contents to
analyse the best results of magnetic beads modification for water purification.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Con-
ference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology: Materials Science.

1. Introduction
Water, i.e., H2O with 2 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen is
essential in our daily life. Without water, there is no life exist on
earth. In fact, around 71% surface of earth enclosed by water;
97% resides by oceans and 3% is by fresh water. From 3%, 68.7%
of fresh water is locked up in icecaps and glaciers and the remain-
ing of fresh water is in the ground; 0.3% in fresh lakes and rivers
[1]. With the growing of the population day by day, the water
availability per capita is declining as well, rise up the issues with
the challenge of limited amount of freshwater availability. How-
ever, the major challenge with water pollution become a concern
since it is not only affect the environment but to human health
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: norzahir@unikl.edu.my (N. Sapawe).
as well. As per the statistics, around 783 million of people suffering
from access to clean water world widely [2]. About 319 million
people in Sub-Saharan Africa have no access to safe drinking water;
443 million school days come-up with water-related disease in
yearly [3]; 2.6 billion people lacking with sanitation thus con-
tributes to 10% of global disease [4]. In fact, 80% of illnesses are
associated to bad sanitation conditions in emerging countries [5]
and ½ of beds in world’s hospitals were occupied with people suf-
fering with water-related disease [3] (Table 1).
It is clearly seen that the contaminated water gives severe
impact to human health even if taken for long period, it may lead
to cancer e.g. arsenic disease. There are two major sources of water
contamination which are direct sources (point sources) and indi-
rect sources (non-point sources). Basically, the direct sources orig-
inates from industries, treatment plants, refineries, factories, etc.
meanwhile, indirect sources may contact to the body through a

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.024
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology: Materials
Science.
Diyana Faziha Mohamad and N. Sapawe
Table 1
Various types of water-related illness.
Types of Sources Example References
diseases
Water borne Human or animal waste Cholera, [6]
typhoid, and
dysentery
Water washed Lack of clean water for Skin and eye [7]
washing infections
Water based Organism developed in Schistosomiasis [8]
water and the become
parasite
Water-related Mosquitoes breed in water Malaria and [9]
insect dengue
vector
number of process, e.g., the used of fertilizers and pesticides in
agricultural field, where the chemicals permeates down to the
groundwater then contaminate the water.
Numerous of technologies were applied to treat these com-
pounds i.e. adsorption, biotechnology, catalysis, etc. [10–18]. How-
ever, they suffer with incomplete removal, expensive of chemical
reagent, high treatment cost, long time-consuming, etc. As an
alternative to these problems, a development of new adsorbents
and technologies have been investigated and recently the advance-
ment in magnetic bead and nanotechnologies promising a lot of
potential especially in water purification process. The advantages
of nanoparticles properties in magnetic beads possess high reactive
capacity due to their large surface area. They can be functionalized
with various chemical groups to increase their affinity/selectivity
towards a given compound.
2. Magnetic nanoparticles behavior
The magnetic field is produced by the movement of particles,
i.e., electrons, holes, and ions (positive and negative ions) that have
both mass and electrical charges. A magnetic dipole is created by a
spinning electric-charged particles, so-called Magneton. Magneton
is associated with groups of ferromagnetic materials. The exchange
forces cause all magnetons are aligned in the same direction and
this situation refers to a volume of ferromagnetic material that
called as magnetic domain or Weiss domain. The concept of
domain is applied to distinguish ferromagnetism from paramag-
netism. The domain structure of a ferromagnetic material determi-
nes the size dependence of its magnetic behavior. Lower than the
critical value of ferromagnetic material’s size, it’s come to be a sin-
gle domain. Theoretically, if the particles smaller than certain crit-
ical size, the lowest state free energy of ferromagnetic particles will
become uniform magnetization otherwise non-uniform for larger
particles. It’s referred as single domain particles for the former;
multi-domain particles for the latter [19,20]. The theory of mag-
netic domain said that few factors will affect the critical size of sin-
gle domain, i.e. magnetic saturation value, crystal anisotropy
strength and exchange forces, wall energy of surface, and particle
shape. Hysteresis loop designated to elucidate the ferromagnetic
material’s reaction by applying field which is characterized based
on remanence and coercivity parameters. The ‘‘thickness” of the
curve is correlated to the latter. The coercivity of fine particles is
described as a single property and intensely size-dependent. Previ-
ous studies founded that the coercivity rises to a maximum level
and then declines to zero as the particle size is reduced as shown
in Fig. 1. For single-domain, coercivity becomes zero as the particle
size drops below a critical diameter and it is stated to be super-
paramagnetic. Superparamagnetism is strongly affected by ther-
mal effects where the thermal fluctuations spontaneously
demagnetize a formerly saturated assembly. For that reason, these
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Materials Today: Proceedings 31 (2020) A117–A121
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the coercivity-size relations of small particles.
particles obligate zeroes coercivity and have no hysteresis.
Nanoparticles become magnetized with the existence of an exter-
nal magnet, nevertheless it reverts to a nonmagnetic state once
the external magnet is discarded. This eludes an ‘active’ behavior
of the particles when there is no applied field. The crystalline mate-
rials that exhibit ferromagnetism are Fe, Co, or Ni. However, ferrite
oxide-magnetite is widely used as superparamagnetic nanoparti-
cles in numerous biological applications as it is utmost magnetic
compared to others minerals on earth [21–23].
3. Application of magnetic materials for water purification
The application of magnetic materials for water purification
gained a lot of interest nowadays. Basically these magnetic materi-
als composed of magnetic core of iron oxides, carbon materials, etc.
Recently, research related to nanomaterials widely investigated
with different shapes, morphologies, forms such as metal enclosing
nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites, dendrimers,
carbon nanotubes, nanofibers have been cast-off for water cleaning
process [24]. However, problem related to these nanomaterials
arises especially for separation of solid materials from aqueous
water as these materials is nano in particle size. To overcome these
problems, the using of magnetic nanomaterials is apply as it can
increase the efficiency in magnetic filtration of solid from aqueous
liquid [25]. The magnetic sorbents based on Fe oxides is applied for
solid liquid separation as the magnetic fields is more selective and
more efficient compared to centrifugation or filtration [25]. Here
are sort of the magnetic nano-adsorbents advantages for water
purification which are they are small in size, thus have a high sur-
face to volume ratio, the separation of solid liquid by magnetic sep-
aration is selective, faster than centrifugation and filtration
techniques, reusability, greater biocompability and magnetic
separation.
4. Photocatalysis technology for water purification
Photocatalysis is one of favorable advance processes (AOPs)
which rottenly applied in degradation of organic pollutants due
to their properties such as high efficiency, simplicity in their pro-
cess, good reproducibility, and easy handling [26] In 1980s, AOPs
have been proposed drinking water purification. It is also known
as oxidation process with the creation of hydroxyl radical (OH )
in various kind of pollutant degradation i.e. organic and inorganic
compounds. According to Prihod’ko & Soboleva, (2013) [27], photo-
catalytic oxidation promising approaches towards water purifica-
tion. The AOPs technology is applied in water purification from
Diyana Faziha Mohamad and N. Sapawe Materials Today: Proceedings 31 (2020) A117–A121

Table 2
Previous studies for water purification by magnetic beads.

No Adsorbent Parameters Pollutant Reference

1 Magnetic alginate beads pH: not significant Organic dyes [47]
Dosage: 6.6 g/20 mL
Initial concentration: 1 mmol/L
Adsorption capacity: 37.73 mg/g
2 Magnetic silica coated iron carbide/alginate beads pH: 3–4 Cu(ll) [48]
Dosage: 0.41 g/L
Initial concentration: 200 mg/L
Adsorption capacity: 37.73 mg/g
3 Magnetic Fe3O4@chitosan carbon microbeads pH: 9–11 Doxycycline [49]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: 20 mg/L
Adsorption capacity: -
4 Magnetic chitosan composite beads pH: 5 Cu(ll) [50]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: -
Adsorption capacity: 121.9 mg/g
5 Magnetic alginate hybrid beads pH: 5 Cr(VI) [51]
Dosage: 0.1 g/L
Initial concentration: 100 mg/L
Adsorption capacity: 14.29 mg/g
6 Potassium copper hexacyanoferrate embedded magnetic hydrogel bead pH: 3–11 Cs+ [52]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: 1 ppm
Adsorption capacity: 69.2 mg/g
7 Laccase encapsulated in core–shell magnetic copper alginate beads pH: - Synthetic pollutant [53]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: -
Adsorption capacity: -
8 Magnetic alginate beads pH: 7 Pb(ll) [54]
Dosage: 10 g
9Initial concentration: 400 mg/L
Adsorption capacity: 50 mg/g
9 Porous-Magnetic Chitosan Beads pH: 6.5 Cd2+ [55]
Dosage: 0.1 g/100 mL
Initial concentration: 13.5 mg/L
Adsorption capacity: 518 mg/g
10 Magnetic micro bead pH: - Contaminants in wastewater [56]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: -
Adsorption capacity: -
11 Magnetic alginate-chitosangelbeads pH: 2.8 Lanthanum ions [57]
Dosage: -
Initial concentration: 0.4 mmol/L
Adsorption capacity: 97.1 mg/g

organic pollutant degradation which the radical act as oxidizing
agent for this studies. The degradation by AOPs agent will covert
these pollutants to a smaller or uncontaminated substituents at
the end of process, this posing a decisive elucidation for water
purification [28].
Various technology of AOPs have been discovered and been
applied in water purification i.e. radiation, electrochemical oxida-
tion, Fenton-based reaction, photolysis, and photocatalysis [29–
45]. The study by Deng & Zhou (2015) [26], showed that the radical
of hydroxyl act as utmost reactive agent in water purification with
oxidation potential between 2.8 V, pH 0 and 1.95 V, pH 14. Sev-
eral pathways explained how the hydroxyl radical attacked the
organic pollutants in wastewater which are hydrogen abstraction,
radical combination, radical addition, and electron transfer. In
AOPs system, reaction with pollutants produced a carbon-centred
radical (R or R—OH) in the existent of O2. The carbon-centred rad-
ical chain can transform into organic peroxyl radical (ROO ) as
well. Commonly, radical is accompanied with formation of H2O2
throughout the process in the existent of super oxide (O2 ). Both
chain act as a chief towards chemical degradation to mineralize
all the organic compound present in wastewater.
According to Huang et al. (1993) [28], radical that formed from
hydroxyl have a short lifespan which just been done in situ pro-
duced throughout application via diverse approaches including a
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of oxidizing agents such as H2O2 and O3, the irradiation sources
light such as ultraviolet light or ultrasound, and catalyst such as
Fe2+. Principally, UV-based mechanism of AOPs is introduced via
photons with existing of catalyst or oxidants which lead to reac-
tions of OH , H2O, and O2
at the surface of catalyst. Tang
(2003) [46] stated that the hydroxyl radicals is formed from the
holes and electrons, meanwhile additional of ion OH is from the
effect of UV irradiation of of H2O2 or O3 as oxidants plus, e.g.,
one molecule of H2O2 that undergoes cleaved phase by UV irradia-
tion will generate two ions of OH and if the wavelength is beneath
than 242 nm, OH ion may also generate by photolysis of water
(H2O).
5. Previous studies
Nanoscience is one of the essential element in modern science
as nanotechnology is a beginning pathway to create a significant
advance in science life and healthcare for all scientist, engineers,
chemists, and physicians who working at molecular and cellular
levels. Nanoparticles offers a lot of interest due to its properties
behaviors such as unique size and their physiochemical posses-
sions. In recent years, numerous researchers give more attention
in synthesizing a different types of magnetic nanoparticles for
Diyana Faziha Mohamad and N. Sapawe
biotechnology, biomedical, material science, engineering and envi-
ronmental areas purposed.
The magnetic field is produced by the movement of particles,
i.e., electrons, holes, and ions (positive and negative ions) that have
both mass and electrical charges. A magnetic dipole is created by a
spinning electric-charged particles, so-called Magneton. Magneton
is associated with groups of ferromagnetic material. The crystalline
materials that exhibit ferromagnetism are Fe, Co, or Ni. However,
ferrite oxide-magnetite is widely used as superparamagnetic
nanoparticles in numerous biological applications as it is utmost
magnetic compared to others minerals on earth. Photocatalytic
reaction was extensively used in degrading organic pollutants
application due to their advantages, i.e., ambient operating tem-
perature and pressure, complete mineralization of parents, and
non-secondary pollution for their intermediate compounds and
low operation rate. Photocatalytic reaction is classified as redox
reaction as well as important on photocatalysis. Table 2 below
shows the previous studies for degradation of organic pollutant
by magnetic bead.
6. Conclusion
Photocatalytic are promising in removing pollutants in wastew-
ater with high removal rate or percentage. The modification of
magnetic nanoparticles is prepared for them to improve their affin-
ity and capability in degradation of pollutants. Indeed it able to
inhibit the aggregation of particles. In addition, the end products
from this photocatalytic reaction is harmless and convert to water
and CO2. The parameter gives the high result as conducted via opti-
mum condition of pH, amount of dosage, initial concentration. The
advantages of nanoparticles properties in magnetic beads possess
high reactive capacity due to their large surface area. They can
be functionalized with various chemical groups to increase their
affinity/selectivity towards a given compound.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Diyana Faziha Mohamad: Formal analysis, Investigation,
Methodology, Writing - original draft. Norzahir Sapawe: Concep-
tualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Valida-
tion, Visualization, Writing - review & editing, Supervision,
Project administration.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support by the Short-
Term Research Grant (STRG) from Universiti Kuala Lumpur (Grant
No. 17004 & 17029) and Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) Malaysia,
and also the Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian
Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology for their
support.
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