Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
MIMAROPA Region
Schools Division of Calapan City
Oriental Mindoro National High School
J.P Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

SECOND SEMESTER- FOURTH QUARTER

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

SLM BASED BLENDED LEARNING

Types of Qualitative Research Design

Types of Qualitative Research Design

The following are types of qualitative research design which could be used as technique in collecting and
analyzing data:
1. Case Study
- Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied
holistically by one or more methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
- Describe a person, a thing or an event for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence
- Studies a person, program or event in a defined time frame. Creswell (1998) says the structure of a case study
should be the problem, the context, the issues and the lessons learned.
- Examples are case studies of drug – rehabilitated teenager, transgender, gay marriages, success stories, among
others
Advantages:
➢ More understanding on complex issue
➢ Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a research problem.
➢ It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.
➢ Capacity to deal with a lot of factors to determine the unique characteristics of entity

Disadvantages:
➢ Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's interpretation of the findings
➢ Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect relationships.
➢ Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret
➢ The case may not be representative or typical of the larger problem being investigated.
➢ Extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research.
➢ Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for
the application of concepts

Example:

In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta (2016) entitled “SEEING THROUGH A MAGNIFYING
LENS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES”, adoption of the 12-year program of formal basic
education. This is the readiness of college faculty members on how to deal the transition years of having no
enrollees in college since high school were being added with 2 years more.

This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of k-12 implementation on education.

2. Ethnography
- Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. It also involves their beliefs, values and
attitudes.
- Since this design gives stress to the study of a group of people, in a way, this is one special kind of a case study.
The
only thing that makes it different from the latter is your participation as a researcher in the activities of the group.
- Mcmillan (1993) defines this type of research as interactive and which requires relatively extensive time in a
site to systematically observe, interview and record processes as they occur naturally at the selected location.
- One example is the ethnographic study on ethnic minority groups done by Dr. Liza Daoanis who did a study on
the surviving cultural heritage of the Kankaneys of Dalipay, Batangas, Benguet. The Kankaneys are one of the
ethnolinguistic groups that have resisted change through the years and so, have preserved their cultural traditions
and beliefs.

Example:
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC
INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein constructing the issue of men’s
identities, men’s health and well-being. The researcher describes in details the ways which masculinities were
observed every day.

The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within the two groups engaging men’s social
worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.

3. Grounded Theory
- It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data collected by the researcher. It is an approach
that generates and modifies a theory.
- The theory or general pattern of understanding will emerge as it begins with initial codes, develops into broad
themes or domains and redounds into a grounded theory or broad interpretation.
- It is an attempt to extract a general abstract theory of a process or interaction grounded in views of research
participants.
- The purpose is to build a theory that is faithful to the evidence. It is literally grounded on, or built on data
collected, a method of discovering new theory

Example:
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate partner violence from the
perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted of 37 Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were
recruited from a Barangay Center (Health Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-
structured interviews.
The interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The description of the study participants was
provided by the quantitative-descriptive data. Constant comparison method was used in categorizing the narrative
data and in examining the data for examples of similar cases and themes.

The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for understanding the perceptions
and experiences of Filipino women and men living with intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent
themes of poverty, gambling, alcohol and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and philandering.
Violation of the dignity of a person that brought with it children as victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.

4. Narrative Inquiry
- These are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to human beings.
- Narrative research is essentially about telling a story. It studies a single person or several individuals, gathers
data through the collection of stories or anecdotes, reports the person’s or individual’s experiences and discusses
the meaning of those experiences.
- A good researcher doing this must be able to describe in detail from the beginning, middle and end a person’s
experience on a particular topic of interest.
- It comes in several forms such as autobiography, biography, life history and personal experience.
Example:
In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent (2007) entitled “A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’
PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES”, it describes
what is happening or not from the viewpoint of the classroom teacher towards their teaching experience to their
students’ output.

In this research, teachers then reflect how they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support
that students received and the barriers encountered. So in this research, there are stories constructed by the
researcher, respondents and the reader.

5. Phenomenology
- A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It is a sensory experience that makes you
perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care giving, defeat,
victory, and the like.
- Comparing to ethnography, phenomenology aims at getting a thorough understanding of an individual’s
experience for the same person’s realistic dealings with hard facts of life. Ethnography aims at defining,
describing or portraying a certain group of people possessing unique cultural traits.
- The essence of this study is the search for “the central underlying meaning of the research participant’s
experience”.
The purpose is to understand an experience from the research participant’s point of view.
- One example of a phenomenological study could be that of comfort women during the WWII. Another could be
that of rehabilitated drug dependents or rescued trafficked women. Still another could be a study of college
graduates who opt to do community outreach with the poor sectors of the society, instead of practicing their
professions immediately after graduation.

Example:

Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new Philippine phenomenon that emerged involving Filipino physicians
who went back to school to take up nursing in the Philippines in order to migrate to foreign countries to work as
nurses. The purpose of his study was to describe and to interpret the lived experiences of Filipino physician-
turned nurses in the United States. Phenomenology was used as research design, with data obtained from a
purposive sample of eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Participants were interviewed using a single, open-ended central question. The audio taped responses that
described their lived experiences were eventually transcribed verbatim. To interpret their experiences, clusters of
themes were then generated using the Colaizzi's (1978) method of Phenomenological Inquiry. The results of the
study revealed that the experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses involved multidimensional issues, both in
the contexts of emigration and a professional shift from physician to nurse. Being the first of its kind, this study
will enlighten society of the lived experiences of Filipino physicians who compromise professional integrity by
working as nurses just to immigrate to the United States.
Furthermore, this research study will contribute to the existing literature on cross-cultural adaptation, particularly
involving role compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural context.
Sampling
- In research, sampling is a word that refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or
people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study. The chosen ones constitute the sample through
which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or conclusions propounded by your research
problem. The bigger group from where you choose the sample is called population.
Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods
1. Probability Sampling (Unbiased Sampling)
o is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory
of probability
o For instance, a population of 1000 members, each of these members will have 1/1000 chances of being selected
to be a part of a sample. It gets rid of bias in the population and gives a fair chance to all members to be included
in the sample.
A. Simple Random Sampling – method of collecting data where every single member of a population is
chosen randomly, merely by chance and each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen
to be a part of a sample.

• best type of probability sampling through which you can choose sample from a population.
It happens through any of these methods: (Burns 2012)

a. have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a card, and choose cards through a pure –
chance selection
b. have a list of all members, give a number to member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting
names from the list

2. Cluster Sampling – a method where the researchers divide the entire population into sections or clusters that
represent a population. Clusters are identified and included in a sample on the basis of defining demographic
parameters such as age, location, sex etc.
• This is a probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as
sample members. For example, if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1000 students, you can randomly select
three sections with 40 students each to constitute the sample.

3. Systematic Sampling - a method where members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population.
It requires selection of a starting point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals.
This type of sampling method has a predefined interval and hence this sampling technique is the least time-
consuming.

• For this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the
sample. For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and output
of a list of 1500 students, take every 15th name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.
4. Stratified Random Sampling - a method where the population can be divided into smaller groups, that don’t
overlap but represent the entire population together. While sampling, these groups can be organized and then
draw a sample from each group separately.
• The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data
analysis stage. A study needing group – by – group analysis finds stratified sampling the right probability
sampling to use.

2. Non-Probability Sampling
o is reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This sampling method is not a fixed or
predefined selection process which makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities
to be included in a sample.
o Non probability sampling disregards random selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen based on their
availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher. This is not a
scientific way of selecting respondents, neither does it offer a valid or an objective way of detecting sampling
errors.

1. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling/ Judgmental Sampling – is the most common sampling strategy. In this
type of sampling, participants are selected or sought based on pre-selected criteria based on the research question.
• You choose people whom you are sure could corresponds to the objectives of your study, like selecting those
with rich experience or interest in your study.
For example, the study may be attempting to collect data from lymphoma patients in a particular city or county.
The sample size may be predetermined or based on theoretical saturation, which is the point at which the newly
collected data no longer provides additional insights.

2. Quota Sampling – is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to sampling. Typically,
the researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain number of participants that meet certain characteristics
that may include things such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc.
• You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the characteristics of the target population very well. In
this case, you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population.
Using a quota or a specific set of persons whom you believe to have the characteristics of the target population
as regards such characteristics.

For example, a cigarette company wants to find out what age group prefers what brand of cigarettes in a particular
city. He/she applies quotas on the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+.

From this information, the researcher gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city.

3. Snowball Sampling – is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the participants refer the
researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study. This method often helps
researchers find and recruit participants that may otherwise be hard to reach.

• Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling method does not give a specific set of
samples. This is true for a study involving unspecified group of people.
Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, mendicants, drug dependents, call center workers,
informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of non-probability sampling. Free to obtain
data from any group just like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place, you tend to increase the
number of people you want to form the sample of your study.