ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education
Asia images/Shutterstock.com
Portrait created by DALL.E 2, concept by UNESCO IESALC
1. Complete the registration process in
ChatGPT and start using it with a free
account
2. Know the main applications of Artificial
Intelligence and specifically ChatGPT in
Objectives of this seminar higher education contexts
3. Reflect on the ethical challenges and
implications related to the use of
ChatGPT in the different dimensions of
higher education
4. Learn about the ethical
recommendations made by UNESCO on
Artificial Intelligence and how they can
be applied
1 What is ChatGPT?
2 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)
3 Applications of ChatGPT in higher education
Contents
4 Challenges and ethical implications
5 UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI
6 Adapting to ChatGPT in your higher education institution
1. Understand how ChatGPT works
and how to interact with it
2. Recognize the challenges and
Learning outcomes ethical implications around
ChatGPT and artificial
intelligence
3. Know more about UNESCO’s
approach to artificial intelligence
4. Develop a checklist for
conducting an AI audit in your
higher education institution
Thematic leaders
Dr Emma Sabzalieva Arianna Valentini

Head of Research and Foresight, UNESCO IESALC Research and Foresight Analyst, UNESCO IESALC
International higher education specialist with two Transforming education through technology and
decades of expertise in research, teaching, policy evidence-based practices with expertise in innovation,
analysis, consultancy, and university teaching, project management, and digital education
administration spanning three continents in Latin America and the Caribbean
ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Remember that:
• Artificial Intelligence is a rapidly developing

field
• This seminar is based on GPT-3.5
• The ethical implications of ChatGPT and

other forms of AI are swiftly advancing
• Keep up to date
Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash

1. What is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is a language model
A language model
that allows people to
GPT stands for
interact with a
"Generative Pre-
computer in a more
trained Transformer"
natural and
conversational way
Uses natural language

A form of generative processing to learn
AI because of its from Internet data
ability to produce and provide answers
original results to questions or
prompts

Where does ChatGPT get its data from?
• Trained on large text datasets

to learn to predict the next
word in a sentence.
• Generates coherent and
compelling human-like output
in response to a question or
statement.
• ChatGPT has around 175 billion
parameters
• 570gb of data representing 300
billion words have been
supplied to the system.
Equivalent to over 1.3 million
books!
Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash

A “computer robot” - what makes ChatGPT different?
• You can ask it anything
• User-friendly interface
• Does not take a position
• Data used to train ChatGPT’s responses goes up to

2021
• ChatGPT cannot verify the information it provides or

to assess its reliability
Photo by Andrea De Santis on Unsplash

How does ChatGPT explain itself?

Your next steps
1. Watch the tutorial video ‘Create an account

with ChatGPT’
2. Watch the tutorial video ‘How to use

ChatGPT’
3. Create your own account in ChatGPT

(if it’s available in your location)
4. Try out your own query. What would you like

to ask ChatGPT?
Photo by DeepMind on Unsplash

2. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
“ Machines based on AI “are potentially capable of
imitating or even exceeding human cognitive
capacities, including sensing, language interaction,
reasoning and analysis, problem solving, and even
creativity.”
UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific
Knowledge and Technology (2019). Preliminary Study
on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
ChatGPT e Inteligencia Artificial en la educación superior

Types of artificial intelligence
by capabilities by functionalities
Reactive machines
ANI / weak AI
Limited memory
Artificial
Intelligence
Comparable to
AGI / strong AI
human intelligence

Functions of AI
Function Reactive machines Limited memory

Characteristics • Store memories or experiences • Store information for a short time
• Solely react to a current scenario • React to this information
• Rarely applied to other scenarios
Example IBM’s Deep Blue computer Self-driving car
Garry Kasparov playing chess with Deep Blue Self-driving car

Image by Britannica.com Image by Bernard Marr

Machine learning
• Most popular technique of ANI
• Significant progress in recent years
• Computers receive data and the

answers expected from the data
• Rules are produced by identifying

patterns between data and expected
answers
Photo by Ali Shah Lakhani on Unsplash

Symbolic logic and knowledge graphs
Symbolic logic Knowledge graph

• Also called inference • Ways of connecting
engines or if-then models and explaining
different
• Most typically applied in
concepts/data
chatbots
• Not based on
• Closed questions determine
machine learning
nature of problem
• May refer users to a human

agent
Example of a knowledge
The chatbot Boti, provided by graph – result of
the city of Buenos Aires, entering the query
Argentina ‘UNESCO’ into a Google
search

3. Applications of ChatGPT in higher education
Why use ChatGPT in higher education?
• Wide range of uses
• Can perform many simple or technical tasks
• Could improve the process and experience

of learning for students
• Can be used as a standalone tool, or it can

be integrated into other systems and
platforms used by higher education
institutions (HEIs)
Photo by Xin Wang on Unsplash

Teaching and learning
Role Description Example of implementation
Possibility engine AI generates alternative ways of Students write queries in ChatGPT and use the Regenerate response function to examine alternative
expressing an idea responses.
Socratic opponent AI acts as an opponent to develop and Students enter prompts into ChatGPT following the structure of a conversation or debate. Teachers
argument can ask students to use ChatGPT to prepare for discussions.
Collaboration coach AI helps groups to research and solve Working in groups, students use ChatGPT to find out information to complete tasks and assignments.
problems together
Guide on the side AI acts as a guide to navigate physical and Teachers use ChatGPT to generate content for classes/courses (e.g., discussion questions) and advice
conceptual spaces on how to support students in learning specific concepts.
Personal tutor AI tutors each student and gives ChatGPT provides personalized feedback to students based on information provided by students or
immediate feedback on progress teachers (e.g., test scores).
Co-designer AI assists throughout the design process Teachers ask ChatGPT for ideas about designing or updating a curriculum (e.g., rubrics for
assessment) and/or focus on specific goals (e.g., how to make the curriculum more accessible).
Exploratorium AI provides tools to play with, explore and Teachers provide basic information to students who write different queries in ChatGPT to find out
interpret data more. ChatGPT can be used to support language learning.
Study buddy AI helps the student reflect on learning Students explain their current level of understanding to ChatGPT and ask for ways to help them study
material the material. ChatGPT could also be used to help students prepare for other tasks (e.g., job
interviews).
Motivator AI offers games and challenges to extend Teachers or students ask ChatGPT for ideas about how to extend students’ learning after providing a
learning summary of the current level of knowledge (e.g., quizzes, exercises).
Dynamic assessor AI provides educators with a profile of Students interact with ChatGPT in a tutorial-type dialogue and then ask ChatGPT to produce a
each student’s current knowledge summary of their current state of knowledge to share with their teacher/for assessment.

Research
Image created by UNESCO IESALC

Other applications of ChatGPT in research
• Complete the technical parts of research grant

applications (e.g., communications plans) No: It cannot
• Provide peer review of academic papers take
responsibility
• Generate entire academic journal articles for the content
or integrity of
articles
Yes: It can be a
co-creator of
knowledge
and therefore
an author
Can a non-human author can be considered a
contributor to the creation of knowledge?

Administration
Improve the efficiency of processes: Image by Acquire.io
• Respond to queries from applicants
• Find news, resources, and other information
• Send reminders or notifications
• Translate information for international

students/staff
• Help students:
• Sign up for courses

Creating a more personalized experience
• Fulfil course requirements • Available 24/7
• Supported across platforms (websites, social media, messaging
• Check administrative information (e.g., services, learning management systems/virtual campuses)
exam timetables, location of classes) • More conversational style

Community engagement
• Consider specific characteristics

• Geography, location, community
needs, local demographics etc.
• Develop targeted strategies to
improve community wellbeing
• Develop targeted communication
campaigns
• Include specific calls to action
Photo by Emiliano Vittoriosi on Unsplash

Reflection
1. Based on your role in higher education, which of

the applications of ChatGPT are most relevant for
you? Teaching and learning? Research?
Administration? Community engagement?
2. Which of the examples for implementing
ChatGPT in teaching and learning was most
interesting to you? Why? How might you use that
strategy in your own role?
3. Do you think ChatGPT should be permitted to be
an author of academic articles? How would you
support your position?

4. Challenges and ethical implications
Academic integrity
Main concern: Existing tools to

Increased risk of detect plagiarism may
plagiarism and cheating not be effective for
if students use ChatGPT ChatGPT
to prepare or write New applications can
essays and exams detect whether AI has
been used in writing
Deeper implications
for subjects that rely Most common
more on written responses by HEIs:
inputs or information • Ban ChatGPT
recall • Update or change
Image by Wilfrid Laurier University assessments

Lack of regulation
• ChatGPT is not currently

regulated
• Should its development be

paused?
• Allow risks to be
investigated and better
understood
• Develop shared protocols Open letter published by over 1,000 academics and private sector leaders in
March 2023 at https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/

Privacy concerns
• Unclear legal basis for

collection and storage of
personal data
• ChatGPT cannot
determine a user’s age,
so may provide
inappropriate responses
• Data collection and use is

fundamental to AI, so
how best to manage it?
In April 2023, Italy became the first country to ban ChatGPT on privacy grounds
Image by Analyticsinsight.net

Cognitive bias
• Not regulated, no ethical principles
• Cannot distinguish right from wrong,

true from false
• It collects and processes information

from the internet, thereby learning
cognitive bias
• Essential to critically analyse the

results it provides and compare them
with other sources of information
Photo by charlesdeluvio on Unsplash

Gender and diversity
• Lack of female participation in

subjects related to AI in higher
education
• Fewer female researchers

involved in research and
development on AI
• ChatGPT and other forms of AI

discriminate and reinforce
gendered and other stereotypes
Image from Mustang News

Accessibility
• ChatGPT is not available in all

countries
• Government regulations
• Censorship
• Other internet restrictions
• Uneven distribution of internet
• Availability
• Cost
• Speed
• Teaching, research and
Image from Tomasz Makaruk
development on AI not evenly
spread around the world
Commercialization
• ChatGPT – and other forms of AI – are created

by private companies
• Free version of ChatGPT will continue, but paid

version has more features
• Ethical issues relating to:

• Involvement of profit making companies
• Use of paid-for (not free/open source) tools
• Extraction of data for commercial purposes

Summary of challenges and ethical implications
Commercialization
Academic integrity
Accessibility Challenges and

Lack of regulation
ethical
implications of
ChatGPT
Gender and diversity

Privacy concerns
Cognitive bias
ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start

guide
5. UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI
UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI
• Provides a foundation so that AI systems work for

the betterment of individuals and societies
• Also for the good of the environment and

ecosystems
• Designed to prevent harm from or by AI
• Endorsed by Member States in November 2021
• Available free to everybody, in all six UNESCO

languages, in UNESCO’s Digital Library (UNESDOC),
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/

UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI
• Governments should adopt it

at national level
• Public and private sector

actors should benefit from
the ethical guidance

Recommendations for policymakers on AI and education
1. A system-wide vision and strategic priorities

2. Overarching principle for AI and education policies
3. Interdisciplinary planning and inter-sectoral
governance
4. Policies and regulations for equitable, inclusive, and
ethical use of AI
5. Master plans for using AI in education management,
teaching, learning, and assessment
6. Pilot testing, monitoring and evaluation, and building
an evidence base
7. Fostering local AI innovations for education

Reflection
1. Has the Recommendation on the Ethics of AI

been adopted in your country?
2. Do leaders in your HEI know about the

Recommendation?
If not, how could you bring it to their
attention?
3. Which of the recommendations for

policymakers on AI and education are the
most urgent in your context? How might you
implement them?

6. Adapting to ChatGPT in your HEI
Use ChatGPT with care and creativity
Discuss the impact of ChatGPT Introduce clear guidance and

with all stakeholders update policies
Review all forms of assessment Improve the queries posed to

and evaluation ChatGPT

Build capacity to understand and manage ChatGPT
Teaching provision Update existing courses Staff training

Add programmes and Teach AI literacy, ethics, Increase skills and
courses on ChatGPT/AI core AI competencies confidence
and skills
Faculty support Campus IESALC

Peer support and Stay tuned for more
mentoring learning opportunities!

Conduct an AI audit
1. Understand the current situation 2. Decide which AI to use 3. Monitor performance and
• What is data-driven AI?
equity
• Which areas could benefit from using AI?
• How can digital technology support this HEI’s (e.g., student services, assessment, • How effective is the AI technology in
functions? research) meeting the need that was identified?
• If the technology is based on AI: • Which AI technology could be chosen? • What criteria are used to measure
• What data does it collect? • What would be the criteria for effectiveness?
• How does its data processing work? choosing? • Can the data collected be used by the
• At institutional level, what relevant policies or • What value does the technology HEI?
regulations currently exist? add? • How can it be used?
• On the use of AI • How would data be protected? • How often is data collected?
• On privacy and data protection • What is the HEI’s position on open • To what extent is the AI technology
• On related areas (e.g., plagiarism, source/access vs commercial AI tools? overcoming or addressing equity
safeguarding) • How can the HEI ensure accessibility concerns?
• What external policies or regulations does the factors are considered? • How is this measured?
HEI need to account for (e.g., from government
or research funders)?
• Which types of AI are currently being used in
this HEI?
• In which functions or units?
• Do all stakeholders (faculty, staff,
students) have access to these tools?
• How is training and support provided?

Your next steps
1. Secure your knowledge by completing the end of course

assessment and earn a certificate and digital badge
2. Add your comments to the discussion forum to strengthen

social learning
3. Participate in a synchronous session with seminar

facilitators to share your experience and exchange ideas
4. Keep learning about ChatGPT, AI and higher education

5. Stay tuned for updates from IESALC
Photo by Mahdis Mousavi on Unsplash

Thank you!
www.iesalc.unesco.org
@unesco.iesalc @unesco_iesalc @unesco.iesalc UNESCO IESALC

References
UNESCO (2021) Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
UNESCO (2021) AI and education: Guidance for policy-makers. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000376709
UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (2019). Preliminary Study on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Available at:
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367823
https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/gpt-3/
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/gpt-4s-launch-another-step-change-ai-and-higher-education
Atlas, S. (2023) ‘ChatGPT for Higher Education and Professional Development: A Guide to Conversational AI’, College of Business Faculty Publications [Preprint]. Available at:
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cba_facpubs/548.
https://eduteka.icesi.edu.co/articulos/KNUST-como-usar-chatGPT-en-el-aula.
Srivastava, M. (2023) ‘A day in the life of ChatGPT as an academic reviewer: Investigating the potential of large language model for scientific literature review’. OSF Preprints. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/wydct.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/we-asked-gpt-3-to-write-an-academic-paper-about-itself-mdash-then-we-tried-to-get-it-published/.
Stokel-Walker, C. (2023) ‘ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove’, Nature, 613(7945), pp. 620–621. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z.
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 and https://www.wepc.com/tips/what-countries-is-chat-gpt-unavailable/.
Sullivan, M., Kelly, A. and McLaughlan, P. (2023) ‘ChatGPT in higher education: Considerations for academic integrity and student learning’, Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 6(1). Available at:
https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.17.
https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406
https://code.intef.es/noticias/chatgpt-un-riesgo-o-una-oportunidad-para-el-sector-educativo/, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chatgpt-large-language-model-bias-60-minutes-2023-03-05/
UNESCO IESALC (2021) Women in higher education: has the female advantage put an end to gender inequalities? Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377182
https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/closing-the-gender-gap
http://www.rochester.edu/college/honesty/assets/pdf/chatgpt-ai-guidance-for-instructors.pdf
https://conecta.tec.mx/es/noticias/nacional/institucion/tec-de-monterrey-recomienda-su-comunidad-uso-inteligente-de-chatgpt
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/depth/chatgpt-revolution-academic-research-has-begun

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Dr Emma Sabzalieva Arianna Valentini

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• Artificial Intelligence is a rapidly developing

• This seminar is based on GPT-3.5

• The ethical implications of ChatGPT and

Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Uses natural language

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• Trained on large text datasets

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• You can ask it anything

• Does not take a position

• Data used to train ChatGPT’s responses goes up to

• ChatGPT cannot verify the information it provides or

Photo by Andrea De Santis on Unsplash

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

1. Watch the tutorial video ‘Create an account

2. Watch the tutorial video ‘How to use

3. Create your own account in ChatGPT

4. Try out your own query. What would you like

Photo by DeepMind on Unsplash

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

ChatGPT e Inteligencia Artificial en la educación superior

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Function Reactive machines Limited memory

Garry Kasparov playing chess with Deep Blue Self-driving car

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• Most popular technique of ANI

• Significant progress in recent years

• Computers receive data and the

• Rules are produced by identifying

Photo by Ali Shah Lakhani on Unsplash

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Symbolic logic Knowledge graph

• May refer users to a human

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• Wide range of uses

• Can perform many simple or technical tasks

• Could improve the process and experience

• Can be used as a standalone tool, or it can

Photo by Xin Wang on Unsplash

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Image created by UNESCO IESALC

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

• Complete the technical parts of research grant

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide

Improve the efficiency of processes: Image by Acquire.io

• Respond to queries from applicants

• Find news, resources, and other information

• Send reminders or notifications

• Translate information for international

• Sign up for courses

ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide