1.

Electromagetic Static Relays

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Hello and welcome, everyone, very happy that we're all together again.

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And this story, everyone took up how We ll about the different types of relays, so fast in your pills

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And let's get started them. The Sartorialist to look up how This tutorial is to talk about the different
types of protection relays

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according to their principle of working as we have an evolution and the relay's design and technology

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due to the great development of the relay is through the time.

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So let's go ahead.

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First of all, we say that the relays have some different types according to that the working principle. /N
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And for that, we have three main types.

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The first one is the electromagnetic relays.

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The second one is the static relays.

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And the third one as is the digital relays.

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So let's start now with the electromagnetic type.
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The first type of relays we have now is the electromagnetic relays and the there are the oldest type of
relays

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that are used and in the prediction protection system.

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And for that, it's the first generation of the protection related relay technology.

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And the type of relays has two main types.

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The first one is the henges are Metcher Hinged armature electromagnetic type.

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So the working principle of that type of four lazies Relays that when the full fault current passes
through
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the current transformer, it's transferred from the current transformer to the relay coil.

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Like that coil here.

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Hence, an electromagnetic field is generated.

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And (in) the coil and this electromagnetic field cosies (coils) the call (coils) to magnetize it.

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And when the kyla's (coil) magnetize it, it's converted to a temporary magnet.

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And this term prudery (temporary) magnet will attract the mover pull (movable) contact of the relay to
be connected to the
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fixed contact.

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So this attachment or this contact between the move up (movable) contact and the fixed contact will
make

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current to pass through the relay. hands (Hence), the relay will send a signal to the circuit breaker to
create (break)
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these circuit.

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So that's for the Hanjin or Metcher (Hinged armature) type.
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Now, the second type as the induction desk (disc) type and this type has of the same electrical principle

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of the previous one.

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But at the changes, it's mechanical working in principle, as what happens here is that the fault current

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is passing through the call (coil) of the relay. Hence, the relay Cauldwell p (coil will be) magnetize it
and it will be converted

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to a temporary magnet.

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And this magnetic force of the relay coil will be used to rotate this movable desk (disc) with a specific
angular

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distance that is proportional to the full (fault) current, which means when they fold (the fault) current
passes through

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the coil, this desk (disc) will move with a specific angular distance.
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And this is specific angular distance will make the fix (fixed) contact to touch the movable contact.
.

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And when the two contacts touches each other, the current will pass through the relay.

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Hence, the relay will send a signal to the circuit breaker to prigg (break) the circuit.

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And this is the shape of the induction disk (disc) type protective relay, which is used Embley (in the)
protection of the power system.

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But as of this type has some mechanical parts and this mechanical design plays an important role in its
design.

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There may be many errors of the Tappan's (that happens) during the dynamic operation of that type of
relays.

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And for the disadvantage of that type of relay, as we move to invent a second generation of the
protection relays

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which as (is) these static relays and the basic idea behind the aesthetic relays is that it uses

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an operational amplifier like that one here.

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And this operational amplifier has two inputs and one output here.

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The output will give a high signal when the positive signal has a larger value than the negative signal,

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while the outputs will give a zero signal or a low signal when the positive input has the same value of
the negative signal.

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And to apply the principle of the impressionable (operational) amplifier, in our case of the protection
relay

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we find the positive input to be connected to the signal coming from the current transformer and the
negative input is connected to the setting signal.

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And this value of the current as a B (the) rated value of the current that is coming from the current
transformer

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that the current transformer since (sends) at the normal case with no fault condition or with no fault.
Hence

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at the normal condition, with no fault, the current transformer will send the rate signal to the positive
input

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And at the same time the negative input is set on the sitting (setting) value.

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That is the rate at current.

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So there will be no difference between the two signals.

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Hence, the output of the operational amplifier will pay zero, which means the operational amplifier

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will send as zero signal to the circuit breaker.

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So the circuit breaker will since (sink) no current or that is no fault at that case.

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So the circuit breaker will take no action or it will not take any action.
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And this is at the normal case.

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But suppose now that is a fault and in the circuit here, the positive input will be connected to the
current transformer, which has the full (fault) current. Now wildly (while) negative input.

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Will still having the rated current signal.

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And we know that before (the fault) current is very large and Bamby (than the) rated current..

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So there will be a great difference between the two inputs of the original (operational) amplifier, as the
positive input

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has a larger signal, which is the full (fault) current, while the negative input is having the rated current.

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And due to the difference between these two inputs, the output of the operational amplifier will peahi
(be high)

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at that case, which means we will send a high signal to the circuit breaker.
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So once the circuit breaker senses (sends) a high signal, it will break the circuit as a tricky ignites
(recognizes).

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that there is a fault in the circuit.

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So this is of the basic idea behind the second generation of the protection relays, which is the static
relays.
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But that type of prediction (protection) relays has a disadvantage, which is that its output signal and its
results is affected by the temperature.

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And this may produce some errors due to the temperature change.

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So there may be some errors in the results and due to this advantage of that type of relays
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we invented a third generation of the relays, which as the digital relay is.

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But we will start illustrating it on the next tutorial.

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So this tutorial at which we illustrated the first two types or the first two generations of the prediction
relays.

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That's the clear right now.

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Thank you for watching and see you next tutorials.

2. Digital Relays
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Hello and welcome, everyone.

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For happy that we are all together again and this story will continue talking about the different types

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of B be protection relays.

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So fasten your poles.

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And let's get started.

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The aim of this material is to continue talking to possibly different types of the protection relays.

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According to that working principle, as we have an evolution and the release, design and technology

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due to the great development of the relay is through the time.

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So let's go ahead.

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Now, the next time we need to discuss is be digital relays and the digital relay.

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Simple idea is that the current transformer and the voltage transformer is sending its signal to the

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relay.

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But this since signal is an analog one, hands on the relay has an analog to digital converter that

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is used to convert the current M.B bullish signals from an analog one to a digital one that can be read

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and stored.

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And the ram ramp of the relay and then the relay compared that since signal to the sitting signal that is

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stored on it.

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And if since signal equals the setting signal.

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This means there is no fault.

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Hence the relay will not send a signal to the circuit breaker.

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So the circuit breaker will not Chalaby copy while at the send signal is larger than be sitting setting
signal.

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This means that the send signal from the current transformer or from the voltage transformer is a false

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signal and we must take an action to prag beaker these circuit.

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Hence the relay will send a signal to the circuit breaker to breaker.

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These circuit and B the modules that the digital relay consists of are the analog to digital module that

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we just illustrated and the microprocessor that is supposed to p be the Prain of the system which
analyze

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these signals and give the results.

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And also we have a B as Mattick the arithmetic logic unit, which is responsible for making some
charismatic arithmetic operation

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and then dirigiste data that is used to store the digital values inside the relay and the memory of

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the relay that the relay used to store the information like the ascent decent valley value of the current
and the bullish voltage

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that the relay will treb trip the circuit of the incoming signal exceeds those values.

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Very good.

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But after generating this third generation of relay is a B digital ones, once we found that we need

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to make some modifications on them to improve their results.

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Hence, we invented the adaptive digital relays, which as a b fourth generation of the release and

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those released have some additional options with respect to the digital relays.
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And the first added feature is that it can change at setting value or be current and voltage at any

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time automatically, according to some data that it's collected from the powered network, which means

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it can change the value of the current that it's well preg the circuit at which.

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And also the second feature of that kind of relays is that it can distinguish between the ordinary
increase

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and the loop current and the case at which there is a true fault.

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And these circuits.

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And this means this relay can recognize well, which is the ordinary case of the circuit with no fault.

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And which case as the faulty one, ODAC has a fault.

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All right.

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Now, the less type of relay is we have as the multi-function digital relay and this type of relay,

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it is a collective one, which means it collects more than one function and wonderly.

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And this is because for all of the previous types of as we discussed, we need a single relay for each
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parameter.

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We need to detect its fault.

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For example, we need a separated relate to detect the over current condition and we need another one

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to detect the over voltage condition.

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And we need a third one for the distance protection.

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But here in the multi-function relay, we can use only one relay that detect more than one type of faults.

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So with can detect the overcut on the over voltage and it can work as a distance relay and one type.

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But the disadvantage of that type of four lazes that if there is a failure and one protection system,

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all of the protection systems will stop as this relay detects all the faults and one module.

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So its failure means a total failure in all of these functions.

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But to solve this problem, there must be a backup protection system or a backup protection device that

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is used in case of the failure of that type of really.
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So the pickup protection will work in case of this protection system failure more than great.

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So that's ApoB.

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This tutorial at which we continue talking about the different types of relay is how.

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That's the clear right now.

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Thank you for watching and see you next.

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Tutorials.
3. Fators Affecting Fault Current
Hello and welcome everyone. We're happy that we are all together again in the upcoming tutorials. We
will talk about the overcurrent relay over current really in some details so fast in your felt fast senior
vote and let's get started. The aim of this tutorial is to talk about this story also took a part of the the
factors that affect the value of the fault current that passes through the circuit and the overcurrent relay
which must detect that overcurrent or that fault current. So let's go ahead.
First of all, if we need to revise the full current condition that occurs in the power system and how the
overcurrent relay overcut interrelate can detect at, we say that if this is the overcurrent relay and those
are the current transformers connected to at, and if we say that at the normal case, the current passes
through that motor is about 100 ampere current path through that motor is a pouch, one hundred and
pier. So we will set the overcurrent relay on 100 ampere, which means that it will trap the circuit. At
the passing current is larger than 100 ampere greatly one hundred ampere gritli. Now, at the passing
current through that relay, as 90 ampere, . The over cannot the overcurrent relay will not sense any
fault. Hence it will not send any signal to the circuit breaker.
Hence, the circuit breaker will continue closing the circuit. But if the passing current now is about 200
amperes, this value is larger than the setting sitting value on the relay, which is 100 ampere, as we
said. So the relay will send a signal to the circuit breaker to treb the circuit. So that's the idea behind the
overcurrent relay, which is to give a signal of trapping the circuit if the path in current is larger than its
sitting current. All right, now we need to know what are the factors which affect the value of the fold
furled current.
This is because the value of the fold full current can change greatly according to some factors. So it
with can increase or it can decrease. Here, the first factor is the fault position the full possession, as
when the fault position becomes far from the relay position, the impedance that starts from the fault
from the fall to the relay will increase. Hence the fault the full currents current will decrease as the
current is inversely proportional to the impedance. And the inverse is right, as when the position of the
fault default becomes nearer to the position of the relay, which means the impedance between them is
smaller and better condition
At that condition, the full current will be well, p larger, and we can apply that concept on that network.
Here. Suppose this is the first transmission line that has an impedance of Z one zie one, and this is the
second part of the transmission line that has an impedance of Z two. And this is the third part, and it
has an impedance of Z three. Now, we can represent the network in a simple circuit like that one.
Here. As you see, we have the generator as Legian ray rater as the power source and then the
impedance of the first transmission line to PZ one and then the impedance of the second transmission
line to PZ two Peezy two.. And then the impedance of the third transmission line to PZ three. And
finally, the load that the power network is going to feed so we can simplify it. And that impedance
here.
Very good. Now, suppose a fault occurs at the end of the first part of the transmission line. So this fault
will make the circuit to be a shortage one on the first impedance, which is z one. And this means the
total current now will pass only through z one zie. Hence hands, the current will equal the source
voltage over
And this is a very large current because the impedance is very small, which is z one only as z. one, Ali.
So at that case, as the fault is very near to the source, the current is larger at that case. So at that case, as
the fault is BEA faulvery near to the source, the current will be large. But suppose we have another
case at which the fault occurs at the end of the second part of the transmission lines. So the total
impedance that the source will see is z one plus z two.
So the Soby impedance increases now, and this will make the fault full current to decrease a little bit.
So the full current now equals V source over z one plus z two, which will give a smaller value of the
fault current. At that case, as the fault current becomes further from the source a little bit. All right,
now suppose the fault default becomes at the third transmission line. So the impedance now will
increase to PZ one plus z two plus z three.
And this means the current passing through the circuit will equal the source voltage over zie z one plus
z two plus z three. And as the impedance increases here, the full current will decrease, or we will have
a smaller full current when comparing it with the previous two cases. So at that case, when the fault
becomes more further from the source or from the protection relay, really, the fault the full current
current will become smaller. But you can note at all of those types we illustrated before, there is no
ground and default, so the lines were not connected to the ground. But suppose in that case here, the
lines are connected to the ground and the fault case here there will be an Earth resistance which will be
added to the total impedance of the circuit.
So the full current now will equal the source voltage over z one plus z two plus z three plus R sub f,
which is the ground resistance. But as the ground resistance has a very large value, so soby the fault
current at that case will be very small. And for that reason, this type of fault is called the high
impedance fault. And this type of fault is a hard one to detect because this fault Folt current is nearer to
the rated the eRate current of the circuit as the fault resistance is very high. So it's not easy for the relay
to distinguish between the fault current and the rated current through the circuit.
Very good. So let's support the first factor affecting the fault So that's a public first factor affecting the
full current, which is the fault position the full possession. Now, the second factor affecting the fault
current is the strength of the power source. And the strength of the power source is measured by the
value of the source impedance, as when the source impedance decreases, this means we have a more
strong power source. While when the strength of the power source increases, this means we have a less
strong power source.
For example, if we have those three power sources that are connected in parallel to feed a network, like
that one here. Now, the total impedance of the power source will p any one of them over three, as they
are connected in parallel. So it will p x surpass over three, which is a lower value than x sub S. And as
this x sub s over three is a lower value, those power sources will represent a low source impedance.
Hence, the current handsley passing through the circuit will be the source voltage over x sub s
knowledge over X. over three, plus the network impedance.
But as x sub s over three is a smaller value, this will give a larger fault Folt current. So we can conclude
that when the power source is more strong, we will have a higher or a great fault grateful current, as we
have a lower source impedance. And the inverse is right, as when we have a higher source impedance,
we will have a less least strong power source, as you see. In that case, we have only one power source.
So the total source impedance will be X sub s, which is a larger value than the previous case.
So it represents a high source impedance. Now, and then the fault current equals the source voltage
over the fault the foltz resistance plus the source impedance. And the fault current now will be a
smaller value, as the source has a high impedance, as you see.
So we say that a bit less a strong power source, the lower a villain will fold current more than great.
So that's a. This material at which we took the part of the factors affecting the over current or the full
current and the over current really hold that sickly right now. Thank you for watching and see you next.
Tutorials
4. Overcurrent Relays
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Hello and welcome, everyone.

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Very happy that we are all together again.

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And the story we will start talking about that letus this related to the over current Reles so fast

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in your pilled.
Trong hệ thống của bạn

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And let's get started them of this story.
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Also learn in general, what are the different tests that we apply on the over current relays as pie?Twice
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Those tests, we can't shake the quality of the over current relays and their ability to withstand the

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different conditions during the working operation and the power system.

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So let's go ahead.
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First of all, we need to say that the test is related to the over.

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Current relays are changing according to the type of the relay itself.

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And this means for the electromechanical relays, for example, we are performing some tests that may

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change from the tests which we perform on the digital relays.

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But we will illustrate the test for the digital relays.

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And the reason is that the distance related to the digital relays are some global and general tests

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that include all the required tests, and they include also the tests of the electromechanical relays.

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So let's see, what are those general tests?

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As for the digital relays, the first type of this is required for the digital over current relay is
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as a be protective function.

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This, this and at those tests we check the ability of the over currently to protect the circuit pi by

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tripping the circuit and the actual full cases after the design delay time.
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So we need to test the relay if we can depend on for protecting the circuit or not.
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And then the second type of this, this as the measuring accuracy test and of that type of distance,
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we measure the accuracy of the over current relay.

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If it works accurately according to the design parameters or not.
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For example, if the relay is adjusted to trip the circuit after one second, if we tested it and we

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find that it trips the circuit after one second sharply, the relay will be an accurate one.

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And if it's delay, time changes from one second.
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So it will p be and not accurate one.

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Also, the third test we have is the ability to withstand the maximum current and voltage levels.

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So we need to check at the relay can withstand some large values of the current and the voltage that
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may be applied to it or the relay can't withstand them as in some cases in the circuit due to some
reasons
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the voltage and the current may increase greatly.
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So we need to be sure that the relay will withstand those failures and we perform those tests to apply
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the relay to some large values of the current and the volition.
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And we see if it's Coile and it's different parts can be strong enough to withstand those values are
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not very good.
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Now, the fourth test we perform is the ability of the relay context to withstand the current passing

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through it.
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And this is because of the release since current signal to the circuit breaker to break the circuit.
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So this current signal is passing through the relay contacts and we need to ensure that the relay can
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withstand this current signal.
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For example, if a fault occurs in the circuit, the current transformer will sense the fault current.
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Hence it will send a signal to the relay to tell.
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At that there is a fault in the circuit and then they relay.

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Kyle will p magnetised coil will pee magnetize and it will attract the movable contact to touch the fixed
contact hands of the
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relay.related
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Kyle will p magnetize coil will pee magnetize it and it will attract the movable contact to touch Ali, fix
fixed contact.  to touch the effects of contact
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And then as the two contacts are touching each other, these circuits will be closed.
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Hence there will be a current Path passing
 

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from the first contact to the second contact.
Tiếp điểm thứ nhất sang tiếp điểm thứ hai
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And this current will go forward to the circuit breaker.
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So this current value may be a standard value of five amperes and it will less last and the circuit for a

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time of about two hundred seconds.
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So we need to ensure that the really contacts can withstand their current value for this specific time

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that the current will less and the circuit.
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All right.
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Also, the fifth test we have as the power supply test.

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And at that test, we need to ensure that, B, power supply that is feeding the relay coil is working
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well, and B, different cases, for example, of the system.

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Voltage changes from 110 volts till 220 volts.
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Here, we need to check that B power supply is acting.
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Well, PI feeding the circuit with the require power.
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All right.
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Now, the next test we have for the digital over current relays is the setting limit test and be sitting
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limit test as the test at which we check that the limits of the current value at which the relay will

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work.
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So we have some limits of the prompters of the relay like the current, and we need to check those limits
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and test them.

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And after that, the next test is the effect of the end of the current on the relay.
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So we need to check at the Indra's current can harm the relay or damage it or not.

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As of the over current relay must withstand the errors.
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Through its working operation.
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And for that, we check the relate behavior during the Endris current effect.
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And after that, the next test we have is the effect of the electromagnetic field on the over cannot
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really.

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As if there is any electromagnetic field which surrounds the over current relay.
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It may affect the relay readings or it may make the relay to work wrongly.
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And for that, we just the relay, Abby, surrounding electromagnetic field.

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To know if it works well or not.

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And after that, the ninth test we have is the man machine interface test.
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And the man machine interface test is a test that specifies of the degree of ease pie, which the man 

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can handle the interface of the digital relay.

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And this means we need to measure how it's easy for the user to handle the interface of the digital

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relay as they relate may have a complex interface with many parameters that is hard for the user to
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handle during the operation of the relay.

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So that's for the man machine interface test.

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And finally, the final test we have is of the ability of the relate to store the different events and

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the network and the events in the electrical network are some actions that happens during the working

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operation of the electrical power.

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For example, opening the circuit breaker or closing the circuit breaker or tripping the relays, or,
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for example, resetting the relays or any fault that may happen and the network.

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So all of those are considered to piece some events.

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And the network and for those events happening at the network, we need to be sure that the digital

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relay will save them or restore them.

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And the relay memory, as we will use those events while analyzing the performance of the network or

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for the relate to track the next actions.

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So we need to perform that test to check at the relay, can store the different events which happens

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in the network or not more than great.

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So that's a part of this tutorial at which we took an overview on the digital relay required tests.

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How that's likely right now.

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Thank you for watching and see your next materials.