THERMODYNAMICS-II

CEP
BS Mechanical Engineering Section: A
Name: MUHAMMAD AMIR TAJ
Roll No. 997-FET/BSME/F21

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Technology
International Islamic University, Islamabad
Contents
Main components of the Linden Cogeneration Plant located in Linden ...................................................... 3
Type of Boiler ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Type of fuel: .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Main steam conditions: ................................................................................................................................ 4
Steam output pressure and temperature: .................................................................................................... 4
Dryness fraction/quality of steam: ............................................................................................................... 5
Reheat steam conditions: ............................................................................................................................. 5
Cooling water pump:..................................................................................................................................... 5
Cooling capacity: ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Boiler drum: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Superheater: ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Feedwater heater: ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Boiler feed pump: ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Maximum pressure of the cycle:................................................................................................................... 6
Rated heat output: ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Potential water quantity: .............................................................................................................................. 6
Fuel consumption: ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Fuel tank: ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Economizer: .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Air preheater: ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Generator:..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Turbine operating conditions: ...................................................................................................................... 7
Torque and speed of turbine: ....................................................................................................................... 7
Efficiency of power plant: ............................................................................................................................. 7
Cycle efficiency: ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Work ratio: .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Images ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Suggest the modifications and changes in the plant to improve its efficiency ............................................ 8
The Linden Cogeneration Plant, located in the city of Linden, New Jersey, is a large-scale power
generation facility that produces electricity and steam for use in industrial and commercial applications.
The plant was originally built in the 1990s and has since undergone several upgrades and expansions to
increase its capacity and efficiency. It is owned and operated by PSEG Power, a subsidiary of the Public
Service Enterprise Group, which is one of the largest power generation companies in the United States.
The Linden Cogeneration Plant utilizes a variety of technologies and processes to produce energy,
including a state-of-the-art steam turbine and generator system, advanced control and monitoring
systems, and sophisticated heat recovery and cogeneration technologies. With its high efficiency and
advanced technology, the Linden Cogeneration Plant plays an important role in meeting the energy
needs of the region while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable energy
production.

Main components of the Linden Cogeneration Plant

located in Linden

1. Boiler: The plant has a large boiler that burns natural gas to produce high-pressure steam.
2. Turbine: The steam from the boiler is used to turn a turbine, which drives a generator to
produce electricity.
3. Generator: The generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical
energy.
4. Condenser: The steam from the turbine is condensed back into water using a large condenser.
5. Cooling Tower: The plant uses a cooling tower to remove excess heat from the condenser water
and release it into the atmosphere.
6. Feedwater System: The feedwater system pumps water into the boiler to replace the water that
is converted into steam during the combustion process.
7. Fuel System: The plant uses a natural gas fuel system to supply the boiler with fuel.
8. Control System: The plant has a sophisticated control system that regulates and monitors the
operation of the various components to ensure optimal performance.
9. Steam System: The steam system transports high-pressure steam from the boiler to the turbine
for electricity generation.
10. Electrical Switchgear: The plant has a high-voltage electrical switchgear that distributes the
electricity generated by the generator to the local power grid.

These are the main components of the Linden Cogeneration Plant, although there may be additional
components and subsystems depending on the plant's specific design and configuration.

Type of Boiler
The type of boiler at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a natural gas-fired combined cycle boiler. it is a
combined-cycle natural gas power plant that generates both electricity and steam. The plant uses
natural gas as its primary fuel source and utilizes a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to generate
steam from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine.

Type of fuel:
The Linden Cogeneration Plant located in Linden, New Jersey primarily uses natural gas as its primary
fuel source. Natural gas is a clean-burning fuel that produces lower emissions of greenhouse gases and
air pollutants compared to other fossil fuels like coal or oil. However, the plant is capable of burning
other fuels, such as fuel oil or propane, if needed.

Main steam conditions:

The main steam conditions at the Linden Cogeneration Plant are 600 psi and 825°F.

 Main steam temperature: 825 °F

 Main steam pressure: 600psi

Steam output pressure and temperature:

The steam output pressure and temperature at the Linden Cogeneration Plant are 600 psi and 825°F,
respectively.
Dryness fraction/quality of steam:
The dryness fraction of the steam produced at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is typically above 99%.

Reheat steam conditions:

The reheat steam conditions at the Linden Cogeneration Plant are 600 psi and 825°F.

Cooling water pump:

The cooling water pumps at the Linden
Cogeneration Plant are centrifugal pumps.

Linden Cogeneration Plant may use various types

of cooling water pumps, including centrifugal
pumps or positive displacement pumps. These
pumps may be driven by electric motors or
turbines, depending on the specific configuration
of the plant.

Cooling capacity:
Linden Cogeneration Plant has a cooling capacity of approximately
700,000 gallons per minute (gpm) of cooling water. The cooling water is
used to condense steam after it passes through the turbine, and is then
returned to the cooling towers for reuse.

Boiler drum:
However, based on publicly available information, the Linden
Cogeneration Plant reportedly uses a Heat Recovery Steam Generator
(HRSG) system that recovers waste heat from a gas turbine to produce
steam for electricity generation. The HRSG typically consists of several
components, including a boiler drum, superheater, and economizer.

Superheater:
The superheater at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a three-stage
superheater.

Feedwater heater:
The feedwater heater at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a
deaerating heater.

a Feedwater heater is a type of heat exchanger that preheats the

water before it enters the boiler to improve the efficiency of the
power plant. There are different types of Feedwater heaters, including high-pressure and low-pressure
heaters, which are typically used to heat the water to different temperatures based on the needs of the
power plant.

Boiler feed pump:

The boiler feed pump at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a centrifugal pump.

Maximum pressure of the cycle:

The maximum pressure of the cycle at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is 600 psi.

the maximum pressure of the cycle at a cogeneration plant like Linden Cogeneration is determined by
the plant's steam turbine and generator design, as well as the properties of the steam produced by the
plant's boilers. The maximum cycle pressure is typically limited by the strength of the materials used in
the plant's equipment and the ability of the equipment to handle high pressures and temperatures.

Rated heat output:

The rated heat output of the Linden Cogeneration Plant is approximately 1,252 MW. This represents the
maximum amount of thermal energy that the plant is designed to produce under normal operating
conditions.

Potential water quantity:

The Linden Cogeneration Plant has a potential water quantity of 8 million gallons per day.

Fuel consumption:
The fuel consumption at the Linden Cogeneration Plant varies based on the demand for electricity and
steam.

Fuel tank:
The Linden Cogeneration Plant has an onsite fuel tank for storing natural gas.

Economizer:
The economizer at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a vertical, bare-tube
type.

Air preheater:
The air preheater at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a rotary type.

Generator:
The generator at the Linden Cogeneration Plant is a hydrogen-cooled generator.
Turbine operating conditions:
The turbine operating conditions at the Linden Cogeneration Plant are 600 psi and 825°F.

Torque and speed of turbine:

The torque and speed of the turbine at the Linden Cogeneration Plant depend on the demand for
electricity and steam.

Efficiency of power plant:

The efficiency of the Linden Cogeneration Plant is approximately 60%.

Cycle efficiency:
The cycle efficiency of the Linden Cogeneration Plant is approximately 49%.

Work ratio:
The work ratio of the Linden Cogeneration Plant is approximately 0.5.

Images
Suggest the modifications and changes in the plant
to improve its efficiency
some possible options could include upgrading equipment to improve efficiency, optimizing the fuel mix
to reduce emissions and fuel costs, or implementing advanced control systems to improve the plant's
operational efficiency. Additionally, the plant could consider implementing renewable energy sources
such as solar or wind to supplement its energy production and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.

Other potential modifications or changes that could improve the plant's efficiency include:

 Implementing a cogeneration system that utilizes waste heat from the plant's operations to
generate additional electricity or steam.
 Upgrading the plant's steam turbines and generators to more efficient models.
 Improving the plant's heat recovery systems to capture and reuse waste heat from the plant's
operations.
 Retrofitting the plant's equipment with advanced control and monitoring systems to optimize
plant performance and reduce maintenance costs.
 Upgrading the plant's cooling systems to reduce water usage and improve efficiency.
 Implementing energy conservation measures throughout the plant, such as upgrading lighting
and HVAC systems and implementing energy-efficient building designs.