fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;ju)g; guPl;ir

2001
✁✂✁✄☎✆✝✁✄✞✟✠✟✡☎✞✁☛✠☞✌✍✡☎✞✟☛✂✎✏✌✑☎✂✡✁✌✒✁✑✁✆✓☞✔☎✕✟✂☎✞✟☛✂
tta

New
Citadel
We llawa
ngsjPftpay; ✖ ✛✜
✗✘✙✚✟✡✚ ✖ ✢ ✖
☞✆☎✚✞✟✡✟✞✙ ✣ kPsj; d;ik
rpW gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; ✗✦✧★✗✩✪✩☞★✥✫★✛✛✜
✤✘☛✄✞✗✄☎✡✞✟✁✚✥✍✁✚✞✟☛✂✚ ✬✙✭ ✢✘☎✮✁✚☎✂ ✬✩✤✡✩☞✂✯ ✎✦☛✂✚✰✡✟✑✟✆✓
TRUE CITADEL - WELLAWATTA .

 kPs;jd;ik - Elasticity

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 ,sFjd;ik - Yield

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 jifg;G - Stress

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 tpfhuk; - Strain

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PhysicS -01- ThapesaN
[ gf;fk; 02 [g; ghu;f;f
 ,Oitj;jifg;G - Tensile Stress

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 ,Oit tpfhuk; - Tensile Strain

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 tpfpjrk vy;iy - Limit of Proportionality

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 kPspay; vy;iy - Elastic Limit

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 Cf;fpd; tpjp - Hook’s Law

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PhysicS -02- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 03 [g; ghu;f;f
 ,Wjifg;G - Strength

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 aq;fpd; kl;L - Young’s Modulus

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 <u;f;fg;gl;l ,ioapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; tpfhur; rf;jp

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 Note:
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PhysicS -03- ThapesaN
[ gf;fk; 04 [g; ghu;f;f
  Note:
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D
E C E
D B
C A
B
A

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 aq;fpdk
; l;il gupNrhjid Kiwahf Jzpjy;

mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;s glj;jpy; fhl;bathW cgfuz

mikg;ig xOq;F nra;J gupNrhjidf; fk;gpapd; fPo;
Edpapy; njhq;ftplg; gl;bUf;Fk; Rikfis khw;Wtjd;%yk;
ntt;NtW RikfSf;F xj;j ePl;rpfisg; ngWf.

 Cf;fpd; tpjpia vt;thW tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;gPu;

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PhysicS -04- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 05 [g; ghu;f;f
  fk;gpapd; aq;fpd; kl;il vt;thW JzptPu;

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 NkNy aq;fpd; kl;il Jzpjypd; NghJ msf;f Ntz;ba mstPLfisAk; mtw;wpw;F

gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

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 gupNrhjidapd; NghJ Kf;fpakhf ftdpf;f Ntz;batw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

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PhysicS -05- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 06 [g; ghu;f;f
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 ntg;gepiy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g cz;lhFk; jifg;G

,U tpiwg;ghd jhq;fpfSf;fpilapy; xU NfhyhdJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhypd;

ntg;gepiyia $l;Lfpd;w NghJ NfhyhdJ tpupa Kaw;rpf;Fk; Mdhy; tpuptila
KbahjthW jLf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ,U jhq;fpfspd; kPJk; xU js;Sif tpiria
cUthf;Fk;. ntg;gepiyia Fiwf;fpd;w NghJ NfhyhdJ RUq;f Kaw;rpf;Fk; Mdhy;
RUq;f KbahjthW jLf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ jhq;fpfspd; kPJ xU ,Otpiria
cQw;Wk;.

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 tpiwg;G kl;L (G)

,t;tifapy; tpfhuk;> fdtstpy; khw;wk; Vw;glhjthW nghUspd; tbt khw;wj;jpy;

jq;fpAs;sJ. fPo;Kfk; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l nrt;tf Fw;wpf;F Nky;Kf njhlyp topNa Xu;
tpir F [ gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mf;Fw;wp cUkhwp ,izfuf; Fw;wpahf Gjpa tbtj;ij
ngWk;.

PhysicS -06- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 07 [g; ghu;f;f
 F
x A

l


 nfha;jifg;Gk; nfha; tpfhuKk; - Shear Stress & Shear Strain

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 gizg;G kl;L (K) - Bulk Modulus

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PhysicS -07- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 08 [g; ghu;f;f
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A’ y
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 x
Fsin A
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Fcos
F
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PhysicS -08- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 09 [g; ghu;f;f
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01. 1mm2 FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;Gk; 2m ePsKk; cila xU cUf;Ff; fk;gp $iuapypUe;J

njhqftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; fPo; Kidapy; 100N Rik ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpapy;
Vw;gLk; ePl;rp ahJ? (cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2 )

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02. 3m caukhd nfhd;fpwPwW

; Jhzpd; Nky; 308kg jpzpTila Rik xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Jhzpd; Miu 7cm vdpd;> mjd; ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ePsf; FiwT ahJ?
(nfhd;fpwPww
; pd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  10 9 Nm 2 )

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PhysicS -09- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 10 [g; ghu;f;f
03. cs;shiu 7mm ck; ntspahiu 14mm ck; cila
cUf;Fj;Jhz; xd;wpd; Nky; 1540N Rik itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. Jhzpd; cauk; 3m vdpd; mjd; ePsj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l FiwT ahJ?
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2
7mm
14mm
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04. xt;nthd;Wk; 1mm2 FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;GilaJk; 3m ePsKilaJk; Md gpj;jisf; fk;gp

xd;iwAk; CUf;Ff; fk;gp xd;iwAk; Kidf;F Kid ,izg;gjd; %yk; 6m ePskhd
Xu; Nru;khdf; fk;gp Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nru;khdf; fk;gpapd; fPo; Edpapy; 5kg epiw
njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nru;khdf; fk;gpapy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rpiaf; fhz;f.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2
gpj;jisapd; aq;fpd; kl;L  1  1011 Nm2

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PhysicS -10- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 11 [g; ghu;f;f
05. xt;nthd;Wk; 2mm2 F.nt.gug;GilaJk; 2m ePsKilaJkhd cUf;Ff; fk;gp xd;iwAk;
gpj;jisf; fk;gp xd;iwAk; mUfUNf itg;gjd; %yk; 2m ePskhd Nru;khdf; fk;gp
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nru;khdf; fk;gpapd; fPo; Edpapy; 15kg jpzpT njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nru;khdf; fk;gpapy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rpiaf; fhz;f.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2
gpj;jisapd; aq;fpd; kl;L  1  1011 Nm2

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06. 2m ePsKk; 1mm2 F.nt.gug;GilaJk; Md cUf;Ff; fk;gp xd;W 2m ,ilj;Jhuj;jpYs;s

epiyahd ,U Gs;spfSf;F 20o C ,y; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cUf;fpdJ ePs tpupiff;
Fzfk; 1  10 5 K 1 vdpy; fk;gpapdJ ntg;gepiyia 5o C Mf;Fk; NghJ fk;gpapy; jhf;Fk;
,Oitiaf; fzpf;Ff.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2

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PhysicS -11- ThapesaN
[ gf;fk; 12 [g; ghu;f;f
07. 60cm ePskhd ,Nyrhd Nfhy; xd;W mjdJ Edpfspy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; xt;nthd;Wk;
5m ePsKk; 1mm2 F.nt.gug;Gk; cila gpj;jisahy; MdJk; cUf;fpdhy; MdJkhd
,U epiyf;Fj;Jf; fk;gpfspdhy; fpilepiyapy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhypd; kPJs;s
vg;Gs;spapy; vd;d epiwia njhq;f tpl;lhy; NfhyhdJ 1mm fPo; Nehf;fp ,aq;fp
kPz;Lk; fpilahf rkepiy milAk;.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2
gpj;jisapd; aq;fpd; kl;L  1  1011 Nm2

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08. 100cm ePsKs;s ,Nyrhd Nfhy; xd;W A,B vd;Dk; ,U rk ePsKs;s fk;gpfspdhy;
mjd; Edpfspy; ,izg;gjd;%yk; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. A apd; F.nt.gug;G 1mm2 , B
apd; F.nt.gug;G 3mm2 MFk;. ,U fk;gpfspYk; rkdhd tpfhuj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
xU Rikia ve;jg;Gs;spapy; njhq;ftply; Ntz;Lk;.
A,B aq;fpd; kl;Lfs; KiwNa 2  1011 ,1  1011 Nm2 MFk;.

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PhysicS -12- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 13 [g; ghu;f;f
09. 6a gf;fKila rkgf;f Kf;Nfhz tbtpYs;s ,Nyrhd tpiwj;j mlu; xd;W mjdJ
cr;rpfspy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; %d;W rkePsKk; rk F.nt.gug;Gk; cila fk;gpfspdhy;
fpil epiyapy; jhq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gpfs; epiyf;Fj;jhf cs;sd. fk;gpfspy; ,uz;L
cUf;fpdhy; Mdit> kw;iwaJ gpj;jisahy; MdJ. mlupd; kPJ vg;Gs;spapy; xU
epiwia itj;jhy; ,e;epiwapd; jhf;fj;jpd; fPo; mluhdJ fPo; ,wq;fp kPz;Lk; fpilahfNt
rkepiy milAk;.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2
gpj;jisapd; aq;fpd; kl;L  1  1011 Nm2

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10. 2500kg jpzpTila cau;j;jp xd;wpdJ Nky;Nehf;fpa cau; Mu;KLfy; 0.5ms 2 MFk;.
cau;j;jpahdJ cUf;Ff; fk;gp xd;wpdhy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;fk;gp jhq;ff;$ba
cau; jifg;G 1  108 Pa MFk;. mf;fk;gpf;F ,Uf;ff; $ba Mff; Fiwe;j FWf;F
ntl;Lg; gug;G ahJ?
(cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L 2  1011 Pa vdf; nfhs;f.)

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PhysicS -13- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 14 [g; ghu;f;f
11. 2m ePsKilaJk; 1mm2 F.nt.gug;GilaJkhd cUf;Ff; fk;gp xd;W xNu fpilkl;lj;jpy;
2m ,ilj;Jhuj;jpy; cs;s ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fk;gpapdJ
eLg;Gs;spapy; vd;d epiwia njhq;f tpl;lhy; mg;Gs;sp 2cm fPo; ,wq;Fk;.
cUf;fpd; aq;fpd; kl;L  2  1011 Nm2

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12. ftz; xd;wpd; ,wg;gu; ,ioapdJ ,aw;if ePsk; 10cm MFk;. mJ 12cm ePsj;jpw;F
<u;f;fg;gl;L 5g jpzpit vwptjw;F tplg;gl;lJ. ehlhtpd; F.nt.gug;G 1mm2 MfTk;>
aq;fpd; kl;L 5  108 Nm2 MfTk; ,Ug;gpd;> jpzptpdJ vwpay; Ntfj;ij fzpf;Ff.

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PhysicS -14- ThapesaN

[ gf;fk; 15 [g; ghu;f;f