Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071

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Construction and Building Materials

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Characteristics of waste tire rubber (WTR) and amorphous poly alpha

olefin (APAO) compound modified porous asphalt mixtures
Kezhen Yan a,b, Hao Sun a,b, Lingyun You a,b,c,⇑, Shenghua Wu d
a
College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
b
Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha 410082, PR China
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United States
d
Department of Civil, Coastal, and Environmental Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, United States

h i g h l i g h t s

WTR/APAO compound modified asphalt was applied to the porous asphalt mixture.

APAO increased the high temperature performance of the WTR modified porous asphalt mixture.

APAO reduced the low temperature performance of the WTR modified porous asphalt mixture.

WTR/APAO compound modified porous asphalt mixture performed excellent water, aging, and skid resistances.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Waste tire rubber (WTR) and amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO) compound modified asphalt had good
Received 25 December 2019 high temperature and anti-aging properties, which were needed for porous asphalt (PA) mixtures. The
Received in revised form 29 March 2020 purpose of this paper was to evaluate the feasibility of WTR/APAO (WTR+4%APAO and WTR+6%APAO)
Accepted 5 April 2020
compound modified asphalt for PA mixture and compare it with 70 # base asphalt, WTR modified asphalt
Available online 21 April 2020
and Tafpack Super (TPS) modified asphalt for PA mixture. First, the Cantabro test and draindown test were
carried out to determine optimum asphalt contents (OAC) for all asphalt mixtures. Then, a series of per-
Keywords:
formances tests were conducted on the asphalt mixtures at their OAC, including Marshall test, rutting test,
Porous asphalt mixture
Waste tire rubber
low temperature three-point bending test, immersion Marshall test, Cantabro test before and after aging,
Amorphous poly alpha olefin pendulum friction test, to assess the high and low temperature performance, water resistance, aging resis-
Compound modification tance and skid resistance, respectively. The test results showed that as compared to WTR PA mixture,
Pavement performance WTR/APAO PA mixture had smaller Cantabro abrasion loss, draindown and OACs, better high temperature
performance, water, aging and skid resistances, and worse low temperature performance. WTR+6%APAO
PA mixture had the best high temperature performance and water resistance of all PA mixtures. The aging
resistances of WTR+6%APAO PA mixture was second only to that of TPS PA mixture. The skid resistance of
WTR+6%APAO PA mixture was second only to that of 70# PA mixture. It was feasible to using WTR/APAO
modified asphalt as the binder of PA mixture in non cold area according to Chinese standard JTG F40-2004
and WTR+6%APAO PA mixture performed better than WTR+4%APAO PA mixture. Future research was
recommended on the influence of compaction condition and asphalt content on the WTR/APAO PA
mixture properties such as fatigue resistance and permeability.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In order to quickly discharge the water on the road surface in
rainy days and ensure the driving safety, porous asphalt (PA) mix-
⇑ Corresponding author at: College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University,
Changsha 410082, China.
E-mail addresses: yankz@hnu.edu.cn (K. Yan), sh13791053113@163.com
(H. Sun), liyou@mtu.edu (L. You), shenghuawu@southalabama.edu (S. Wu).
ture was invented, which was open graded and had large air voids
(Vv) [1]. The water/ moisture seeped into the PA mixture through
the connecting pores, and then flowed out of the pavement struc-
ture along the inclined impermeable structural layer under the PA
mixture. In addition, PA mixture had the function of absorbing traf-
fic noise.
PA mixture was first invented in Europe in 1960 s to improve
driving safety in rainy days and reduce traffic noise, and called por-
ous friction course or porous European mixes [2]. Almost at the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119071
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071
same time, in the United States, the PA mixture was used as the
anti-skidding pavement cover, called the open-graded friction
course (OGFC). In 1974, the Federal Highway Administration in
the United States formulated the design code for PA mixture [3].
But PA mixture was not widely used because of durability prob-
lems, until they put forward their own design methods in practice
[4]. In the 1980 s, PA mixture was introduced into Japan, mainly
used for drainage and noise reduction. Combined with the high
temperature and rainy weather conditions and traffic conditions
in Japan, the corresponding specifications [5] were developed,
and the high viscosity modified asphalt (HVMA) suitable for PA
mixture was invented, such as TPS modified asphalt. At the begin-
ning of the 21st century, the PA pavement with HVMA was used in
expressways in China. Because the climate conditions in eastern
China were similar to those in Japan, the experience of PA pave-
ment in Japan was referred.
PA mixture was a typical skeleton void structure, which had
more coarse aggregates and less fine aggregates than dense-
graded mixture. The characteristics of large Vv put forward higher
requirements for asphalt of PA mixture. In order to improve the
resistance to deformation and raveling which was the most com-
mon distress for PA mixtures, the asphalt used in PA mixture
was required to have high viscosity [6]. In addition, the interior
of drainage asphalt mixture was easy to contact with water and
air due to large voids, so the asphalt used for PA mixture needed
higher water resistance and anti-aging ability [7].
HVMA was widely used in the PA mixture in East Asia, and it had
good performance. The concept of HVMA was first proposed by
Japan, which was characterized by a dynamic viscosity of more than
20000 Pas measured at 60 °C and a softening point of more than
80 ℃ [5]. The most representative was TPS modified asphalt in Japan,
which was mainly composed of thermoplastic rubber and secondary
components such as resin and plasticizer. The research on TPS was as
follows. Hong et al. [8] found that 8% TPS modified asphalt had the
best resistance to ultraviolet aging. Cao et al. [9] found that the curve
of shear strain with time of PA mixture with styrene–butadienestyr
ene (SBS) modified asphalt was between that of PA mixture with 8%
TPS modified asphalt and PA mixture with 12% TPS modified asphalt.
Huang and Eldouma [10] found that the improvement effect of TPS
on the physical properties and medium and high temperature prop-
erties of asphalt mixture was worse than that of rubber crumbs in
the 2% ~ 4% content. Many other kinds of HVMA with good perfor-
mance had been invented. Zhang and Hu [10] invented HVMA with
SBS modified asphalt, plasticizer and crosslinker. Qin et al. [11]
invented HVMA with SK70 # neat asphalt, compatibilizer, polymer
and stabilizer. Zhong et al. [12] invented HVMA with TPS modifier
and SBS modified asphalt.
Rubber modified asphalt was also used in PA mixture. Shirini
and Imaninasab [13] studied the influence of crumb rubber (CR)
content on the performance of PA mixture with CR modified
asphalt, and found that the increase of CR content improved rut-
ting resistance of PA mixture, but reduced permeability, resilient
modulus, water resistance, and skid resistance. Punith et al. [14]
found that PA mixture with CR modified asphalt had lower abra-
sion loss, better resistance to fatigue, water and rutting than PA
mixture with neat 60/70-grade binder plus cellulose fibers. Hsu
et al. [15] found that the rutting resistance and dynamic modulus
of PA mixture with 20% rubber modified asphalt were better than
that of PA mixture with high-viscosity-graded cement (AR-80).
Lyons and Putman [16] found that CR modified asphalt increasing
the abrasion resistance and reduced the draindown of PA mixture.
Alvarez et al. [4,17] compared PA mixtures using performance
grade (PG) and asphalt rubber (AR) asphalts, and found that AR
PA mixtures have higher mean total Vv content, smaller ratios of
water-accessible Vv content to total Vv content, and lower perme-
ability, as compared to PG PA mixtures.
Rubber modified asphalt was widely used in PA pavement in
Europe and the United States [1,18]. In 1990 s, an experimental
PA pavement with rubber modified asphalt was paved in China,
but it did not perform well due to the high temperature and rainy
climate in summer and heavy traffic conditions, so rubber modified
asphalt was rarely used in PA pavement [7]. On the contrary, TPS
modified asphalt was the most widely used in the PA pavement
in China.
In previous research, it was proved that WTR/APAO compound
modified asphalt had high viscosity and high softening point, and
the feasibility of WTR/APAO modified asphalt for dense-graded
asphalt mixture by exhibiting superior rutting, cracking, and aging
resistance was preliminarily supported [19–21,34]. The objectives
of this paper are to evaluate the characteristics of WTR/APAO com-
pound modified asphalt for PA mixture, including high and low
temperature performance, water resistance, aging resistance and
skid resistance of WTR/APAO (WTR+4%APAO and WTR+6%APAO),
and to be compared with WTR modified asphalt, TPS modified
asphalt and 70# base asphalt for PA mixture.
2. Materials
2.1. Base asphalt
The base asphalt was 70# petroleum asphalt, and its properties
(Table 1) met the requirements of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004
[22].
2.2. TPS modified asphalt
Referring to previous studies [23–25], TPS modifier accounted for
12% (by mass) of TPS modified asphalt. Its preparation process
referred to literature [9]: firstly, the 70# asphalt was heated to
175 ℃, then TPS was added into the 70# asphalt, and then the binder
was sheared with high-speed shear apparatus at 5000 r/min and
180 °C for 1 h. The physical properties (Table 1) of TPS modified
asphalt met the requirements of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004
[22] for HVMA.
2.3. WTR and WTR/APAO modified asphalt
WTR was collected from the waste tires of cars crushed at room
temperature. The physical properties of the WTR were shown in
Table 2. APAO was produced by Huntsman companies in the
United States, and its model was 2385. The mass ratios (Table 3)
of modifier to asphalt for WTR and WTR/APAO modified asphalt
were referred from previous research [19], and their preparation
process were shown in Fig. 1. The physical properties (Table 4) of
WTR and WTR/APAO modified asphalt met the requirements of
Chinese standard DG/TJ08-2109–2012 [26].
2.4. Aggregate and filler
The aggregate used in the study was limestone, and the filler
was mineral powder milled from limestone. The physical proper-
ties (Table 5) of aggregate and mineral powder met the require-
ments of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22].
3. Experimental methods
3.1. Experimental program
This paper compared 5 kinds of PA mixtures fabricated using
WTR/APAO (WTR+4%APAO and WTR+6%APAO) compound modi-
fied asphalt, WTR modified asphalt, TPS modified asphalt and
 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071 3

Table 1
Physical properties of 70# asphalt and TPS modified asphalt.

Properties 70# Neat asphalt specification TPS HVMA Specification

Penetration (25 °C)/0.1 mm 69.7 60–80 42.2 40
Softening point/°C 50.2 >46 83.3 80
Ductility (15 °C)/cm >150 >100 57.3 50
Dynamic viscosity(60 °C)/(Pas) – – 21,555 20000
Mass loss after TFOT/% 0.68 0.8 0.46 0.6

Table 2 Table 5
Physical properties of WTR. Properties of Aggregate and Mineral Powder.

Properties WTR Materials Properties Values Specification

Sieve residue of 80 mesh screen/% 8 Coarse Apparent specific gravity 2.785 2.6
Mass loss after heating/% 0.5 aggregate Los Angeles abrasion loss/% 16.7 28
Density/(g/cm3) 3.65 Crushing strength/% 20.7 26
Ash content/% 7.6 Percentage of flat and elongated 10.5 10
Metal content/% 0.03 particle/%
Carbon black content/% 30 Water absorption/ % 0.68 2
Fine Apparent specific gravity 2.635 2.5
aggregate Clay content(less than0.075 mm)/ % 2.1 3
Sand equivalent value/% 76.7 60
Table 3 Soundness/% 14.2 12
Mass ratio of WTR and WTR/APAO modified Mineral Plasticity index/% 2.9 4
asphalt. Powder Apparent specific gravity 2.7 2.5
Asphalt type WTR : APAO : 70# asphalt Hydrophilic coefficient 0.79 1

WTR 15 : 0 : 100
WTR+4%A 15 : 4 : 100
WTR+6%A 15 : 6 : 100 70# base asphalt, respectively expressed as WTR/APAO (WTR+4%A
and WTR+6%A) PA mixtures, WTR PA mixture, TPS PA mixture and
Note that the symbol of WTR+4%A and WTR+6%A
represented 15%WTR/4%APAO and 15%WTR/6% 70# PA mixture in the following. The detailed test plan of all PA
APAO modified asphalt, respectively. mixtures was shown in Fig. 2.

3.2. Mixture preparation

Heat 70# asphalt to 180
All the following specimens were fabricated referring to Chi-
Add WTR nese specification JTG E20-2011[27]. The specimens of Marshall
test, immersion Marshall test and Cantabro test were all made of
Marshall compaction method with 50 blows on both sides, with
Mix the binder with propeller mixer the height of 63.5 mm and diameter of 101.6 mm. The rutting test
at 2000 r/min and 180 for 20 min specimen was rolled and formed by wheel roller, its bulk volume
density of the specimen was equal to that of Marshall specimen
of the same asphalt, and the length, width and height were
Add APAO
30 cm, 30 cm and 5 cm respectively. The specimens of low temper-
ature bending test was cut from the specimens of rutting test, and
Shear the binder with high its length, width and height are 25 cm, 3 cm and 3.5 cm respec-
tively. The specimens used for pendulum friction test were the
speed shear apparatus at 3000
same as that of rutting test. 70# asphalt mixture was mixed at
r/min and 180 for 60 min 150 °C and compacted at 140 °C; modified asphalt mixture was
mixed at 175 °C and compacted at 170 °C.
Mix the binder with propeller mixer
3.3. Cantabro test
at 2000 r/min and 180 for 20 min
Cantabro test was carried out referring to the Chinese standard
Finish JTG E20-2011 [27]. The Marshall specimens were soaked in water
at 20 °C for 20 h. After wiping off the water on the surface of the
Fig. 1. Production process of WTR and WTR/APAO modified asphalt.
specimens, the mass of the specimens (M) were measured. The

Table 4
Physical properties of WTR and WTR/APAO modified asphalt.

Properties WTR WTR + 4%A WTR + 6%A Specification

Penetration (25 °C)/0.1 mm 37.6 33.2 32.5 30–60
Softening point/°C 65.1 78.5 83.4 60
Elastic recovery/% 68 82 91 60
Ductility (5 °C)/mm 74.5 84.5 60 50
Dynamic viscosity(60 ℃)/(Pas) 3828 17,737 32,718 –
4 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071

Cantabro test Draindown test

Determine the optimum

asphalt content

High temperature Low temperature Moisture damage Aging Skid

performance performance resistance resistance resistance

Marshall Low temperature Immersion Freeze-thaw Cantabro test

Rut test
test bending test Marshall test splitting test after aging
Fig. 2. Experimental program of this study.

specimens were then put into a Los Angeles testing machine

rotating at 30-33 r/min. After 300 revolutions, the residual mass
of specimens (Mr) was measured. Cantabro abrasion loss (CAL)
was calculated by the Eq. (1).

M  Mr
CAL ¼  100 ð1Þ
M

3.4. Draindown test

Draindown test was carried out referring to the Chinese stan-

dard JTG E20-2011 [27]. About 1 kg of the newly mixed asphalt
mixture was poured into a 800 ml clean beaker, and the total mass
(Mt) of the mixture and beaker was measured. The beaker was cov-
ered with flat glass and put into an oven with the same tempera-
ture as the mixing temperature of PA mixture for 60 min. The
beaker was taken out of the oven, then slowly buckled on the flat
glass. Th total mass (Mtr) of the beaker and the residual mixture Fig. 3. Aggregate gradation of PA mixture-13.
was then measured, and the draindown (DMt) was calculated by
Eq. (2):
maximum asphalt content (6%) was set as OACmax. (4) OAC was
M t  M tr calculated by Eq. (3).
DM t ¼  100 ð2Þ
Mt OAC ¼ OAC min þ 0:75  ðOAC max  OAC min Þ ð3Þ

3.5. Mixture design 3.6. Marshall test and immersion Marshall test

In this paper, the design Vv of PA mixture was 20%. Fig. 3
showed the aggregate gradation of PA mixture-13, which met the
requirements of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22].
The method to determine the optimum asphalt content (OAC)
was referred to the literature [28], and the detailed steps were as
follows. (1) Cantabro test of the PA mixtures with five asphalt con-
tents (4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%) was carried out to get the rela-
tionship between abrasion loss and asphalt content. Draindown
test was carried out to get the relationship between draindown
and asphalt content. (2) The Chinese standard CJJ/T 190–2012
[29] stipulated that abrasion loss should be lower than 15%. On
the curve of the relationship between abrasion loss and asphalt
content, the asphalt content corresponding to 15% abrasion loss
was set as OACmin. If the abrasion loss of one asphalt at all content
were less than 15%, the minimum asphalt content (4%) was set as
OACmin. (3) The Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22] stipulated that
draindown should be lower than 0.3%. On the curve of the relation-
ship between draindown and asphalt content, the asphalt content
corresponding to 0.3% draindown was set as OACmax. If the
draindown of one asphalt at all content were less than 0.3%, the
Marshall test and immersion Marshall test were carried out
referring to the Chinese standard JTG E20-2011 [27]. The speci-
mens were placed in water at 60 °C for 30 min (Marshall test) or
48 h (immersion Marshall test). The specimens were loaded with
Marshall tester at the speed of 50 mm/min to determine Marshall
stability (MS) and Marshall flow (MF). The ratio of MS to MF was
Marshall modulus (MM). The MS of Marshall test was MS1, and
the MS of immersion Marshall test was MS2. The immersion resid-
ual stability (IRS) was an index of water resistance, calculated by
Eq. (4).
MS2
IRS ¼  100 ð4Þ
MS1
3.7. Rutting test
Rutting test was carried out referring to the Chinese standard
JTG E20-2011 [27]. The specimens of rutting test with mold were
placed at 60 °C for 5 h. The specimens with mold were rolled by
the wheel of the rutting test machine at 42 cycles /min and 60 °C
 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071 5

for 1 h. The rutting depths (RD) at 45 min and 60 min were

recorded as RD45min and RD60min respectively. The dynamic stability
(DS) was calculated by Eq. (5), which was used to evaluate the rut-
ting resistance.

ð60  45Þ  42
DS ¼ ð5Þ
RD60min  RD45min

3.8. Low temperature three-point bending test

The test was carried out according to the Chinese standard JTG
E20-2011 [27], and the details were as follows. The beam speci-
mens were placed in a 0 °C refrigerator for 6 h. Then, the middle
part of the beam specimen was loaded by the universal testing
machine at the speed of 1 mm/min, and the maximum load (PB)
and the mid-span deflection (d) of the beam corresponding to PB
were measured. The bending failure strength (rB), bending
failure strain (eB) and bending stiffness (SB) were calculated by
Eq.s (7) to (9). Fig. 4. BM-III pendulum friction test with a specimen slab.

3LP B
rB ¼ 2
ð7Þ
2bh 4. Results and discussion

6hd 4.1. Mixture design results

eB ¼ 2
ð8Þ
L
Fig. 5 showed the results of Cantabro test, and the data in the
figure were the average value of three test results. As shown, at
SB ¼ rB =eB ð9Þ
lower asphalt content (asphalt content less than 5.5%), the abrasion
where L is the length of specimen (mm); b is the breadth of mid- loss of WTR and WTR/APAO PA mixture was higher than that of
span section of specimen (mm); h is the height of midspan section 70# PA mixture. However, at higher asphalt content (asphalt con-
of specimen (mm). tent> 5.5%), the abrasion loss of WTR and WTR/APAO PA mixture
was lower than that of 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO
content, the Cantabro abrasion loss of WTR/APAO PA mixture
3.9. Aging resistance test
decreased gradually, which showed that APAO improved the abra-
sion resistance of PA mixture. This was because the addition of
The aging resistance of PA mixture was evaluated by compar-
APAO improved the viscosity of WTR modified asphalt [19,31,33],
ing the Cantabro abrasion loss before and after aging. The accel-
and the asphalt with a larger viscosity had a stronger adhesion to
erated aging treatments of asphalt mixture were carried out
the aggregate [6]. The abrasion loss of TPS PA mixture at all asphalt
according to the Chinese specification JTG E20-2011 [27], includ-
content was below 15% and the lowest of all PA mixtures.
ing short-term and long-term aging. The test steps of aging resis-
Fig. 6 showed the results of draindown test, and the datas in the
tance were as follows. (1) The short-term aging treatment was
figure were the average value of three test results. As shown in
carried out. The asphalt mixture with a surface density of 21–
Fig. 6, the order of draindown of PA mixture was: 70#>
22 kg/m2 was put into the oven with ventilation condition of
TPS > WTR > WTR+4%A > WTR+6%A. The draindown of modified
135±3 °C for 4 h, and mixed once an hour. (2) The long-term
PA mixture was smaller than those of 70# PA mixture, which
aging treatment was carried out. The Marshall specimens made
of mixture after short-term aging were put into the oven with
ventilation condition of 85±3 °C for 5 d. (3) Cantabro test was
carried out to get the Cantabro abrasion loss of aged specimens
(CAL2) and unaged specimens (CAL1). Cantabro abrasion loss ratio
(CALR) was used to evaluate the aging resistance of asphalt mix-
tures, as shown in Eq. (10).

CAL2
CALR ¼  100 ð10Þ
CAL1

3.10. Skid resistance test

According to the Chinese specification JTG E60-2008 [30], the

frictional coefficient of PA mixture was measured by BM-III pendu-
lum friction tester, and the rutting test specimens were used in
skid resistance test, as shown in Fig. 4. The friction distance
between the rubber plate of 6.35  25.4  76.2 mm on the pendu-
lum and the wet surface of specimen was 126 mm. The number of
the pointer after friction was recorded as British pendulum num-
ber (BPN). Friction coefficient was equal to BPN divided by 100. Fig. 5. Result of Cantabro test.
6 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071

Fig. 6. Result of Draindown test. It should be noted that Fig. 6 (b) is a partically enlarged version of Fig. 6 (a).

Table 6
OAC and Vv of OFGC with various asphalt.

Type of mixture OACmin (%) OACmax (%) OAC (%) Vv (%)

70# 4 4.91 4.68 21.7
WTR 4.52 6 5.63 19.6
WTR + 4%A 4.4 6 5.60 19.6
WTR + 6%A 4.3 6 5.58 19.4
TPS 4 5.35 5.01 21.0

because the viscosity of modified asphalt was higher than those of

70# base asphalt. The draindown of WTR and WTR/APAO PA mix-
ture was the lowest of all asphalts and far lower than the limit
value (0.3%) of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22] for PA mixture.
With the increase of APAO content, the draindown of WTR/APAO
PA mixture decreased gradually, because APAO improved the vis-
cosity of WTR/APAO modified asphalt.
According to Section 3.4 of this paper, the OACs of all PA mix-
Fig. 7. Marshall stability and flow value of different asphalt mixtures.
tures were calculated as shown in Table 6. As shown in Table 6,
the OACs of WTR and WTR/APAO PA mixtures were higher than
those of 70# and TPS PA mixtures. In subsequent experiments,
mixture was only 6.9% larger than that of WTR PA mixture. The
the PA mixtures tested were at the OAC. Referring to Chinese stan-
results showed that the adding APAO improved the strength of
dard JTG E20-2011 [27], Vv of all PA mixtures was calculated as
WTR PA mixtures, and the effects of WTR and WTR/APAO on the
shown in Table 6. As shown in Table 6, the Vv of all PA mixtures
strength of PA mixture were not as good as that of TPS.
was in the range of 20±2%, and the Vv of WTR and WTR/APAO PA
As shown in Fig. 7, the MFs of all modified PA mixtures were
mixtures was higher than that of 70# asphalt and TPS PA mixtures,
smaller than that of 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO
because the OACs of the former were higher than that of the latter,
content, the MF of WTR/APAO PA mixture decreased gradually,
and the extra asphalt accounted for the volume of the void.
and the MF of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the smallest of all PA mix-
tures and only 62.7% of that of WTR PA mixture. The MS of TPS PA
4.2. High temperature performance mixture was between WTR and WTR+4%A PA mixture. The above
results analysis showed that the adding APAO significantly
4.2.1. Marshall test results improved the deformation resistance of WTR PA mixture, and
Fig. 7 showed the MS and MF for all PA mixtures which were the deformation resistance of WTR/APAO PA mixture was better than
average value of three test results using a ±1 standard deviation as that of TPS and WTR PA mixture.
error bars. As shown in Fig. 7, all PA mixtures met the require- Fig. 8 showed the Marshall modulus (MM) of all PA mixtures,
ments (MS  3.5 kN) of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22] for which was the ratio of the average of MS to MF. The MMs of all
the Marshall test. The MSs of all modified PA mixtures were larger modified PA mixtures were larger than that of 70# PA mixture,
than that of 70# PA mixture, and the MSs of WTR, WTR+6%A and and the MMs of WTR, WTR+4%A, WTR+6%A and TPS PA mixtures
TPS PA mixtures were 18.3%, 26.4% and 86.1% larger than that of were 45.2%, 117.0%, 147.7% and 146.5% larger than that of 70#
70# PA mixture, respectively, which showed that modified PA mixture, respectively. The MM of WTR+6%A PA mixture was
asphalts improved the strength of PA mixture, and TPS PA mixture highest of all PA mixtures and slightly higher than that of TPS PA
had the highest improvement in strength. With the increase of mixture. With the increase of APAO content, the MM of WTR/APAO
APAO content, the MS of WTR/APAO PA mixture increased gradu- PA mixture increased significantly. The MM of WTR+6%A PA mix-
ally, but the increase was not significant. The MS of WTR+6%A PA ture was 70.6% larger than that of WTR PA mixture. The results
 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071
Fig. 8. Marshall modulus of different asphalt mixtures.
showed that the adding APAO significantly improved the high tem-
perature performance of PA mixture modified by WTR. The high
temperature performance of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the best
and slightly better than that of TPS PA mixture.
4.2.2. Rutting test results
Fig. 9 showed the rutting depth (RD) at 45 min and 60 min and
dynamic stability (DS) for all PA mixtures. The RDs were the aver-
age value of three test results, and the error bars of RDs were the
standard deviation of three test results. The DSs were calculated
from the average of RDs according to Eq. (5). As shown in Fig. 9,
the RD of all modified PA mixtures were significantly smaller than
that of 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO content, the RD
of WTR/APAO PA mixtures decreased significantly, and the RD at
60 min of WTR+4%A and WTR+6%A PA mixtures was 34.4% and
56.7% lower than that of WTR PA mixture. The RD of WTR+6%A
PA mixture was the smallest and very close to that of TPS PA
mixture.
As shown in Fig. 9, the DS of all modified PA mixtures were sig-
nificantly higher than that of 70# PA mixture, but only the DS of
WTR+4%A, WTR+6%A and TPS PA mixtures met the requirements
of Chinese standard JTG F40-2004 [22] for PA mixture in heavy
traffic sections (DS  3000 cycles/mm). With the increase of APAO
content, the DS of WTR/APAO PA mixtures increased significantly,
Fig. 9. Rutting test results of different asphalt mixtures.
7
and the DS at 60 min of WTR+4%A and WTR+6%A PA mixtures were
1.7 times and 2.1 times of those of WTR PA mixture, respectively.
The DS of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the highest, and the DS of
TPS PA mixture was between WTR+4%A and WTR+6%A PA
mixtures.
The above results analysis showed that the addition of APAO
significantly improved the rutting resistance of PA mixture modi-
fied by WTR. WTR+6%A PA mixture had the best anti-rutting
ability, and the rutting resistance of TPS PA mixture was between
WTR+4%A and WTR+6%A PA mixtures.
4.3. Low temperature performance
Fig. 10 showed the bending failure strength (rB) and the bend-
ing failure strain (eB) measured at low temperature, which were
the average value of three test results using a ±1 standard devia-
tion as error bars. As shown in Fig. 10, the rB of all modified PA
mixtures were larger than that of 70# PA mixture, and the rB of
TPS PA mixture was the highest of all PA mixtures. With the
increase of APAO content, the rB of WTR/APAO PA mixtures
increased gradually, and the rB of WTR+6%A PA mixture was 30%
larger than that of WTR PA mixture. The test results showed that
WTR, WTR/APAO and TPS improved the rB of PA mixture, but
TPS had the best effect on the rB of PA mixture. Adding APAO
improved the rB of WTR PA mixtures, because APAO improved
the viscosity of WTR modified asphalt, which contributed for the
increased strength of PA mixture.
As shown in Fig. 10, the eB of all modified PA mixtures were lar-
ger than that of 70# PA mixture. The eB (3.38  10-3) of TPS PA mix-
ture was the highest and very close to that (3.31  10-3) of WTR PA
mixture. With the increase of APAO content, the eB of WTR/APAO
PA mixtures decreased gradually, and the eB of WTR+6%A PA mix-
ture was 18.2% smaller than that of WTR PA mixture. The results
showed that WTR, WTR/APAO and TPS improved the flexibility of
PA mixture at low temperature, but TPS PA mixture had the best
low temperature toughness. And the adding APAO reduced the
flexibility of WTR PA mixture and had a negative effect on the
low temperature crack resistance of PA mixture.
Fig. 11 showed the bending stiffness modulus (SB), which was
calculated by the ratio of the average of rB to eB according to
Eq. (9). As shown in Fig. 11, the SB of all modified PA mixtures were
larger than that of 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO con-
tent, the SB of WTR/APAO PA mixtures increased significantly. The
SB of WTR+6%A PA mixture was 58.5% larger than that of WTR PA
mixture. The SB of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the largest of all PA
Fig. 10. Failure strength and failure strain of different asphalt.
8 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071
Fig. 11. Stiffness of different asphalt.
mixtures. The SB of TPS PA mixture lied between WTR+4%A and
WTR+6%A PA mixtures. The above content showed that the addi-
tion of APAO made the WTR PA mixture harder and more brittle
and had an adverse effect on the flexibility of PA mixture at low
temperature. And the low temperature performance of TPS PA mix-
ture was worse than WTR+4%A PA mixture but better than WTR
+6%A. Therefore, the WTR/APAO modified asphalt was not recom-
mended to be applied to the PA pavement in cold area.
4.4. Water resistance
Fig. 12 showed the Marshall stability (MS) of the Marshall test
(MS control) and immersion Marshall test (MS conditioned) and
the immersion residual stability (IRS). The MSs were the average
value of three test results, and the error bars of MSs were the ±1
standard deviation of three test results. The IRS was calculated
from the average of MS according to Eq. (4). As shown in Fig. 12,
after soaking, the MS of all PA mixtures decreased, but the MS
order of various PA mixtures did not change, the MS of TPS PA mix-
ture was still the biggest. The IRSs of all modified PA mixtures were
larger than that of 70# PA mixture, and the IRSs of WTR, WTR/
APAO PA mixtures were larger than that of TPS PA mixture, which
showed that WTR, WTR/APAO and TPS improved the water resis-
tance of PA mixture, and the water resistances of WTR, WTR/APAO
PA mixtures were better than that of TPS PA mixture. With the
Fig. 12. The result of immersion Marshall test.
increase of APAO content, the SB of WTR/APAO PA mixtures
increased gradually, and the IRS of WTR+6%A PA mixture was
the largest of all PA mixtures. This showed that the water
resistance of WTR PA mixture was improved by adding APAO,
and WTR+6%A PA mixture had the best water resistance.
4.5. Aging resistance
Fig. 13 showed the Cantabro abrasion loss (CAL) of PA mixture
aged and unaged and the Cantabro abrasion loss ratio (CALR).
The CALs were the average value of three test results, and the error
bars of CALs were the ±1 standard deviation of three test results.
The CALR was calculated from the average of CALs according to
Eq. (10).
As shown in Fig. 13, after aging, the CAL of all PA mixtures
increased. With the increase of APAO content, the aged and unaged
CAL of WTR/APAO PA mixtures decreased gradually. The aged and
unaged CAL of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the smallest of all PA
mixtures. The results showed that aging reduced the abrasion
resistance of PA mixture, and the abrasion resistance of
WTR+6%A PA mixture aged and unaged at the OAC was the best.
It can be also observed from Fig. 13 that the CALR of all modified
PA mixtures were smaller than that of 70# PA mixture, and the
CALR of TPS PA mixture was the smallest of all PA mixtures. With
the increase of APAO content, the CALR of WTR/APAO PA mixtures
decreased gradually, and the CALR of WTR+6%A PA mixture was
33.1% smaller than that of WTR PA mixture. The results showed
that adding WTR, WTR/APAO and TPS into the base asphalt
improved the anti-aging properties of PA mixture; TPS PA mixture
had the best aging resistance; Adding APAO significantly improved
the aging resistance of WTR PA mixture, and the aging resistance of
WTR+6%A PA mixture was second only to that of TPS PA mixture.
4.6. Skid resistance
Although the water on the PA pavement surface flowed quickly
through the connected pores, the wet pavement surface still had a
certain impact on the safe driving, so it was important to deter-
mine the friction coefficient of PA mixture with different asphalt
in the wet state. Fig. 14 showed the friction coefficient of all PA
mixtures which were the average value of 5 test results using
a ±1 standard deviation as error bars. The friction coefficients of
all modified PA mixtures were smaller than that of 70 # PA mix-
ture, because the OACs of modified asphalt were larger than that
of 70# asphalt, and their asphalt film were thicker than 70#
Fig. 13. The results of Cantabro test before and after aging.
 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071
Fig. 14. The results of skid resistance test.
asphalt and covered the microstructure of aggregate surface, so the
friction between rubber sheet and PA mixture surface was reduced.
The friction coefficient of WTR PA mixture was the smallest of all
PA mixtures. With the increase of APAO content, the friction coef-
ficient of WTR/APAO PA mixtures increased gradually, which
meant that adding APAO significantly improved the skid resistance
of WTR PA mixture. This was because WTR and WTR/APAO PA mix-
tures have larger OACs and thicker asphalt film compared with 70#
and TPS PA mixture. The thick asphalt film covered the micro tex-
ture of aggregate and had an important impact on the skid resis-
tance of WTR/APAO PA mixtures. Adding APAO significantly
improved the stickiness and resilience of WTR/APAO modified
asphalt film, which increased the adhesion and hysteresis between
the asphalt film and the rubber sheet [32]. The friction coefficient
of WTR+6%A PA mixture was larger than that of TPS PA mixture,
which indicated that the anti-sliding performance of WTR+6%A
PA mixture was better than that of TPS PA mixture.
5. Conclusion
This study evaluated the effectiveness of using WTR and APAO
modified asphalt for PA mixtures. The major findings are summa-
rized as follows:
(1) The addition of APAO reduced the Cantabro abrasion loss
and draindown of WTR PA mixture. With the increase of APAO
content, the OAC of WTR/APAO PA mixtures decreased slightly.
The OACs of WTR, WTR/APAO PA mixtures were larger than that
of 70 # and TPS PA mixture.
(2) The WTR, WTR/APAO, and TPS PA mixtures had better high
temperature performance than 70# PA mixture. With the
increase of APAO content, the strength, deformation resistance
and rutting resistance of WTR/APAO PA mixtures were
improved. The strength of TPS PA mixture was the highest
among all PA mixtures. The deformation resistances of WTR/
APAO PA mixtures were better than that of TPS PA mixture.
The rutting resistance of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the best
of all PA mixtures.
(3) The WTR, WTR/APAO, and TPS PA mixtures had better low
temperature performance than 70# PA mixture. With the
increase of APAO content, the bending failure strength and stiff-
ness of WTR/APAO PA mixture increased, and the bending
9
strain decreased. The addition of APAO was harmful to the
low temperature performance of WTR PA mixture. The failure
strength and low temperature flexibility of WTR/APAO PA mix-
tures were worse than that of TPS PA mixture. WTR/APAO mod-
ified asphalt was not recommended to be used in PA pavement
in cold area.
(4) The WTR, WTR/APAO, and TPS PA mixtures had better water
resistance than 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO con-
tent, the water resistance of WTR/APAO PA mixtures increased.
The water resistance of WTR+6%A PA mixture was the best of all
PA mixtures. The water resistance of WTR and WTR/APAO PA
mixtures were better than that of TPS PA mixture.
(5) The WTR, WTR/APAO, and TPS PA mixtures had better aging
resistance than 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO con-
tent, the aging resistance of WTR/APAO PA mixtures increased.
The aging resistance of TPS PA mixture was the best of all PA
mixtures.
(6) The WTR, WTR/APAO, and TPS PA mixtures had worse skid
resistance than 70# PA mixture. With the increase of APAO con-
tent, the skid resistance of WTR/APAO PA mixture increased.
The skid resistance of WTR+6%A PA mixture was second only
to that of 70# PA mixture.
(7) The WTR+6%A PA mixture had excellent high temperature
performance, water resistance, aging resistance and skid resis-
tance, but its low temperature performance was not excellent.
Therefore, WTR+6%APAO compound modified asphalt was rec-
ommended for PA pavement in non cold area according to Chi-
nese standard JTG F40-2004 [22].
In this paper, the performance comparison and research of var-
ious PA mixtures were carried out at the OAC determined by the
specification [22] limits of abrasion loss and draindown, which
had certain limitations because asphalt content had an important
effect on the performance of PA mixtures. As a new PA mixture,
the best compaction condition (blow times and temperature) of
WTR/APAO PA mixture was not investigated yet. Future research
is recommended on the influence of compaction condition and
asphalt content on the WTR/APAO PA mixture properties such as
fatigue resistance and permeability.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Kezhen Yan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision,
Resources, Writing - review & editing. Hao Sun: Investigation,
Writing - original draft. Lingyun You: Conceptualization, Method-
ology, Supervision, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing.
Shenghua Wu: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank for the financial support provided
by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB0505400)
and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,
Nos. 50808077, 51278188). The corresponding author, Dr. Lin-
gyun You, also acknowledges the financial support from the
China Scholarship Council (CSC) under No. 201606130003. The
views and findings of this study represent those of the authors
10 K. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 253 (2020) 119071
and may not reflect those of National Key R&D Program of China,
NSFC, and CSC.
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