Toxin Reviews

ISSN: 1556-9543 (Print) 1556-9551 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/itxr20

Insecticidal activities of Parthenium

hysterophorus L. extract and parthenin against
diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and
aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

S. G. Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma & Bikram
Singh

To cite this article: S. G. Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma & Bikram
Singh (2017): Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract and parthenin against
diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, Toxin Reviews, DOI:
10.1080/15569543.2017.1339281

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1339281

Published online: 20 Jun 2017.

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ISSN: 1556-9543 (print), 1556-9551 (electronic)

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ß 2017 Informa UK Ltd, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1339281

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract and

parthenin against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid,
Aphis craccivora Koch
S. G. Eswara Reddy1, Shudh Kirti Dolma1, Praveen Kumar Verma2, and Bikram Singh2
1
Entomology Laboratory, Agro-technology Division and 2Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR–Institute of
Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India

Abstract
Downloaded by [University of Florida] at 23:56 09 December 2017

Keywords
Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (PH) studied against Plutella xylostella Parthenium hysterophorus, parthenin,
the major insect pest of cruciferous crops and Aphis craccivora Koch on legume crops. Results diamondback moth, aphid, toxicity,
showed that PH extract found promising toxicity (LC50 ¼ 1140.68 mg L1) to larvae of repellency
P. xylostella after 96 h of treatment as compared to parthenin (LC50 ¼ 1709.42 mg L1).
Parthenin also showed moderate repellent activity to P. xylostella (43.33 ± 4.18%). However, History
parthenin is more effective against A. craccivora (LC50 ¼ 839 mg L1) than PH extract
(LC50 ¼ 947.87 mg L1). Based on field bio-efficacy studies, PH extract can be recommended Received 20 April 2017
for the management of target pests. Accepted 4 June 2017

Introduction world and India affecting 90% crop loss (Gu et al., 2010;
Zalucki et al., 2012). The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora
Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) (PH) (Asteraceae)
Koch) is a major sucking pest of leguminous crops (El-
is one of the most noxious herbaceous weed distributed
Ghareeb et al., 2002) and cause significant economic damage
widely in the entire world (Hasan & Ansari, 2016a; Hasan &
by sucking sap from leaves, pods and other aerial parts or
Ansari, 2016b). It is most invasive weed and grows quite
indirectly through transmission of major viruses (Laamari
successfully under varied environmental conditions. It is
et al., 2008). Indiscriminate use of insecticides for the control
spreading rapidly in Australia, Western Africa, Asia,
of P. xylostella and A. craccivora lead to insecticide resistance
Caribbean countries, etc., and has become a serious weed of
and harmful to natural enemies besides residue and resur-
pastures, wastelands, roadsides, railwaysides and agricultural
gence problems. The P. xylostella showed resistance to
crops. The infestations of Parthenium have been reported to
spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos,
reduce grain and forage yields by 40–90% (Tanveer et al.,
chlorfenapyr and spinosad (Agboyi et al., 2016; Lima Neto
2015). PH strongly competes with soil moisture, nutrients and
et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al. 2014; Sayyed et al. 2008).
reduces the yield significantly. Allelochemicals released from
Similarly, A. craccivora reported resistance to pirimicarb,
Parthenium has been reported to decrease germination and
carbosulfan, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, fenitrothion and
growth of agronomic crops, vegetables, trees, etc. (Tanveer
malathion (Fouad et al., 2016; Kandila et al., 2017).
et al., 2015). PH extracts reported antibacterial, antioxidant
Insecticidal properties of P. hysterophorus were not reported
and cytotoxic activities (Khan et al., 2011; Kumar et al.,
against P. xylostela till date. In this context study was planned
2014). Few researchers reported the insecticidal activities of
to screen P. hysterophorus extract and parthenin for their
PH extract and its compounds which showed growth inhibi-
insecticidal activities against P. xylostella and A. craccivora
tory to Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Céspedes et al., 2001,
to identify lead (s) for further development of botanical
antifeedant activity to larvae of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Datta
formulation.
& Saxena, 2001) and toxicity to Myzus persicae Sulzer
(Ulrichs et al., 2012) and Callosobruchus chinensis L (Tesfu
& Emana 2013). Materials and methods
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera:
Preparation of PH extract, isolation and characteriza-
Yponomeutidae) is the major insect pest of crucifers in the
tion of parthenin
Parthenin was isolated from aerial parts of the P. hyster-
Address for correspondence: S.G. Eswara Reddy, Entomology ophorus collected from western Himalaya region of India
Laboratory, Agro-technology Division, CSIR–Institute of Himalayan
Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India. (latitude 32.12 N, longitude 76.53 E). Plant material was
E-mail: ereddy2001@yahoo.com, ereddy@ihbt.res.in thoroughly shade dried, grounded into powder and cold
 2 S. G. E. Reddy et al.
extracted with chloroform: methanol (1:1). The crude extract
obtained was fractionated with n-hexane. The methanol
fraction thus collected was subjected to column chromatog-
raphy over silica-gel (60–120 mesh) for the isolation of pure
parthenin as characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
Test insects
P. xylostella and A. craccivora used for the study collected
from cabbage field, reared on Brassica juncea (L.) and
Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants respectively, under laboratory
conditions at 25 ± 2  C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity and a
photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) for more than 30 generations.
Second instar larvae of P. xylostella and adults of
A. craccivora starved for 4 and 2 h, respectively, then used
for the experiments.
Preliminary screening of PH extract and parthenin for
their toxicity to P. xylostella and A. craccivora
Downloaded by [University of Florida] at 23:56 09 December 2017
Initial evaluation of PH extract and parthenin at higher
concentrations (10 000 and 5000 mg L1) tested for their
toxicity against second instar larvae of P. xylostella and adult
A. craccivora. Based on preliminary results, five concentra-
tions are fixed and tested against target pests in the main
experiment.
Insecticidal activities of PH extract and parthenin
against P. xylostella and A. craccivora
Residual toxicity against P. xylostella
Residual toxicity of PH extract and parthenin tested using leaf
dip bio-assay (Park et al., 2002) against second instar larvae
of P. xylostella (Reddy et al., 2016). Five concentrations of
PH extract (10 000, 5000, 2500, 1250 and 625 mg L1) and
parthenin (4000, 3000, 2000, 1000 and 500 mg L1) prepared
from stock solutions from higher concentrations for dose
response bioassay. Cabbage leaf discs (4 cm diameter) dipped
in test solutions for 10 s and then dried in the lab. Ten starved
second instar larvae transferred onto leaf discs in Petri dish
(6 cm diameter) and kept in the laboratory conditions. There
Õ
are five treatments with three replications. The NEEMAZAL
technical contains Azadirachtin 40.86% (Aza-A-33.16%, Aza-
B-7.70% purity) obtained from E.I.D. Parry (India) Limited,
Bio Products Division, Thyagavalli, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
(India) the most potent natural botanical insecticide extracted
from neem, which is commercially used for insect control
used as positive control for comparison (2000–10 000 mg
L1). Observations on mortality recorded at 24, 48, 72 and
96 h intervals.
Residual toxicity against A. craccivora
Residual toxicity of PH extract and parthenin against A.
craccivora subjected to bioassay (Rattan et al., 2015) at five
concentrations (10 000, 5000, 2500, 1250 and 625 mg L1) as
described above. Bean leaf discs (3 cm diameter) prepared
and pressed over the water-agar medium in Petri plates
sprayed with 2 mL of the test solution under Potter’s spray
tower operated at 1.1 kg/cm2 pressure. In each Petri
dish, 10 wingless adult aphids released and kept under
laboratory conditions. There are five treatments and each
Toxin Rev, Early Online: 1–5
treatment/concentration replicated three times. Azadirachtin
40.86% obtained from E.I.D. Parry (India) Limited, Tamil
Nadu (India) used as positive control for comparison.
Observations on mortality recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h
intervals.
Repellent activity of parthenin
The repellent activity of parthenin studied against third instar
larvae of P. xylostella by choice test as per the methodology
adopted (Reddy et al., 2016). Percent repellent activity was
calculated by using formula.
Percent repellence
¼ ðNo: of larvae settled on untreated leaf discs=
Total number of larvae releasedÞ100
Feeding preference activity of parthenin
Feeding preference activity of parthenin studied against third
instar larvae of P. xylostella as per the methodology followed
(Reddy et al., 2016) to assess the feeding preference of
parthenin at four concentrations (4000, 3000, 2000 and
1000 mg L1). The observations of the leaf area consumed by
each set of larvae measured after 24 h of feeding using
WinDIAS Image Analysis System (Delta-T Devices Ltd.,
Cambridge, UK). Feeding-preference index (PI) was calcu-
lated using the formula ( Kogan, 1972; Kogan & Goeden,
1970).
Feeding preference index i:e:, PI ¼ 2T=ðT þ CÞ
where T ¼ Leaf area eaten in the treated discs and C ¼ Leaf
area eaten in the control discs.
Statistical analysis
Residual toxicity data from all bioassays were corrected for
mortality in control using Abbott formula (Abbott, 1925). The
median lethal concentration (LC50), lethal time (LT50) and
their corresponding 95% confidence limits, Chi-square and
regression coefficients determined by Probit analysis (Finney,
1971) using SPSS statistical software version 16.00
(Bangalore, India) The data on repellence and feeding
preference subjected to one way ANOVA using SPSS
statistical software version 16.00 and means compared by
Tukey’s HSD test.
Results and discussion
Insecticidal activities of PH extract and parthenin
against P. xylostella and A. craccivora
Insecticidal activity of PH extract and parthenin against larvae
of P. xylostella and A. craccivora in terms of lethal
concentration (LC50) and lethal time (LT50) to kill 50% of
the test insects and other statistical parameters generated by
regression analysis presented in Tables 1 and 2. PH extract
and parthenin showed mortality to P. xylostella slowly after
24 h of treatment but toxicity was increased after 96 h. PH
extract showed promising activity against second instar larvae
of P. xylostella after 72 and 96 h of treatment (LC50 ¼ 1505.42
and 1140.68 mg L1, respectively) and was followed by
 DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1339281 Insecticidal activity of Parthenium hysterophorus 3
Table 1. Residual toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus extract and parthenin against 2nd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella.

Treatments LC50 (mg L1) 95% Cl (mg L1) Slope ± SE 2 p

P. hysterophorus (72 h) 1505.42 1101.48–1952.43 2.07 ± 0.32 0.41 0.94
P. hysterophorus (96 h) 1140.68 844.89–1443.69 2.50 ± 0.39 0.39 0.94
Parthenin (72 h) 3270.27 2187.10–7981.15 1.25 ± 0.35 0.21 0.98
Parthenin (96 h) 1709.42 1255.11–2330.73 1.72 ± 0.35 0.50 0.92
Azadirachtin 40.86% EC (72 h) 8557.83 5954.57–4125.73 1.33 ± 0.44 1.19 0.75
LT50 (h)
P. hysterophorus (10 000 mg L1) 13.23 1.80–21.81 2.34 ± 0.76 2.75 0.25
Parthenin (4000 mg L1) 58.64 46.40–7 6.36 2.47 ± 0.57 1.46 0.48
Azadirachtin (10 000 mg L1) 67.64 53.93–92.99 2.44 ± 0.58 1.00 0.61

Cl: confidence limits

Table 2. Residual toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus extract and parthenin against Aphis craccivora.

Treatments LC50 (mg L1) 95% Cl (mg L1) Slope ± SE 2 p

P. hysterophorus (72 h) 3290.13 1643.00–9512.52 0.75 ± 0.25 1.35 0.72
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P. hysterophorus (96 h) 947.87 408.80–1477.53 1.21 ± 0.28 1.88 0.60

Parthenin (72 h) 2620.70 1566.30–7571.24 1.06 ± 0.36 1.57 0.45
Parthenin (96 h) 839.00 257.72–1333.33 1.22 ± 0.37 0.09 0.95
Azadirachtin 40.86% (72 h) 7454.87 6068.95–10 118.28 2.43 ± 0.52 0.54 0.90
LT50 (h)
P. hysterophorus (10 000 mg L1) 47.39 21.49–131.24 2.58 ± 0.40 7.87 0.05
Parthenin (5000 mg L1) 54.79 44.15–68.01 2.80 ± 0.57 2.56 0.28
Azadirachtin (10 000 mg L1) 49.79 42.71–57.03 4.57 ± 0.71 2.62 0.27

parthenin (LC50 ¼ 3270.27 and 1709.42 mg L1) as compared
to positive control (azadirachtin 40.81 EC) (LC50 ¼ 8557.83
and 7255.37 mg L1). The lethal time taken by PH extract
to kill 50% of P. xylostella larval population is less
(LT50 ¼ 13.23 h) as compared to parthenin (LT50 ¼ 58.64 h)
and azadirachtin (LT50 ¼ 67.64 h) (Table 1). Parthenin found
more efficient against A. craccivora after 72 and 96 h of
treatment (LC50 ¼ 2620.70 and 839 mg L1, respectively)
than PH extract (LC50 ¼ 3290.13 and 947.87 mg L1)
as compared to azadirachtin (LC50 ¼ 7454.87 and
3668.80 mg L1, respectively). The lethal time taken by PH
extract to show 50% mortality of A. craccivora is lesser
(LT50 ¼ 47.39 h) than parthenin (LT50 ¼ 54.79 h) and azadir-
achtin (LT50 ¼ 49.79 h) (Table 2).
Toxicity and repellent activities of PH extract and parthenin
was not reported against P. xylostella and A. craccivora either
in laboratory/greenhouse/field conditions till date as evidenced
by literature. Few researchers reported the toxicity of PH
extracts against Crocidolomia binotalis Zell and
Callosobruchus maculatus F damaging cowpea seeds
(Bhaduri et al., 1985; Tesfu & Emana, 2013). In another
study, parthenin also found toxic to Melanoplus sanguinipes
(F) (Picman et al., 1981). The methanol extract from aerial
parts of Parthenium argentatum Gray, argentatin A and B
showed growth inhibitory activity to S. frugiperda after 7 d and
prolonged the larval development time. It also observed delay
in pupation, adult emergence and deformities (Cespedes et al.,
2001). In another study, PH extract reduced the population of
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in citrus orchard (Ahmad et al.,
2014). In these studies, PH extract showed promising mortality
against larvae of P. xylostella than parthenin as compared to
positive control. However, in case of A. craccivora, parthenin
found more efficient than PH. Methanol and water extracts of
Aframomum melegueta Schumann (500 mg L1), Aframomum
citratum (C. Pereira) K. Schum (1000 mg L1) reported 80%
mortality to larvae of P. xylostella (Ntonifor et al., 2010). In a
similar study, ethyl acetate extract of Wedelia trilobata (L)
Hitchc exhibited the highest toxicity against P. xylostella
(LC50 ¼ 377 mg L1) after 48 h as compared to other extracts
(Junhirun et al., 2012). In a similar experiment, hexane extract
of Piper retrofractum Vahl was found more effective
(LD50 ¼ 237 mg L1) against third instar larvae of P. xylostella
as compared to Piper nigrum L. (LD50 ¼ 18 435 mg L1)
(Kraikrathok et al., 2013).
In our study, parthenin showed promising toxicity to A.
craccivora as compared to PH extract. Due to non-availability
of literature in parthenin against aphid, the plant extracts/
compounds of other plants were discussed. This study support
the findings of Geyter et al. (2012) who described the saponin
isolated from Quillaja saponaria Molina showed toxicity
(LC50 ¼ 0.55 mg mL1) to Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). In a
similar experiment, saponins isolated from alfalfa caused
100% mortality of Empoasca fabae Harris within 2 d (Horber
et al., 1974). In another study, ageraphorone (2 mg mL1)
isolated from petroleum ether extract of Eupatorium adeno-
phorum Spreng reported 73% mortality to Pseudoregma
bambucicola (Takahashi) in the laboratory and 77% mortality
in the field (Nong et al., 2015).
Repellent and feeding preference activity of parthenin
against P. xylostella
All the concentrations of parthenin in this study showed
repellent activity to P. xylostella. Among them, parthenin at
 4 S. G. E. Reddy et al. Toxin Rev, Early Online: 1–5

Table 3. Repellent and feeding preference activity of parthenin against References

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Conclusion
PH extract/parthenin showed promising toxicity to larvae of
P. xylostella and A. craccivora. Further, studies required to
explore its bio-efficacy against target pests in the field for the
development of formulation.
Acknowledgments
Authors grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research, New Delhi, for funding. Authors also thank
Director, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource
Technology for support and encouragement. IHBT commu-
nication number for this article is 4038.
Declaration of interest
The authors report no declarations of interest.
Funding
This work was supported by Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, New Delhi, for funding the projects
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