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Droplet

collisions and
coalescence
Wall
Nozzle impingement

Spray cone
angle

Primary Secondary Evaporation


breakup breakup
1.0
Increase ud ud=0 m/s
0.8 ud=1 m/s
ud=2 m/s

D2(t)/D2(t=0)
ud=4 m/s
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s)

T
Tf

Thermal
boundary Ta

Tb
r
R
Mass flux

Heat flux δf

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