LESSON 5: CONCENTRATION

UNITS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS AND PRACTICE
EXERCISES
 Mass Percent (%m/m)
A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it. What
is the concentration of the solution in mass percent?

Given: Solution:
Mass of solute= 36.5 g %m/m=
36.5 𝑔
x 100
Mass of solution= 355 g 355 𝑔

Required: Answer:
Mass percent (%m/m)= ? %m/m= 10.3%
Equation:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%m/m= x 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Volume Percent (%v/v)
A solution is prepared by dissolving 90 mL of hydrogen peroxide in enough water to
make 3000 mL of solution. Identify the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide
solution.
Given: Solution:
Volume of solute= 90 mL %v/v=
90 𝑚𝐿
x 100
Volume of solution= 3000 mL 3000 𝑚𝐿

Required: Answer:
Volume percent (%v/v)= ? %v/v= 3 %
Equation:
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%v/v= x 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 ppm vs. ppb
If there is 0.6 g of Pb present in 277 g of solution, what is the Pb
concentration in parts per million?
Given: Solution:
Mass of solute= 0.600 g ppm =
0.600 𝑔
x 106
Mass of solution= 277 g 277 𝑔

Answer:
Required:
ppm=? ppm= 2,166 𝑝𝑝𝑚 𝑜𝑟 2170 𝑝𝑝𝑚

Equation:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ppm= 𝑥 106
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 ppm vs. ppb
A 50.0-g sample of industrial wastewater was determined to contain 0.48 mg of
mercury. Express the mercury concentration of the wastewater in ppb.

Given:
Mass of solute= 50.0 g (50,000 mg)
Mass of solution= 0.48 mg
Solution:
Required: 0.48 𝑚𝑔
ppb=? ppb = x 109
50,000 𝑚𝑔

Equation: Answer:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ppb= 𝑥 109 ppb= 9,600 𝑝𝑝𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 ppm vs. ppb
A 50.0-g sample of industrial wastewater was determined to contain 0.48 mg of
mercury. Express the mercury concentration of the wastewater in ppb.

Given:
Mass of solute= 0.48 mg
Mass of solution= 50.0 g (50,000 mg)
Solution:
Required: 0.48 𝑚𝑔
ppb=? ppb = x 109
50,000 𝑚𝑔

Equation: Answer:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ppb= 𝑥 109 ppb= 9,600 𝑝𝑝𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 MOLE FRACTION
0.100 mol of NaCl is dissolved in 100.0 g of pure H2O. What is the mole
fraction of the said solute in the solution?
Solution: Solution:
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Given: molsolvent= XNaCl=
𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
moles of solute= 0.100 mol 100.0 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂 0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙
mass of solvent= 100.0 g molsolvent=
18
𝑔
𝐻𝑜 XNaCl=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 5.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Required:
molsolvent= 5.56 mol H2O molsolvent= 5.56 mol H2O
Xsolute=?

Equation: Answer:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Xsolute=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
XNaCl= 0.0177
 MOLARITY (M)
Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution that contains 0.225 moles
(mol) of sodium chloride in a volume of 2.80 liters (L).

Given: Solution:
moles of solute= 0.225 mol M=
0.225 𝑚𝑜𝑙
volume of solution= 2.80 L 2.80 𝐿

Answer:
Required:
M=? M= 0.0804 𝑀

Equation:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
M=
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
 MOLALITY (M)
Calculate the molality (m) of a solution that contains 298 grams (g) of sodium
chloride (MM: 58.44 g/mol) in a solvent that weighs 1.20 kilograms (kg).
Solution:
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Answer:
Given: molsolute= m= 4.25 𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
mass of solute= 298 g 298 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
MM of solute= 58.44 g/mol mol =
solute 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
mass of solvent= 1.20 kg 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Required:
molsolute= 5.099 mol NaCl
m=?
Solution:
Equation: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 m=
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
m=
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
5.099 𝑚𝑜𝑙
m=
1.20 𝑘𝑔
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS

https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image?mediatype=illustration&ph https://stock.adobe.com/ph/search?k=molarity
rase=low+blood+sugar
APPLICATIONS

39 𝑔
mol of sugar =
342.3 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
mol of sugar = 0.11 mol
0.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M of sugar =
0.355 𝐿
M of sugar = 0.31 M

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/1-concentration-molarity-table-sugar-c12h22011-coca-cola-total-sugars-listed-c2h2on-
nutrit-q56478586
APPLICATIONS

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25033372-700-how-to-make-
ice-cream-with-no-freezer-just-ice-and-salt/

https://sciencenotes.org/freezing-point-depression-formula-and-definition/

https://studiousguy.com/boiling-point-examples-in-everyday-life/
https://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-75-1.html
APPLICATIONS

Ano pong sugar level?

- Yes po ☺
- Level 2 po :’)
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Units-for-Expressing-Concentration_29552/
PRACTICE
EXERCISES
1. What is the percent by mass of
15.0 g of iron (II) sulfate
dissolved in 125.0 g of water?
2. What is the mass percent of each
solute in the mixture formed by
adding 22 g of calcium sulfate and 36
g of potassium chloride to 500 g
water?
3. A solution is made by adding
27 mL of benzene to 110 mL of
toluene. What is the percent by
volume of benzene?
4. Calculate the volume percent of a
solution that is prepared by mixing
673.2 milliliters of helium and 104.6
milliliters of molecular chlorine.
5. If there is 0.256 mg of As in
418 g of solution, what is the As
concentration in ppb?
6. The concentration of a solution
is 158,000 ppm. How many
grams of solute is contained in
100 grams of solution?
7. According to the EPA, when the
concentration of lead in tap water reaches
15 ppb, certain remedial actions must be
taken. What is this concentration in ppm?

8. At the said concentration in #7, what

mass of lead would be contained in 1 liter of
water (density of water= 1.00 g/mL) ?
9. A container is charged with a
mixture of 1000 mol of oxygen
and 4500 mol of helium. Calculate
the mole fraction of each gas in
the mixture.
10. Determine the mole fraction
of CH3OH and H2O in a sol’n
prepared by dissolving 5.8 g of
alcohol in 48 g of H2O. M of H2O is
20 and M of CH3OH is 30.
11. What is the molarity of a
solution formed from 6.75 g NaCl
dissolved in water to make a sol’n
with a total volume of 4.52 mL?
12. How many grams of MgCl2 are
needed to make 700 mL of a 1.40
M solution? (MgCl2 MW: 95.211)
13. A 326 g of C6H6 dissolve in
820 g of acetone. What is the
molality? (MW C6H6 = 78.11)
14. What is the mass of a sample
of a 0.449 molal KBr that contains
2.92 kg of water?
15. A solution of H2SO4 with a
molal concentration of 8.010 m
has a density of 1.354 g/mL.
What is the molar concentration
of this solution? (MW of H2SO4 =
98.0768)