By: Habtamu Tilahun (MSc), 2019GC

Example: 2.4
Figure 1 shows a 5m simply supported beam. Design the beam with a given the characteristic
permanent action (excluding self-weight) is 1.5 kN/m, characteristic variable action is 4.0 kN/m
with a design life of 50 years, fire exposure = REI 90, exposure class = XC1, characteristic concrete
strength, fck = C25/30, high yield steel strength, fyk = 400 N/mm2, Unit weight of concrete = 25
kN/m3. Use: Any of the standard bolt diameter and diameter of shear reinforcement = 8mm.

Solution
1. DURABILITY, FIRE & BOND REQUIREMENTS
 Minimum indicative strength for class XC1 = C20/25, we are using C25/30……. Ok

 Min. cover with regard to bond,

should not be less than the bar diameter. So, Cbond = 12 mm
where, the initial bolt diameter is assumed to be 12mm
 Min. cover with regard to durability,
The structural class for 50 years is 4. So for Structural class 4 and XC1, Cmin,dur = 15 mm

 Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance,

 For simply supported beam

Let us say the beam width is between 150mm and 200. Then take a = 30 mm

Cnom for fire is =a - φbar/2 = 30-12/2=24mm

 Allowance in design for deviation, ∆Cdev = 10 mm……...is the recommended value
∴ Nominal cover, Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev
Cmin = max {Cbond, Cmin, dur,10} = max{12mm,15mm,10mm} = 15mm
Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 15mm+10mm = 25mm
Therefore, the nominal concrete cover = max {Com fire, Cnom}
= max{24mm,25mm}
= 25mm
2. PRELIMINARY BEAM DIMENSION
 Span to depth ration,
The most economical ration in the practical world is between 10 and 16
Therefore, take L/h=16
h=L/16=4400mm/16=275mm, take 280mm
 Width to depth ratio,
The most economical ratio in the practical world is between 1.5 and 2
Therefore, take h/b=2
b=h/2=280/2=140mm, take b=150mm

Fig. Preliminary beam dimension

3. ACTIONS (DESIG LOADS)
 Beam self-weight = AcxƳc = 0.28m x 0.15m x 25kN/m3 = 1.05 kN/m
Permanent load (excluding self-weight) = 1.50 kN/m
Total permanent load, gk = 1.75+1.5 = 2.55kN/m
 Variable action, qk = 4.00 kN/m
 Design action, nd = 1.35DL + 1.5LL = 1.35 gk + 1.5 qk
= 1.35x2.55kN/m +1.5x4kN/m = 9.443kN/m
4. ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL ACTIONS

5. DESIGN STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

0.85 f ck 0.85 * 25
f cd    14.16 Mpa
1.5 1.5
f yk 400
f cd    347 .82 Mpa
1.15 1.15
6. DESIGN THE REINFORCEMENT FOR BENDING
 Calculate  value
 M

f cd bd 2

longtiudinal 12
d  h  a  280  (Cover  link  )  280  (25  8  )  241mm
2 2

M 22850000 Nmm
 2
  0.18522
f cd bd 14.16 Mpa *150 mm * (241mm) 2

 = 0.18522 < 0.295……………top reinforcement is not required (it is ductile) but it

implies to much large depth is used. Unless moment redistribution is applied the values
of  shall not be less than 0.252. so, resize the beam dimension.

Now let us try the following beam dimension

 191mm take d=191mm and b=150mm

M 22850000 Nmm
d  
f cd b 0.295 x14.16 Mpax150

longtiudinal 12
h  d  a  191  (Cover  link  )  191  ( 25  8  )  230 mm ,
2 2
take h=240
 Recalculate the design forces,
 nd = 9.24
 Mmax = wl2/8 = ndl2/8 = 9.24x4.42/8 =22.36kNm
 VEd = wl/2 = ndl/2 = 9.24x4.4/2 = 20.328kN
longtiudinal 12
d  h  a  240  (Cover  link  )  240  (25  8  )  201mm
2 2

M 22360000 Nmm
 2
  0.2605  0.252,0.2605  0.295
f cd bd 14.16 Mpa *150 mm * (201mm) 2

………. Ok
Now no top reinforcement is required.
 Calculate  value (reinforcement ratio)

  1  1  2  ff cd

 1  1  2(0.2605 ) 347
14.16 Mpa
.82 Mpa
 0.012539
yd

 Calculate bottom area of reinforcement, As

As  bd  0.012539 x150 x201  378.052mm2
7. REQUIREMENTS AND PROVIDED REINFORCEMENTS FOR FLEXURE
 Minimum reinforcements (As,min)
𝑓
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{0.26 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑, 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑}
𝑦𝑘

f ctm  0.3 f ck
2/3
……….. for fck < 50Mpa
 f ctm  0.3(25)2 / 3  2.565Mpa
2.565𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{0.26 200𝑚𝑚𝑥201𝑚𝑚, 0.0013𝑥200𝑚𝑚𝑥201𝑚𝑚}
400𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{67𝑚𝑚 , 52.26𝑚𝑚2 } 2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 67𝑚𝑚2
 Maximum reinforcements (As,max)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑥200𝑚𝑚𝑥240𝑚𝑚 = 1920𝑚𝑚2
 Minimum spacing (S,min)
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, max 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 + 5, 20𝑚𝑚}
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{12𝑚𝑚, 25𝑚𝑚 + 5𝑚𝑚, 20𝑚𝑚}
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 30𝑚𝑚
 Number of bottom reinforcements
𝐴 378.052𝑚𝑚2
𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠 = = 3.344……………take n=4
𝑠 113.04𝑚𝑚2
 Spacing of bottom reinforcements provided
𝑏−2𝑎 150−2𝑥39 72
𝑠= = = = 24𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 30𝑚𝑚……………Not Ok
𝑛−1 4−1 3
Change the tension reinforcement diameter in to φ14
𝐴 378.052𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠 = = 2.457……………take n=3
𝑠 153.86𝑚𝑚2
𝑏−2𝑎 150−2𝑥40 72
𝑠= = = = 35𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 30𝑚𝑚…………… Ok
𝑛−1 3−1 2
 Bottom reinforcement provided
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛𝑥𝑎𝑠 = 3𝑥153.86 = 461.58𝑚𝑚2
 Top reinforcement provided
No need to provide the top reinforcement according to the design calculation, but a
minimum of two reinforcements are required to keep the shear reinforcements at the
required position. So provide φ10 c/c 72mm. i.e. As provided at top = 157.08mm2
8. DESIGN THE BEAM FOR SHEAR
 Design shear force, VEd
The closest inclined cracks that can occur adjacent to the supports will extend
outward from the supports at roughly at maximum angle of crack inclination of
45o.
 Therefore, VEd = 13.65kN
 φ link = 8mm
 number of leg = 2
 calculate the concrete strut capacity for θ = 22o
𝑓 25
𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 0.9𝑑 0.6(1− 𝑐𝑘 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 0.9𝑑 0.6(1− )𝑥25𝑥150𝑥0.9𝑥201
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 22𝑜 = = 250
= 250
= 94.247𝑘𝑁
1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡22+𝑡𝑎𝑛22)
𝑜
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 22 = 94.247𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 13.65𝑘𝑁…………………… Ok
 calculate the area and spacing of shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤
→ 𝑠
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑤
→ 𝑠
0.9𝑥201𝑚𝑚𝑥347.82𝑀𝑝𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑡22 = 13.65𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴
→ 𝑠
= 𝑠𝑠𝑤 = 0.08765𝑚𝑚
𝜋∅2 𝜋82
Consider two leg of shear reinforcements: 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2𝑥 = = 100.53𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐴
𝑠𝑤 100.53
𝑠 = 0.08765 = 0.08765 = 1146.95𝑚𝑚
𝐴 100.53
𝜌𝑤 = 𝑠𝑏𝑠𝑤 = 1146.95𝑥150 = 0.0005843
𝑤
 requirements
√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √25
𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 = 0.08 = 0.001
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Therefore, 𝜌𝑤 = 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.001
𝐴𝑠,𝑤 100.53
𝑆=𝜌 = 0.001𝑥150 = 607.2𝑚𝑚……………. take S=600mm
𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑏𝑤
Maximum longitudinal spacing 𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼) = 0.75𝑥201𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡90) =
150.75𝑚𝑚
Therefore, provide longitudinal stirrup spacing, S = 150mm
Maximum leg spacing 𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 150.75𝑚𝑚 > Sprovided = 72mm … … … … … . Ok
 additional tensile force due to the shear force & the tensile reinforcement required
Additional force, 𝛥𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝛥𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5𝑥13.65𝑘𝑁𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡22 = 16.89𝑘𝑁
𝛥𝐹𝑡𝑑 16890𝑁
Additional tensile reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑
= 347.82𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 48.56𝑚𝑚2
 Total reinforcement required at the bottom
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 378.05𝑚𝑚2 +
48.56𝑚𝑚2 = 426.61𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 461.6𝑚𝑚2 ……………………Ok
9. CHECK THE DEFLECTION REQUIREMENTS
 Required data
 Concrete grade, fck = 25Mpa
  Steel grade, fyk = 400Mpa
 Let the effective length is, Leff=4.4m
 The factor k for simply supported beam is 1

 As, tension required for ultimate limit state= 426.61𝑚𝑚2

 As, tension provided for ultimate limit state = 461.6𝑚𝑚2
 As, tension required for flexure = 378.05𝑚𝑚2
 As, compression required for flexure= 0
 As, compression provided for flexure = 157.08mm2
 Limiting span to depth ratio

𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 0

 𝜌′ = = 150𝑚𝑚𝑥201𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 378.05𝑚𝑚2
 𝜌= = 150𝑚𝑚𝑥201𝑚𝑚 = 0.012538
𝑏𝑑
√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √25
 𝜌𝑜 = 1000 = = 0.005
1000
 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑜

𝑙 0.005 1 0
Therefore, 𝑑 = 1 ∗ [11 + 1.5√25 0.012538−0 + 12 √25√0.005] = 13.95

 Adjustment on the limiting span to depth ratio by multiplying with the

following ratio:

𝑙 𝑙 500 500
𝑑
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑘𝑥𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 13.99𝑥 400𝑥426.61 = 18.75
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 461.6
 𝑙 4400
= 𝑑 = 18.75 = 234.61𝑚𝑚
18.53

Therefore, dmin = 237.39mm > dprovided = 201mm

Or hmin = 274.61mm > hprovided = 240mm……. deflection requirement is not
satisfied!!
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 +ℎ𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
 Check the new depth depth, h = = 257.3mm……………..use h = 260mm
2
 Recalculate the design forces,
 nd = 9.34
 Mmax = wl2/8 = ndl2/8 = 9.34x4.42/8 =22.6028kNm
 VEd,max = wl/2 = ndl/2 = 9.34x4.4/2 = 20.55kN
 d = 221mm
  = 0.2174
 ρ = 0.01010928
 As, tension required for ultimate limit state = 381.56mm2
 As, tension provided for ultimate limit state = 461.6 mm2
 As, top required = 0
 As, top provided = 157.08mm2
 𝜌′ = 0
 𝜌𝑜 = 0.005

𝑙 0.005 1 0
Therefore, 𝑑 = 1 ∗ [11 + 1.5√25 0.01−0 + 12 √25√0.005] = 14.75

 Adjustment on the limiting span to depth ratio by multiplying with the

following ratio:

𝑙 500
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 14.75 ∗ 400𝑥381.56 = 22.2
𝑑
461.6

𝑙 4400
=𝑑= = 198.2𝑚𝑚
21.929 22.2

Therefore, dmin = 198.2mm < dprovided = 221mm

Or hmin = 238.13mm < hprovided = 260mm……deflection requirement is satisfied!!!
10. DESIGN THE BEAM FOR SHEAR
 Design shear force, VEd
The closest inclined cracks that can occur adjacent to the supports will extend
outward from the supports at roughly at maximum angle of crack inclination of
45o.
 Therefore, VEd = 13.8kN
 φ link = 8mm
 number of leg = 2
 calculate the concrete strut capacity for θ = 22o
𝑓 25
𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 0.9𝑑 0.6(1− 𝑐𝑘 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 0.9𝑑 0.6(1−250)𝑥25𝑥150𝑥0.9𝑥221
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 22𝑜 = = 250
= = 93.263𝑘𝑁
1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 1.5(𝑐𝑜𝑡22+𝑡𝑎𝑛22)
𝑜
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 22 = 93.263𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 13.8𝑘𝑁…………………… Ok
 calculate the area and spacing of shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤
→ 𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑤
→ 0.9𝑥221𝑚𝑚𝑥347.82𝑀𝑝𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑡22 = 13.8𝑘𝑁
𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝐴
→ = 𝑠𝑤 = 0.080593𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑠
𝜋∅2 𝜋82
Consider two leg of shear reinforcements: 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2𝑥 4
= 4
= 100.53𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑤 100.53
𝑠= = = 1247.37𝑚𝑚
0.101968 0.080593
𝐴𝑠𝑤 100.53
𝜌𝑤 = = = 0.000537289
𝑠𝑏𝑤 1247.37𝑥150
 requirements
√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √25
𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08 = 0.08 = 0.001
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
Therefore, 𝜌𝑤 = 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.001
𝐴𝑠,𝑤 100.53
𝑆=𝜌 = 0.001𝑥150 = 670.2……………. take S=670mm
𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑏𝑤
Maximum longitudinal spacing 𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼) = 0.75𝑥221𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡90) =
165.75𝑚𝑚
Therefore, provide longitudinal stirrup spacing, S = 165mm
Maximum leg spacing 𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 ≤ 600𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 165.75𝑚𝑚 > Sprovided = 70mm … … … … … . Ok