Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

College of Engineering
Lesson 6 – Sample Distribution
Point estimation is a statistical technique used to estimate an unknown population parameter
using a single value, called a point estimate, based on sample data. The goal of point
estimation is to find the most likely value of the population parameter based on the information
available in the sample.
Point estimation involves using a sample statistic, such as the sample mean or sample
proportion, to estimate the corresponding population parameter, such as the population mean
or population proportion. The point estimate is calculated by plugging the sample statistic into
a formula that estimates the population parameter.
Overall, point estimation is a fundamental statistical technique used to make inferences about
populations from sample data. It is widely used in various fields, including survey research,
quality control, and epidemiology, to estimate population parameters and to draw conclusions
about the population.

̅)
Mean (𝒙
The mean is a measure of central tendency that represents the average value of a set of
numerical data. The mean is also known as the arithmetic mean or the average.

∑ 𝑓𝑥
̅=
𝒙
𝑛
Where:
̅ = mean
𝒙
∑fx = summation of scores/values of elements
n = total number elements

Example 1:
Find the sample mean of 60, 57, 109 and 50
Solution:

60 + 57 + 109 + 50
̅=
𝒙
4
̅ = 69
𝒙

1
EN MATH 4 – Engineering Data Analysis
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

College of Engineering
Variance (s2)

The average of the squared differences from the mean. Variance is a measure of how spread
out a dataset is. It measures how much the individual observations in a dataset vary from the
mean of the dataset.

2
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠 =
𝑛−1
Where:
S2 = variance
x = value of element
𝑥̅ = mean
n = total number of elements

Example 2:

Roman has six dogs and their weight in kilograms are 10, 12, 13, 17, 20 and 24.

Solution:

10 + 12 + 13 + 17 + 20 + 24
𝑥̅ = = 16.16 𝑘𝑔
6
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎2 =
𝑛−1
(10 − 16.16)2 + (12 − 16.16)2 + (13 − 16.16)2 + (17 − 16.16)2 + (20 − 16.16)2 + (24 − 16.16)2
𝜎2 =
6−1

𝜎 2 = 28.43 𝑘𝑔2

2
EN MATH 4 – Engineering Data Analysis
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

College of Engineering
Standard Deviation (σ)
Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data
values from the mean (average) value. It is a widely used measure of the variability or spread
of a data set, and is calculated as the square root of the variance.
A higher standard deviation indicates that the data values are more spread out from the mean,
while a lower standard deviation indicates that the data values are more clustered around the
mean.

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎= √
𝑛−1

Where:
s = Standard Deviation
x = value of element
𝑥̅ = mean
n = total number of elements

Example 3:
Use example 2.

10 + 12 + 13 + 17 + 20 + 24
𝑥̅ = = 16.16 𝑘𝑔
6

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠= √
𝑛−1

(10 − 16.16)2 + (12 − 16.16)2 + (13 − 16.16)2 + (17 − 16.16)2 + (20 − 16.16)2 + (24 − 16.16)2
𝑠=√
6−1

𝑠 = 5.33 𝑘𝑔

3
EN MATH 4 – Engineering Data Analysis
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

College of Engineering

Sampling Distribution
In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution of a sample statistic (such as
the sample mean, sample proportion, etc.) computed from multiple random samples of the
same size taken from a larger population.
Central Limit Theorem
The central limit theorem is a fundamental concept in statistics that states that the distribution
of the sample means of a large number of independent and identically distributed random
variables will be approximately normal, regardless of the underlying distribution of the
population from which the samples are drawn.
Z-Test
A z-test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether a sample mean is significantly
different from a population mean, assuming that the population standard deviation is known.
It is often used when the sample size is large, and the population variance is known.

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎/√𝑛
Where:
Z = Z score
𝑥̅ = mean of sample
μ = mean of population
n = no. of elements
σ = standard deviation of population

Example 4:
Suppose salaries at a very large corporation have a mean of $62,000 and a standard deviation
of $32,000. If 100 employees are randomly selected, what is the probability their average
salary exceeds $66,000?

Solution:

66,000 − 62,000
𝑃(𝑥̅ > $66,000) = 𝑃 (𝑍 > ) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.25)
32,000/√100

4
EN MATH 4 – Engineering Data Analysis
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE
F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines

College of Engineering
Now refer to Z table

Note: Z table can be only used for Normal Distribution, where rule of thumb n value should
be (𝒏 ≥ 𝟑𝟎)

Therefore, 𝑃(𝑥̅ > $66,000) = 1 − 0.89435 = 0.106

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EN MATH 4 – Engineering Data Analysis