JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

QUARTER 1,  WEEK 3

INTRODUCTION

WHAT THIS MODULE IS ALL ABOUT

Have you ever wondered about the smallest things that are around us? Or how about the
existence of minute things that most of us are not even aware of?

The invention of the microscope has opened a new venue to different developments in the field
of Science. It has opened our eyes to a previously unseen world. With the help and use of the
microscope, we can see the tiniest part of our bodies such as cells.
All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of all organisms that can perform
all life’s function.
This module will be all about microscope and cells.

WHAT THE LEARNING OUTCOMES ARE

At the end of this unit, you should already have knowledge about the microscope – its parts and
how to handle them properly.

Also in this module, we will learn about the biological organization and how cell is the basic unit
of life

Lastly, we will also study the difference between plant cell and animal cell.

LESSONS IN THIS MODULE

Lesson 1: Microscope
Lesson 2: Introduction to the Cell: Cell as the basic unit of life
Lesson 3: Plant Cell and Animal Cell

WELCOME SIGNAGE

The essence of Science is that it is always willing to abandon a given idea for a better one.
Experiment. Fail. Learn. Repeat. #SCIENCEWAY
 ANSWER KEY FOR Q1 W2

Lesson 1 4. saturated
5. unsaturated
IFLL
Reflection: Answers vary
Checking your understanding
A.
Lesson 3
1. P
2. M IFLL
3. P
Checking your understanding
4. M
5. P 1. %m/v
6. M 2. %v/v
7. M 3. %m/v
8. P 4. %m/v
9. P 5. %m/v
10. M Guide Questions: Answers vary
B. Individual Task
1. Filtration 1. 6%
2. Distillation 2. 70%
3. Decantation 3. 10.6%
4. Distillation 4. 75%
5. Physical manipulation 5. 60.6%
Guide Questions Reflection: Answers vary
1. physical manipulation, distillation, filtration,
decantation, centrifugation, and evaporation
2. Answers vary Post test

Individual task: Answers vary 1. A

2. B
Reflection: Answers vary 3. D
4. C
5. B
Lesson 2
6. B
IFLL 7. A
8. B
Checking your understanding
9. D
A. 10. A
1. US
2. S
3. S
4. SS
5. S
B.
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
Guide Questions: Answers vary
Collaborative Activity: Answers vary
Process Questions: Answers vary
Individual Task
1. supersaturated
2. unsaturated
3. supersaturated
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
QUARTER 1,  WEEK 3

SELF-PACED LEARNING KIT IN SCIENCE 7

LESSON # 1 TOPIC: Microscope

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

S7LT-IIa-1 Identify parts of the microscope and their functions; and
S7LT-IIb-2 Focus specimens using the compound microscope by:
1.1 Identifying the different parts of a compound microscope
1.2 Describing the functions of the different parts of a compound microscope; and
1.3 Knowing how to properly use a compound microscope

INTEGRATION OF FAITH, LEARNING, and LIFE

We might be a small specimen when we look through the entire universe and galaxies but God
cares for each and every one of us.

MOTIVATION

What is the smallest creature you have seen so far? Have you ever wondered if you can look at it
up close through a magnifying glass?

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LINKING STATEMENT

Magnifying glass is just one of the tools you can use. What if there is another equipment you can
use to magnify small objects/specimen?
CONCEPT NOTE

 The microscope is a powerful tool that allows scientists to see things that are invisible to
the naked eye

 A compound microscope has been the most common type of microscope being used in
school and other industries. This can magnify images of samples up until 400 times its
original size thus, making it an efficient tool in observing minute living organisms or
compounds.

Parts of a compound microscope

 The eyepiece is the viewer lens for the user. It can magnify the sample up to 10X or 15X
of its original size.

 The body tube holds the eyepiece to the revolving nosepiece.

 The carrying handle serves as the handle where the user could carry the microscope
from one location to another.

 The revolving nosepiece holds the objective lenses of the microscope. It rotates to allow

user to select different objective lenses.

 The objective lenses are the most important parts of a compound microscope. These

lenses aid in magnifying the sample for several times bigger than its original size. A
common compound microscope contains four objective lenses, namely: the scanner lens,
low power objective lens, high power objective lens, and oil-immersion objective lens.

 The stage is the flat platform where the slide containing the sample is being placed.
 The slide holder is usually attached at the side of the stage. These are metal clips that
hold the slide into place.
 The coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down to focus the specimen. It is
used to adjust the distance of the sample on the stage.
 The fine adjustment knob is the smaller round knob on the side of the microscope. It is
used to fine-tune the focus of the specimen.
 The condenser is located at the bottom of the stage. It is responsible for gathering and
focusing light from the source to the specimen being examined.
 The iris diaphragm is located just above the condenser. It adjusts the amount of light
that reaches the specimen.
 The light bulb is the light source for a microscope. It is in a form of a low-voltage bulb
that provides light that passes through the condenser into the specimen and the objectives.
 The light intensity control allows user to dim the light from the bulb. Most electric
compound microscopes have a light intensity control knob.
 The base supports the microscope. The illuminator is in the base.

The following must be considered in handling a compound microscope:

 1. When moving the microscope from one place to another, make sure to carry it with both
hands. Hold the arm with one hand and put other hand at the base for support.
2. For proper placement, put the microscope on a table with the arm or handle towards you.
3. Turn the coarse adjustment knob to raise the body tube and make enough distance
between the body tube and the stage. This will allow you to easily put the slide
containing the sample.
4. Place the slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips.
5. Turn the revolving nosepiece and pick your desired objective lens. You must hear a
"click" to know that the objective lens is in proper position.
6. Adjust the iris diaphragm and condenser to control the light intensity while looking
through the eyepiece. In addition, adjust the light intensity knob until you see a bright
white circle of light.
7. Using the coarse adjustment, focus the specimen as far as it will go without touching the
slide. This must be done by viewing the eyepiece to know if the image formed is clear
while adjusting the coarse adjustment knob.
8. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing.
9. While viewing the microscope, look through the eyepiece with both eyes open. Always
remember that image created by the microscope is always upside down and backwards.
Moving the slide to the right will cause the image to go to the left.
10. Never touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. If you want to clean it, use lens
paper to avoid scratches.
11. When finished, raise the tube, click the lowest power lens into position, remove the slide,
and position the stage near the objective.

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

A. Label the parts of a typical compound microscope

GUIDE QUESTIONS
 What is the importance of microscopes in Science?
 How have microscopes developed Science and life in general?
 How is a microscope used and be taken good care of?
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
QUARTER 1,  WEEK 3

SELF-PACED LEARNING KIT IN SCIENCE 7

LESSON # 2 TOPIC: Introduction to the Cell: Cell as the basic unit of life

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

S7LT-IIc-3 Describe the different levels of biological organization from cell to biosphere; and
S7LT-IIe-5 Explain why the cell is considered the basic structural and functional unit of all
organisms by:
1.1 Sequencing the levels of each biological organization in order of least to most
complex
1.2 Providing examples for each level; and
1.3 Determining the parts of a cell

INTEGRATION OF FAITH, LEARNING, and LIFE

From cells to tissues to organs to organ system to organisms, God made us perfectly.

MOTIVATION

How do you form an object based using these blocks?

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LINKING STATEMENT

Cell as the basic unit of life is also considered the building blocks of life. We will find out on this
lesson why it is considered as such.
CONCEPT NOTE

Levels of Biological Organization

 The cell is the fundamental unit of living organisms. The structures of these

organisms can be examined hierarchically, from the smallest to the largest level,
wherein the complexity increases as the level increases.
 In larger organisms, cells combine to make tissues. A tissue is a group of similar
cells that work together to carry out a specific function.

 A collection of different tissues is called an organ. An organ is a system of tissues

grouped together to perform a common function.

 An organ system is a higher level of organization that consists of different organs

that work together to perform related bodily functions.

 Multiple organ systems with different functions work together to form an organism.
An organism is a living thing that performs all basic life processes.
 Keep in mind that some organisms can be single-celled such as bacteria or amoebae.
They are typically referred to as microorganisms.

Beyond the Organism

The biological organization does not end on the organism level. As you know, many organisms live together.
A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area.
It is possible for different populations to live in the same area. A community is the sum of populations living within
a certain area.
Adding up the nonliving components of the environment such as the rocks, water, air, and soil to living things
makes an ecosystem.
At the highest level of organization, and thus with the highest complexity, is the biosphere. It is the sum of all
ecosystems. It includes every plant, animal, human, microorganism, and the nonliving things such as land, water,
and atmosphere on Earth.

Cell: Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Life

In 1665, Robert Hooke first discovered a cell by observing very thin slices of cork under a microscope.
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden stated that all plants are made up of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann concluded
similarly that all animals are made up of cells.
Together, they theorized that all living things are made up of cells.

In 1855, Rudolph Virchow observed cells dividing into new cells.

Combining the observations of these scientists would make the cell theory.

The cell theory states that:

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
 2. All living cells come from other living cells through cell division.
3. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

Parts of a Cell
There are many kinds of cells but they all have some parts in common. These include the:
 cell membrane
 cytoplasm, and
 sometimes, the nucleus.

 The cell membrane is a thin coat of lipids that encloses the cell. It is also called as the plasma membrane.
It serves as the boundary between the inside of the cell and the outside environment.

 The cell membrane encloses the inside of a cell which is a jellylike material called the cytoplasm. The
cytoplasm is made up of a viscous, watery substance that protects the organelles. Organelles or “little
organs” are tiny cellular structures that serve specific functions within a cell.

 The nucleus is the largest organelle and is the most commonly observed. It has a spherical structure. The
nucleus is located near the center of a cell. It is the control center of the cell and it contains the genetic
material which determines the characteristics of the cell.

Not all cells contain a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles. Eukaryotes have a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Plants and
animals are examples of eukaryotes.

An animal cell (a eukaryote) containing the main parts of a cell A prokaryotic cell without a nucleus

Organelles inside the Cell

 The mitochondrion (mitochondria, plural) are rod-shaped organelles. They function

primarily in producing energy for the cell. They are called the “powerhouse of the
cell.”

 The dot-like structures throughout the cytoplasm are called ribosomes. They are
composed of two subunits that act as the site of protein synthesis.
 The endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated as E.R.) is an organelle that looks like a
network of tiny canals extending from the nucleus. It functions as a passageway for
food substances.
 The endoplasmic reticulum may be rough or smooth. The rough endoplasmic
reticulum contains ribosomes while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site
of lipid synthesis.
 The Golgi apparatus functions in the packaging of proteins. They are also known
as Golgi bodies. They form tiny membrane-bound spheres called vesicles for the
packaging and transport of materials.
 Vacuoles are fluid-filled cavities that function in storage of substances.
 Lysosomes are small sac-like organelles that contain strong digestive enzymes. They
function in breaking down worn out organelles, digesting food or in destroying
harmful foreign bodies taken The Golgi apparatus:

An animal cell showing the organelles:

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

A. True or False: Write true if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write false.

_____________1. All living things are made up of cells.

_____________2. Tissue is the basic unit of life.
_____________3. Cells can perform all basic life functions.
_____________4. Ecosystem is in a higher level of hierarchy than population.
_____________5. A group of dogs belonging in the same species is an example of community.

B. The figure below shows an animal cell. Name all the parts of the animal cell.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

 What are the different levels of biological organization from the most simple to the most
complex?
 How are each level of biological organization characterized?
 What is a cell? What are the basic parts and function of a cell?
 What makes the cell the basic unit of life?
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
QUARTER 1,  WEEK 3

SELF-PACED LEARNING KIT IN SCIENCE 7

LESSON # 3 TOPIC: Plant Cell and Animal Cell

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

S7LT-IIc-3 Differentiate plant and animal cells according to presence or absence of certain
organelles by:
1.1 Recognizing the similarities and differences of plant and animal cell; and
1.2 Differentiating plant and animal cells according to the presence and absence of
certain parts.

INTEGRATION OF FAITH, LEARNING, and LIFE

Plants and animals God made them all – each serving their own purposes. There are similarities
and differences just like how each and each and every one of us have our own purpose.

MOTIVATION

Analyze the image below. Encircle all the differences that you can find among them.

LINKING STATEMENT

Just like the picture above, plant cell and animal cell have similarities and differences too. Let’s
find out all those in this lesson.
CONCEPT NOTE

Plant cells and animal cells both contain the main parts of a cell:
 the cell membrane
 cytoplasm
 nucleus
 The plant cell, however, has specialized structures. Plant cells have a cell wall.
The cell wall is a rigid lining outside the cell membrane. For plants, it is composed mainly of
cellulose. This makes the plant cells appear to be more rectangular while animal cells appear to
be round.
The structure of a plant cell:

 Plant cells also contain plastids. Plastids are double-membrane organelles that function
in the manufacture and storage of important compounds used by the cell.

 Colored plastids are called chromoplasts. An example of a chromoplast is

the chloroplast which contains the green coloring pigment in plants called
the chlorophyll.

 These structures are important in the manufacture of food in green plants and other
photosynthetic organisms such as algae and some protozoans.

 Leucoplasts are colorless plastids which function in storing food. Starch-filled

leucoplasts are common in the cells of roots and stems of a potato root crop.

Animal cells also have specialized structures.

Animal cells have centrioles. Centrioles are microtubules that assist animal cells during cell
division.
Some animal cells may have either flagella or cilia. These are cellular appendages that animal
cells may use for mobility.

The centrioles of an animal cell:

A cell with cilia and flagella:

Another difference between plant cells and animal cells is the size of the vacuoles.
 Vacuoles in animal cells are smaller compared to the vacuoles of plant cells. Vacuoles in plant
cells are primarily utilized for storing water and food molecules.
Lastly, lysosomes are more commonly found in animal cells than in plant cells.

The diagram below compares an animal cell and a plant cell.

Table 7.1 Comparison of the Structures of Prokaryotic, Animal, and Plant Cells
Structure Prokaryotic Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell
1. well-defined nucleus
2. cell membrane
3. cytoplasm
4. mitochondrion
5. ribosomes
6. endoplasmic reticulum
7. Golgi apparatus
8. lysosomes
9. vacuoles
10. cell wall
11. plastids
12. centriole
13. flagella (not all)

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. A small round mass in the center of the cell is called a .

2. Cells with well-defined nuclei are known as .
3. __________ is the structure that gives plant cells their rigid shapes.
4. The vacuole found in plant cells are as compared to the vacuole
found in animal cells.

5. __________ is an organelle that absorbs light so plants can make their own food
through photosynthesis.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

 What are the similarities and differences of plant cell and animal cell?
 What do you think is a coral an animal or a plant?