PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS
REVIEWER
Lecture 1. INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY!
1. DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY
- It refers to the total person, the expression of what
you are and what you do, the core of each individual,
and even the product of all the responses that are
expressed in everyday living.
2. NATURE OF PERSONALITY
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
1. Hereditary - It determines a person’s physical and
biological features and characteristics.
2. Environment - Personality involves a person’s
relations with his environment.
3. Experience - It reflects lasting impressions which
affect one’s thoughts, feelings and decisions in life.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY
1. Psychological and Physiological - Your personality is
constructed psychologically which is influenced by your
biological needs and other processes.
2. Behavior and Actions - Your personality is reflected in
the way you act, talk, and behave.
3. Various Expressions - Your feelings thoughts, and
other social interactions may visualize what type of
person you are
4. Consistency - When the person is consistent in
behavior.
3. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE- This perspective
emphasized the importance of early childhood
experiences and the unconscious mind. Created by
Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the
unconscious could be revealed in a number of different
ways, including through dreams, free association, and
slips of the tongue.
PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Major Theorists
Sigmund Freud: Stressed the importance of early
childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and
sexual instincts in the development and formation of
personality.
Erik Erikson: Emphasized the social elements of
personality development, the identity crisis, and how
personality is shaped over the course of the entire
lifespan.
Carl Jung: Focused on concepts such as the collective
unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.
Alfred Adler: Believed the core motive behind
personality involves striving for superiority, or the
desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward
self-realization. This desire to achieve superiority stems
from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler
believed were universal.
Karen Horney: Focused on the need to overcome basic
anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the
world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors
that also play a role in personality, including the
importance of the parent-child relationship.
2. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE- The humanistic
perspective of personality focuses on psychological
growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a
more positive outlook on human nature and is centered
on how each person can achieve their individual
potential.
Major Theorists
Carl Rogers: Believed in the inherent goodness of
people and emphasized the importance of free will and
psychological growth. He suggested that the actualizing
tendency is the driving force behind human behavior.
Abraham Maslow: Suggested that people are motivated
by a hierarchy of needs. The most basic needs are
centered on things necessary for life such as food and
water, but as people move up the hierarchy these
needs become centered on things such as esteem and
self-actualization.
3. SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE- The social cognitive
perspective of personality emphasizes the importance
of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational
influences, and cognitive processes.
Major Theorist
Albert Bandura: Emphasized the importance of social
learning, or learning through observation. His theory
emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including
self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.
4. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE- The trait perspective of
personality is centered on identifying, describing, and
measuring the specific traits that make up human
personality. By understanding these traits, researchers
believe they can better comprehend the differences
between individuals.
Major Theorists
Hans Eysenck: Suggested that there are three
dimensions of personality:
1) extraversion-introversion,
2) emotional stability-neuroticism, and
3) psychoticism.
Raymond Cattell: Identified 16 personality traits that he
believed could be utilized to understand and measure
individual differences in personality.
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five
theories, which identifies five key dimensions of
personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness
to experience, 4) conscientiousness, and 5)
agreeableness.
Lecture 2. Personality Development/Enhancement.
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT- Personality development
is the development of the organized pattern of
behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive.
Personality development occurs by the ongoing
interaction of temperament, character, and
environment.
2. The Five Aspects of Personality
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five
theories, which identifies five key dimensions of
personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness
to experience, 4) conscientiousness, and 5)
agreeableness.
Conscientiousness - Describes a person’s ability to
regulate their impulse control in order to engage in
goal-directed behaviors (Grohol, 2019). It measures
elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of
behavior.
Agreeableness – Refers to how people tend to treat
relationships with others. Unlike extraversion which
consists of the pursuit of relationships, agreeableness
focuses on people’s orientation and interactions with
others (Ackerman, 2017).
Extraversion – Extraversion reflects the tendency and
intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their
environment, particularly socially. It encompasses the
comfort and assertiveness levels of people in social
situations.
Openness – Openness to experience refers to one’s
willingness to try new things as well as engage in
imaginative and intellectual activities. It includes the
ability to “think outside of the box.”
Neuroticism – Neuroticism describes the overall
emotional stability of an individual through how they
perceive the world. It takes into account how likely a
person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult.
Structural Model of Personality
ID- The ID is said to be the only component of
personality that is present from birth and considered as
a source of all “psychic energy” making it a rising
primary component of one’s personality. ID is
motivated only by the reward of emotional gratification
–pleasure.
EGO- This aspect of personality is responsible for
dealing with reality. EGO works in the conscious,
preconscious and unconscious mind which operate
based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy
the ID’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate
ways.
SUPEREGO- This holds all of our internalized moral
standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents
and society – our sense of right and wrong. It is basically
what seems to be all that is good within us. It provides
guidelines for making judgements.
Lecture 3. TECHNIQUE IN PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT STAGE I
1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Communications is fundamental to the existence and
survival of humans as well as to an organization. It is a
process of creating and sharing ideas, information,
views, facts, feelings, etc. among the people to reach a
common understanding. Communication is the key to
the Directing function of management.
Communication Process
1. Sender- He is the source and the one who starts the
communication.
2. Message- It is the idea, information, view, fact,
feeling, etc.
3. The Receiver- He is the person who is last in the chain
and for whom the message was sent by the sender.
4. The Response or Reaction- This occurs whenever a
message is received and interpreted by the receiver.
5. The Feedback- When the receiver reacts or responds
either positively or negatively, that is called a feedback.
Communication Barriers
The communication barriers may prevent
communication or carry incorrect meaning due to which
misunderstandings may be created.
1. Physical Barrier
2. Language Barrier
3. E motion Barrier
4. Lack of Subject Knowledge
5. Stress
2. BUILDING SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-CONFIDENCE
Inferiority complex is a set of beliefs that we hold about
ourselves where we always assign less value to
ourselves in comparison to others. It is a composite of
low self-worth, doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of
not measuring up to standards.
3. WORKING ON ATTITUDES
Attitude- In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of
emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular
object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the
result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a
powerful influence over behavior. While attitudes are
enduring, they can also change.
Assertiveness (I win- You Win)- is a skill regularly
referred to in social and communication skills training.
Aggressive (You Lose- I Win)- behavior fails to consider
the views or feelings of other individuals.
Submissive (You Win- I Lose)- During submissive
communication, we prioritize the needs and feelings of
others at our own personal cost. We do not effectively
express our own needs and default to self-sacrifice,
avoidance, submissive agreement or people pleasing.
Lecture 4. Technique in Professional Development Stage
II: Leadership in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
1. INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP
Leadership is a process of social influence, which
maximizes the efforts of others, towards the
achievement of a goal. – Forbes
Leadership can be described as the process of social
influence in which one person can have the aid and
support of others to accomplish a common task.
Trait theories of leadership- identify the specific
personality traits that distinguish leaders from non-
leaders. They are based on the premise that leaders are
'born, not made’.
Trait-Based Perspective
Few characteristics that distinguished Leaders from
Non-Leaders;
o Adaptability
o Intelligence
o Persistence
o Dominance
o Integrity
o Socioeconomic Status
o Self-Confidence
2. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP Strategies for Improving Group Dynamics

Types of Leadership 1. Know Your Team

2. Tackle Problems Quickly
The following are the types of leadership as identified
3. Define Roles and Responsibilities
by Kurt Lewin and his colleagues. 4. Break Down Barriers
5. Focus on Communication
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Style 6. Pay Attention
2. Participative or Democratic Style 4. TEAM BUILDING
3. Laissez-faire or Free Rein Style Team building creates stronger bonds among the
3. GROUP DYNAMICS members of a group. The individual members respect
each other and their differences and share common
"Group dynamics" describes the effects of these roles goals and expectations.
and behaviors on other group members, and on the
group as a whole.

What Causes Poor Group Dynamics?
1. Weak leadership: When a team lacks a strong leader,
a more dominant member of the group can often take
charge.
2. Excessive deference to authority: this can happen
when people want to be seen to agree with a leader,
and therefore hold back from expressing their own
opinions.
3. Blocking: this happens when team members behave
in a way that disrupts the flow of information in the
group. People can adopt blocking roles such as:
 The aggressor: this person often disagrees with
others, or is inappropriately outspoken.
 The negator: this group member is often critical
of others' ideas.
 The withdrawer: this person doesn't participate
in the discussion.
 The recognition seeker: this group member is
boastful, or dominates the session.
 The joker: this person introduces humor at
inappropriate times.
Lecture 5. Guest Relations in Tourism and Hospitality
Industry
1. GUEST RELATIONS
Guest Relations –can be defined as a series of activities
designed to enhance the level of customer or guest
satisfaction
Customer Relations – is a field of specialization. In an
ever changing of customer, based on taste, wants and
needs, one can only be assured of the fact that there is
always something new around the corner.
2. NATURE OF GUEST RELATIONS
3. GUEST RELATIONS SKILLS
TEAMWORK- Teamwork is the strength and backbone
of any organization.
JOB KNOWLEDGE and CONSISTENCY- Harsh reality,
some areas or departments in lodging properties often
or more than one occasion does not know what the
other is doing.
Know How to Handle Complaints

4. Groupthink: this happens when people place a desire 1. MECHANICAL

for consensus above their desire to reach the right
2. ATTITUDE
decision.
3. SERVICE
5. Free riding: here, some group members take it easy,
and leave their colleagues to do all the work. 4. THE UNUSUAL COMPLAINT
6. Evaluation apprehension: team members'
perceptions can also create a negative group dynamic.