Chapter 01_Summary

Vocabulary:
1/ function: hàm số.
2/ domain: tập xác định
3/ range: tập giá trị.
4/ vertical line: đường thẳng đứng  x  a  .

5/ horizontal line: đường nằm ngang  y  b 

6/ odd function: hàm lẻ.

7/ even function: hàm chẳn.
8/ increasing function: hàm tăng.
9/ decreasing function: hàm giảm.
10/ linear function: hàm tuyến tính ( đa thức bậc 1).
11/ polynomials function: hàm đa thức.
12/ rational function: hàm hữu tỉ.
13/ trigonometric function: Hàm lượng giác
14/ Exponentials functions and Logarithmic functions: hàm mũ và hàm logarit.
I. Functions and their representations
1/ What is function ? Domain ? Range ? Vertical line test ?
2/ Odd function: x  D : f   x    f  x  ; Even function: x  D : f   x   f  x 
Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01
 3/ Increasing function ? Decreasing function ?
II. Mathematical models.
1/ Linear functions:

Domain: D  R , Range: D  R ; y  mx  b, slope  m ( or gradient) ; m  0    , m  0   

2/ Polynomials functions:
Domain: D  R , Range: D  R ; f  x   an x n  an1x n1  ...  a1x  a0  an  0  .

3/ Rational functions:
P x
f  x  , Q  x   0 , P  x  , Q  x  are polynomials functions:
Q x

4/ Trigonometric functions:
y  sin  x  : Domain: D  R , Range: D   1,1 .

y  cos  x  : Domain: D  R , Range: D   1,1 .

 
y  tan  x  : Domain: D  R \   k , k  Z  , Range: D  R .
2 
y  cot  x  : Domain: D  R \ k , k  Z  , Range: D  R .

5/ Exponentials functions and Logarithmic functions.

y  a x : Domain: D  R , Range: D   0,   a  1   ,0  a  1  

y  log a x  0  a  1 : Domain: D   0,   , Range: D   ,   ; a  1   ,0  a  1  

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01

 6/ Shifting funtions.
Transformations_Summary
Tranformation of f  x  c  0  Effect on the graph of f  x 

f  x  c Vertical shift up c units

f  x  c Vertical shift down c units

f  x  c Shift left by c units

f  x  c Shift right by c units

c  f  x Vertical stretch if c  1
Vertical compression 0  c  1
f c  x Horizontal stretch 0  c  1
Horizontal compression if c  1
 f  x Reflection about the x  axis

f x Reflection about the y  axis

7/ Composite functions:  f g  x   f  g  x    f .g  f g.

1.3. The limit of a function.

 lim
x a
f  x  is exists if and only if lim f  x   lim f  x  .
x a x a

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01

  lim
x a
f  x   L  lim f  x   L  lim f  x 
x a x a

1.4. Calculating limits using the limit laws.

The limit laws: Suppose that c is a constant and the limits lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) exists. Then:
x a x a

1.lim  f ( x)  g ( x)   lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) ; 2.lim  cf ( x)   c lim f ( x)

x a x a x a x a x a

f ( x) lim f ( x)
3.lim  f ( x) g ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) ; 4.lim  x a if lim g ( x)  0
x a x a x a x a g ( x) lim g ( x) x a
x a

n
5.lim  f ( x)  lim f ( x)  ; 6.lim c  c
n

x a  x a  x a

7.lim x  a ; 8.lim x n  a n
x a x a

9.lim n x  n a ; 10.lim n f ( x)  n lim f ( x) , where n is a positive integer.

x a x a x a

sin u  x 
x  a : u  x   0 : lim 1  f ( x)  g ( x )  h( x )
11. x a u  x . 12. Squeeze theorem:   lim g ( x)  L .
lim
 xa f ( x )  lim h ( x )  L x a
sin u  x   u  x  x a

1.5.Continuity.
 lim
x a
f  x  is continous at x  a if and only if lim
x a
f  x  f a

 lim
x a
f  x  is continous at x  a if and only if lim f  x   lim f  x   f  a  .
x a x a

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01

  f  a  is defined

Notice that: If f  x  is continous at x  a then lim
x a
f  x  is exists .

lim
x a
f  x  f a

 f  x  is continous from right at x  a if lim f ( x)  f (a) .

x a

 f  x  is continous from left at x  a if lim f ( x)  f (a) .

x a

Intermediate value theorem:

Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and let N be any number between f  a  and f  b  , where

Then, there exists a number c in (a, b) such that f  c   N .

 f  x  is continous on  a, b 
Notice that:   c   a , b  : f  c   0 .
 f  a  . f  b   0

1.6. Limits involving infinity

x  a is called vertical asymptote of f  x  if we have one of the following:

lim f  x    ; lim f  x    ; lim f  x    ; lim f  x    .

x a  x a  x a  x a 

 y  L  y  L  is called horizontal asymptote of f  x  if we have one of the following:

lim f  x   L; lim f  x   L '

x  x 

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01

 Phương pháp tính giới hạn:
0
1/ Dạng : tách x  a bằng cách dùng lược đồ Hooner, hằng đẳng thức, nhân lượng liên hợp, dùng công thức.
0

2/ Dạng : ngắt bỏ vô cùng lớn bậc thấp hơn.

0 
3/ Dạng 0,    : biến đổi đưa về dạng hoặc .
0 
 Một số giới hạn cơ bản:
1 1
1/ lim không tồn tại, lim 2  
x 0 x x0 x

C
2/ lim  0 , C là hằng số.
x x

3/ a  1: lim a x  0, a  1: lim a x  
x x

4/ lim sin  x  không tồn tại.

x

 Hằng đẳng thức đáng nhớ:

1/  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 2/  a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 3/ a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
2 2

4/  a  b   a 3  3a 2b  3ab 2  b3 5/  a  b   a3  3a 2b  3ab 2  b3
3 3

6/ a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2  7/ a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 01