Detailed Lesson Plan in Differential Calculus

Bataan Peninsula State University – Balanga Campus

November 28, 2018

BSE III – Mathematics
02:00 PM – 03:00 PM
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson 100% of the students shall be able to attain at least 85%
level of proficiency to:
1. Explain Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation; and
2. Solve for Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation
B. Sub-topic: Kernel of Linear Transformation and Range of Linear
Transformation
C. Materials: Visual Aid, Laptop, LCD Projector, Whiteboard marker.
D. Skills: Mastery, Solving
III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Daily Activities
1. Prayer
2. Greeting the class
3. Checking of Attendance
4. Checking of Assignments
B. Developmental Activities
Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity

1. Review
Before we start with our new lesson let’s have first a
review regarding on your previous lesson.

When do we say linear operator on V?

If V= W the linear transformation L:

V→W is called linear operator in V.
Very Good!
Linear operators are an operator satisfies the following
condition. What are these conditions? Can you write it on
the board?

a. L (X+Y)= L (x) + L
(Y)
b. b. L (cX) = cL (X)
Very Good class! It seems that you really understand our
previous lesson.

2. Motivation
So, today before we proceed with our new lesson let’s have
an activity. I will divide the class in to two (2) groups. Each
group will receive an envelope. These envelopes contain
jumbled letters inside in which you are going to assemble.
Once you are done you will going to post your answer on
the board. Is that clear class?
Yes Ma’am!

Jumbled letters:
K ERNELANDRANGEOFLINEARTRAN
SFORMATION (The students will post their answers
on the board)

KERNEL AND RANGE OF

LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Based on the activity you have done and the words posted
on the board, What is our lesson for today?

Ma’am based on the activity we did

and the words posted on the board
our lesson for today is all about
Kernel and Range of Linear
Transformation.
Very good! That is our new lesson for today but before that
kindly read first our lesson objectives

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson 100% of the
students shall be able to attain at least
 85% level of proficiency to:
1.Explain Kernel and Range of
Linear Transformation; and
2. Solve for Kernel and Range of
Linear Transformation.

3. Lesson Proper

Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation

Let us first read the definition of Kernel and Range

Definition:
Let L: V→W be a linear transformation. Then
(a) The Kernel of L is the subset of V compromised of
all vectors whose image is the zero vector.
Ker L = { v∨L ( v )=0 }
(b) The range of L is the subset of W compromised of
all images of vectors in V.
Range L= { w∨L ( v ) =w }

Another definition,
Definition:
Let L: V→W be a linear transformation. Then
(a) L is one-to- one if v1 ≠ v 2 ⇒ L ( v 1 ) ≠ L( v 2)
(b) L is onto W if range is L=W

Let’s have an example:

Example #1:
Let L: R3→R3 be defined by
L(x,y,z)= (x,y,0)

 Ker L = { ( x , y , z )∨( x , y , 0 )=(0,0,0) }

ker L consist of (x,y,z) that are solutions of the system

x= 0
y=0

z is arbitrary, and x=y=0.

Ker L= span { (0,0,1) }

 Range L = span { ( 1,0,0 ) ,(0,1,0) }.

 L is not one- to- one (e.g., L(1,2,3)= L(1,2,5)=
(1,2,0).)
 L is not onto (range L ≠R3).

Theorem:
Let L: V→W be a linear transformation. Then
 Ker L is a subspace of V and
 Range L is a subspace of W

Another theorem,
A linear transformation L is one-to- one if and only if ker
L = {0 }

Let’s have another example:

Example # 2:
Let L: R2→R3 be defined by

( )
x1
L ()
x1
x2
= x 1+ x2
x 1 +2 x 2

{( ) ( ) ( )}
x1 0
x1
 Ker L = x ∨ x1+ x2 = 0
2
x 1 +2 x2 0
solve the system of equation
x 1=0
x 1+ x 2=0
x 1+ 2 x 2=0

Coefficient Matrix:

( ) ( )
1 0 1 0
1 1 has a r.r.e.f 0 1
1 2 0 0

Ker L= { (0,0) } . By theorem L is one-to-one.

 {( ) }
x1
 Range L= x 1+ x2 ∨∀ x1 , x2
x 1 +2 x 2
Yes Ma’am!

{ () () }
1 0
= x1 1 + x 2 1 ∨∀ x 1 , x 2 None Ma’am
1 2
= span ¿
Therefore, L is not onto.

Did you understand it class? Ma’am we can say that L is one-to-

one if v1 ≠ v 2 ⇒ L ( v 1 ) ≠ L( v 2)
Do you have any questions or clarification?

Ma’am we say that L is onto W if

range is L=W
4. GENERALIZATION

How do we say that L is one-to-one?

Very Good! How about, how do we say that L is onto W?

Very Good! It seems that you really understand our lesson

for today.

IV.
APPLICATION
Let’s have another activity. I will group you again in two in where each group will
receive an envelope. Each Envelope contains 1 problem\ exercise for you to answer.
Once, you are done post your work on the board and assign a representative to
explain your wok.

Exercises:
Find the ker(L) and Range L
 1. Let L: R3→ R2 be defined by:

()(
x1
x2 =
x3
x1 + x 2
x2 + x 3 )
Answer:

{( ) ( }
x1

x3
x1 + x 2
Ker L = x 2 ∨ x + x = 0
2 3
0
) ()
Coefficient matrix:

(10 1 0
1 1 ) (
has r . r . e . f
1 0 −1
0 1 1 )
X3 is arbitrary, x1= x3, x2= -x3

Ker L= span { (1,−1,1) }

Ker L ≠ {( 0,0,0) }
Therefore , L is not one-to- one

 Range L = {( )
x1 + x2
x2 + x3
∨∀ x 1 , x 2 , x 3
}
{ () () ()
1
0
1
1
0
= x1 + x 2 + x3 ∨∀ x1 , x 2 , x 3
1 }
= range L = span { ( 1,0 ) ,(1,1) }
Range L= R2 ,therefore L is onto.

V. EVALUATION
I. Write TRUE or FALSE on the space provided before the number.
1. The Kernel of L is the subset of V compromised of all vectors
whose image is the zero vector.
2. The range of L is the subset of W compromised of all images of
vectors in V.
3. L is one-to- one if v1 =v 2 ⇒ L ( v 1 )=L ( v2 )
4. L is onto W if range is L≠W
5. A linear transformation L is one-to- one if and only if ker L = { 0 }
II. Find the Kernel and Range ( 5 pts.)
¿),

[]
x
T ( x )= Ax= [1 −1 −2 1
−1 2 3
x2
x3
]
Answers:
I.1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

II. KER(L)= { t (1 ,−1,1 )∨t is a real number },THEREFORE, not a one-to-one

Range (L)= span { ( 1,−1,1 ) },THEREFORE, it is not onto.

VI. ASSIGNMENT/ AGREEMENT

Study the Basis and Dimension for Kernel and Range of Linear Transformations.

Prepared by:
Panlaqui, Kristine R.
BSE IV – Mathematics

Prepared to:

Quintos, Romeo Jr. T.

Adviser, BPSU MathSoc